阅读填空
[1]Global difference in intelligence is a sensitive topic, long filled with a large number of different opinions. But recent data has indeed shown cognitive (认知的) ability to be higher in some countries than in others. What's more, IQ scores have risen as nations develop—a phenomenon known as the "Flynn effect". Many causes have been put forward for both the intelligence difference and the Flynn effect, including education, income, and even non-agricultural labor. Now, a new study from researchers at the University of New Mexico offers another interesting theory: intelligence may be linked to infectious-disease rates.
[2]The brain, say author Christopher Eppig and his colleagues, is the "most costly organ in the human body". Brainpower consumes almost up to 90 percent of a newborn's energy. It's clear that if something affects energy intake while the brain is growing, the impact could be long and serious. And for vast parts of the globe, the biggest threat to a child's body—and therefore brain—is parasitic (由寄生虫引起的) infection. These illnesses threaten brain development________________. They can directly attack live tissue, which the body must then try every means to replace. They can invade the digestive pipe and block nutritional intake. They can rob the body's cells for their own reproduction. And then there's the energy channeled (输送) to the immune system to fight the infection.
[3]Using data on national "disease burdens" (life years lost due to infectious diseases) and average intelligence scores, the authors found they are closely associated. The countries with the lowest average IQ scores have the highest disease burdens without exception. On the contrary, nations with low disease burdens top the IQ list.
[4]If the study holds water, it could be revolutionary for our understanding of the still-confusing variation in national intelligence scores.What is the main idea of the text？(no more than 10 words)
________________________________________________________________________Complete the following statement with proper words.(no more than 4 words)
Those countries that have the ________________ are always at the bottom of the IQ list.Fill in the blank in Paragraph 2 with proper words.(no more than 5 words)
___________ What can cause intelligence difference？(no more than 8 words)
______________________________________________________________________What does the word “they” (Line2, paragraph3)probably refer to? (no more than 8 words)
______________________________________________________________________
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London - Police are monitoring social networking sites popular with teenagers such as Bebo, Facebook and MySpace after claims that they are being used to organize mass brawls (对骂).
Kent Police believe that teenagers have been using the Internet to arrange “fight club” contests watched by up to 100 spectators in a public park.
At least six organized fights have taken place in Brenchley Gardens in Maidstone, Kent, according to one teenage blogger. (4) During one of the fights a 14-year-old boy was arrested for carrying a hunting knife. Kent Police have now ordered specialist officers to monitor sites such as Bebo.
Chief Inspector Ian Hall said: “(5) We are aware of attempts to organize fights using technology such as websites and mobile phones. Pupils from some schools in the area may be involved in this type of anti-social behavior and we are working with schools to eradicate (根除) the problem.”
According to one blogger the fights usually take place on Saturday nights. The contests are named after the Hollywood film Fight Club starring Edward Norton and Brad Pitt. The central characters fight for the adrenaline rush but the film has an ironic twist (歪曲) apparently lost on some of its audience.
This week police in Macclesfield, Cheshire, arrested six teenagers on suspicion of public order offences after an investigation into a series of assaults (袭击). The youths, aged 16 and 17, were released on police bail (保释). The officers discovered that attacks had been discussed and possibly even prearranged using the Bebo websites.
In Collumpton, Devon, last weekend police intercepted (阻止) 30 pupils going to a mass brawl carrying metal bars, pieces of wood and chain.
Questions 1—3： Answer the following questions briefly.What is the main idea of the passage?
What does the underlined word “monitoring” mean?
Please find a sentence in the passage which can replace the following one.
It is likely that the teenagers had used the Bebo websites to discuss and even plan the attack.
Questions 4—5: Translate the underlined sentences in the passage into Chinese.
请认真阅读下列短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空格一个单词。
Eat more, Play more—Weight Less
In the United States, 20 to 40 percent of the adult population have a “weight problem”. To many people, the cause seems obvious: we eat too much. But scientific evidence does little to support this idea.
Several modern studies have shown that fatter people do not eat more on average than thinner people and that slim people are more active than fat people.
I believe that this shows overweight people can become relatively slim gradually via a progressive program of regular exercise. The key is regular, enjoyable activity.
Use of energy(calories) by the body falls into two categories. The first is energy used for essential bodily functions—digestion, heart beat, breathing—and BMR(新陈代谢). In an average-sized adult, BMR requires about 1400 calories per day.
The second category is energy used for physical activity—standing, walking and all other movements. Together with the BMR, it makes up total calorie use, which should be balanced by food intake for weight to remain stable.
For years now, we have known that dieting—especially severe dieting(400 calories per day, for instance)—decreases BMR. This is the body's defense system to keep energy when food supply is reduced. Unfortunately, it tends to weaken the diet's effects by enabling the body to “get by” on fewer calories. For this reason, I believe that severe dieting is not a good way to lose weight, and all dieting should be seen as a temporary measure.
In addition to helping weight loss and continued weight control, regular exercise has many other features to recommend it. While weight loss by dieting alone results in some loss of muscle as well as fat, weight loss by exercise and moderate dieting leads to an increased proportion（均衡）of muscle mass. The regular exerciser has good heart function too.
Regular exercise helps to raise blood levels of high－density lipoprotein(HDL) and increased exercise leads to increased food intake and thus to increased intake of critical nutrients (营养).
The benefits of eating more because of an increase in physical activity are not widely appreciated. Many people in this country, by actual measurement, have remarkably low calorie intake. Often the amount is so low (1 200 to 1 800 calories a day) that nutritionists worry about the adequacy(足够的)of their vitamin and mineral intake. And too little food, with inadequate fiber content, leads in the old population to chronic constipation(长期便秘)．
To sum up, most Americans still get too little regular exercise, and it is within this group that almost all obesity is found. Severe dieting should not be used as it is unpleasant and tends to be self-defeating. Moderate dieting combined with regular exercise is much more effective and enjoyable. The choice is yours: life on the sofa, nibbling celery or the active, healthy-eating, healthful way.
| Title |
Eat more, Play more—Weight Less |
| Causes of weight problems |
●It's commonly believed that adults' weight problems are due to ●Studies show that fat people eat less and are |
| ●Energy used for essential bodily functions, BMR, and ●Food intake offers |
|
| Ways of weight loss |
●Dieting alone—a temporary measure ●Tending to weaken the diet's effects ● ●Exercising ●Having good heart function ●Helping to raise blood levels of HDL ●Attaining critical nutrients |
| ●Doing little exercise has much to do with obesity. ●Severe dieting should be ●Moderate dieting as well as regular exercise is much more effective and enjoyable. |
任务型读写(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
阅读下列短文，根据所读内容在文章后的表格中填入恰当的单词。注意：表格中的每个空只填一个单词。
Researchers from the University of Michigan reported that empathy(感情移入)，the ability to understand other people, among college students had dropped sharply over the past 10 years. That could be because so many people have replaced face time with screen time. Today, people spend more time alone and are less likely to join groups and clubs.
But there is another explanation. Turn on the TV, and you’re showered with news and reality shows full of people fighting, competing, and generally treating one another with no respect. Humans learn by example---and most of the examples on it are anything but empathetic.
There are good reasons not to follow those bad examples. Humans are socially related by nature. Having relationships with other people is an important part of being human—and having empathy is decisive to those relationships. Researchers have also found that empathetic teenagers are more likely to have high self-respect. Besides, empathy can be a cure for loneliness, sadness, anxiety, and fear.
Empathy is also an indication of a good leader. In fact, many top companies report that empathy is one of the most important things they look for in new managers. Good social skills---including empathy—are a kind of “emotional(情感的) intelligence” that will help you succeed in many areas of life.
What’s the best way to develop empathy? For starters, let down your guard and really listen to others. One doesn’t develop empathy by having a lot of opinions and doing a lot of talking. In addition, you’d better volunteer at a nursing home or a hospital, be a member of a club or a team, have a “sharing circle” with your family, or spend time caring for pets at an animal shelter.
| Title |
Empathy |
| Situation |
A |
| ◆Having less face-to-face ◆Showing no |
|
| Importance of empathy |
◆Being vital for social ◆Making ◆ ◆Indicating you can be a good leader |
| ◆To be a good ◆To work as a volunteer ◆To |
Directions: Read the following passage, Answer the questions according to the
information given in the passage.
Secret Santas
On Christmas morning, Linda wakes up, and tries to imagine the wide-eyed surprise of children in another household as they unwrap the presents she carefully chose for them. Linda has never met the children, but that’s all part of the joy of giving as secret Santas, she says.
"It's an amazing feeling to buy gifts on an anonymous (匿名的) basis," says Linda.
"It brings a whole new meaning to the holidays."
Linda and Tony are an American couple living in Toronto, Canada, and Linda did charitable work as a member of the American Women's Club of Toronto. As the name suggests, members are U.S. citizens living in Toronto, who join together for fellowship and community service.
To find her "adopted" family, Linda goes to the local schools and requests a wish list for a family that's struggling to survive. Last year she helped a single mother with three children. The mother works as a cleaning lady in a nursing home.
"The list is always heartbreaking. They have an opportunity to ask for anything and do just the opposite, asking for basic clothes or simple toys," she says. "We always buy the kids a new winter coat, hats, and gloves." She also buys gifts for the parents.
Last year Linda asked the mother for a second wish list--one that didn't include the basics. "Every child should have a Christmas that sticks with them for a lifetime." She purchased iPods for the two older children and a video game system for the youngest."I have learned a very valuable lesson in all of this," says Linda. "Pay attention to what's going on in your own backyard--no matter where you live."
The joy of giving as secret Santas is much sweeter when the gift is anonymous.What reaction does Linda imagine the children will have?
(No more than 5 words) (2 marks)
Why did Linda join the American Women's Club of Toronto?
(No more than 10 words) (2 marks)
Why did Linda ask for a second wish list?
(No more than 15 words) (3 marks)
What kind of people does "secret Santas" in the passage refer to?
(No more than 12 words) (3 marks)
The basics of infrastructure design
It is rightly pointed out various intellectuals that the lifestyle of today is vastly different from that of the earlier times especially in terms of its pace. Lifestyle of today is remarkablyfast paced and so in order to catch up with such a pace of life, the adoption of smart and time saving methods is of real significance. Well, the highways have certainly contributed in this direction and have made our lives a lot easier. Thanks to the modern flyovers and expressways, a single route can be accessed by twice the number of vehicles at the same time.
These facilities and supplies have made our lives double free but it needs to be realized that designing and constructing it is a very complex and a long process. You have to hold fast to the various rules of designing, government standards and most importantly, their safety and usability for the people. In the end it is a joint effort of a number of skilled engineers, scientists and statisticians. The material that is used in the construction is finalized after it undergoes certain tests for evaluating their qualities like hardness, roughness, thickness and all that is required.
Some of the points you have to take care of while laying an infrastructure design are as follows:
The basic layout (布局) of the road — At this level of planning, various civil engineers have meetings to figure out the basic requirements of the road like thickness of the asphalt (沥青), the size of lanes, distance to be covered, degree of curves and much more. These fundamental points help them decide the further line of action.
The prior steps — Before any work is stated over the basic plan layout, there are various preparations to be made like placing road signs, the removal of trees that may prove to be dangerous in the event of a storm or other natural causes, the positioning of fire hydrants (消防栓) based on special designs to be useful when required, etc.
Inclusion of safety barriers — The safety barriers are placed on almost all roads and highways that are made over or near to rivers and cliffs. These barriers keep the vehicles from moving into the traffic in instances of accidents. These should also be designed in advance of placing them on a road and the design should be such that it makes minimum impact upon the people sitting in the car. These include supplies like side rails and light poles.
Asphalt pavement marking — It is the process of using a reflective material to indicate various important points on the road like lanes, turns, passing areas, two way and one way roads.
Though the smooth and wide highways constructed in big cities seem to be very attractive for the drivers, the ease of use is also the cause of accidents. Cars rushing at extremely high speeds and insecure change of lanes are a common sight on the highways. With the help of novel infrastructure design engineers, we can make the best possible use of highways. If these are designed properly and sign boards are placed at the required points, a number of road accidents can be avoided.
The basics of infrastructure design |
|
| Reason for construction of infrastructure |
Infrastructure must |
| Challenges of design and |
Various rules, standards, safety and usability should be taken into careful consideration. |
| Skilled engineers, scientists and statisticians have to work hard |
|
| Materials must be |
|
| Points to follow |
Various engineers meet to make sure about fundamental |
| Things like |
|
| Safety barriers should be carefully |
|
| Material that can |
|
| Possible problems and solutions |
Smooth and wide highways may |
| Highways should be designed properly and sign boards |
Anyone who owns a car knows that we should maintain the car and fill it with fuel of good quality. To keep it looking good, we occasionally take it a wash. If we abuse the car, it won’t take us where we want to go.
it is with our body and soul. The body is just like a vehicle to do the soul’s building.
the body is full of energy, it can help open up the soul. Some deeper life issues will become easy for us. Just
we learn to maintain a car, we ought to learn how to maintain the body. There must be
balance between enjoying ourselves and working. For one thing, we don’t need to be a slave.
can sometimes refresh the body so that our soul can accomplish more. For
, we have to be in control. Enjoy the pleasure,
don’t be addicted to it. Only when our body is at full power can the “will-power” go further.
It was a winter morning, just before Christmas, while most people were warming up their cars, my husband, Trevor, had to ride his bike 4 kilometers away from home to work. On his (arrive), he parked his bike outside the back door
usual. After 10 hours of labor, he returned to find his bike gone,
was our only transport. Trevor used it to get to work, and also the bike was used
(get) groceries, saving us from having to walk long distances from where we live. I was so sad
I wrote to the newspaper and told them our story. Shortly after that, several people in our area offered to help. One wonderful stranger even bought a bike, and then called my husband to fetch
. Once again my husband had a way to get to and
his job. It really is
honor that a complete stranger would go out of their way for someone they have never met before. People say that a smile can
(pass) from one person to another, but acts of kindness from strangers are even more so. This experience has had a spreading effect on our lives because it
(strong) our faith in humanity. And it has influenced us to be more mindful of ways we, too, can share with others.
请认真阅读下列短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中填入最恰当的单词。注意：每空一词。
Prepackaged, mass-produced snack foods are hugely popular in grocery stores around the world. Many people are accustomed to choosing snack foods in grocery stores.
The first problem with packaged snack foods like cookies, crackers, and other bite-sized options is that they are often loaded with unhealthy materials. The reason for this is fairly easy to understand. Mass-produced foods need to be uniform in color, taste and so on. In order to achieve this uniformity, snack food producers use sugar, salt, and other chemical preservatives (防腐剂) and coloring materials in large amounts. These materials contribute to a rather unhealthy food.
In addition to requiring uniformity of taste and appearance, mass-produced snack foods like potato chips and candies need to be shelf stable. Preservatives and complex packaging make products shelf stable, but this stability and non-perish ability (抗腐性) often come at the expense of nutrition.
One reason that pre-made snacks are so popular in grocery stores is their prices. Food producers can keep costs down by using established production facilities and processes to quickly produce a huge amount of food. Shoppers are drawn to what they see at low prices.
People who are interested in improving the quality of their snacking can use magazines, books, and the Internet to discover a lot of healthy snacking tips and ideas. Even television shows about health and food sometimes talk about healthy snacking alternatives. Some healthy snacks, like fresh fruit, require no preparation at all.
Once people are aware of the drawbacks of clearly cheap and easy snack foods, they can start turning to better options. Soon, perhaps, the old and unhealthy snack options will no longer be profitable for food producers.
| Title: Prepackaged, mass-produced snack foods |
|
| Fact |
Prepackaged, mass-produced snack foods are well |
| •Having preservatives, coloring materials and • Having uniformity of • Being shelf stable • Being at low |
|
| Problems |
• • Being shelf stable and non-perishable leading to some nutrition |
| Measures |
•Discover healthy snacking tips and ideas by |
| Conclusion |
• People will turn to better options once • The old and unhealthy snack foods will no longer bring |
Woodkopf is a crazy new sport invented in the Czech Republic(捷克共和国) and it has been gaining quite a lot of national media attention. This popular sport involves a pair of opponents wearing two-meter wooden boards on their heads and trying to knock the other’s board down without dropping their own. Strange as it sounds, a rousing match of Woodkopf can be quite exciting to watch.
This crazy sport can be traced back to July, 1992, when it was practiced during a cultural festival of art school graduates in Prague. Woodkopf, which literally translates as “wooden head”, is popular partly due to the fact that the game is simple, inexpensive and requires no complex equipment, but also because it never fails to supply a good dose of humor.
It is played by both men or women of all ages, and the rules are pretty simple. Both opponents must wear long and thin wooden boards of 200×16×2cm, weighing between 3 and 4kg. Once the boards are in position, the opponents try to knock each other’s boards off, using only plank-to-plank(木板) touches. No body-to-body or plank-to-body touches are allowed. The player who manages to knock down the opponent’s board twice in a row is declared the winner.
According to members of the Woodkopf Union, the best players are generally the taller ones. A bald head is also of great advantage, as pointed out by union chief Ivan Rezac.
Veteran Woodkopf players are now struggling for the sport to be included in the Olympic Games. They strongly believe that it has a great future. Vladimir Cech, who has been playing for the past seven years, said,We want it to become our national sport, and a part of Czech culture along with beer, pork, dumplings and cabbage..
| Title |
An Interesting Sport ----Woodkopf |
| Origin |
|
| Reasons for its |
1. It’s simple, inexpensive and 2. It always supplies a sense of humor. |
| 1.Wearing two-meter wooden boards on their heads, two 2.Only plank-to-plank touches are allowed, and body-to-body or plank-to-body touches are |
|
| Winners |
1. 2. The taller players and people with bald heads are very |
| The future of the sport |
Experienced Woodkopf players are struggling to make it an |
The Internet has become part of young people’s life. report shows that 38% of students often use the Internet . Most of them get
(use) information on the Internet
use the Internet to help in their studies. But many students don’t use it _
a good way. Some play games too much, some visit websites
shouldn’t look at. So bad things may happen __
_ students spend too much time on the Internet.
__is important for students to use the Internet properly. Now we have a textbook, _
uses many examples to teach students some good ways to use the Internet. It gives useful advice.
Some students also make ___(friend) on the Internet. But if you want to have a face-to-face __
_ (meet) with your online friends, let your parents know and meet in a proper place.
阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在表格中的空白处填入恰当的单词。
注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product；the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external（外在的）result or a product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion，the student whose grades improve，the foreigner who learns a new language—these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.
By contrast（对照），the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine，since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.The process is not the road itself，but the attitudes，feelings people have，and their caution or courage，as they meet with new experiences and unexpected difficulties.In this process，the journey never really ends;there are always new ways to experience the world，new ideas to try，new challenges to accept.
In order to grow，to travel new roads，people need to have a willingness to take risks，to face the unknown，and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is necessary for our ability to grow. Do we see ourselves as quick and curious？If so，then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive？Then our sense of fear can cause us to hesitate，to move slowly，and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we are slow to adapt to change or that we're not smart enough to deal with a new challenge？Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.
These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we protect ourselves too much，then we stop growing. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.
| Two basic ways to see growth |
|
Examples |
| Product |
Easily identified and measured |
●The worker ●The students making ●The foreigner learning a new language |
| Process |
● ● Never really ends |
●People's attitudes，feelings and their caution or courage，as they are ●Being |
| |
●Too much self |
Chinese proverbs are rich and they are still widely used in Chinese people’ daily life.___ _ these proverbs there are often interesting stories. For example, the proverb, “plucking up a crop ___
___ (help) it grow”, is based on the following story.
It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty(960-1279) was very anxious to help _____ rice crop grow up quickly. He was thinking about ___
__ day and night. But the crop was growing much slower than he expected.
One day, he came up with an idea _____ he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches. He did so the next day.
He was very tired ____ doing this for a whole day, __
__ he felt very happy since the crop did "grow" __
__ (high).
His son heard about this and went to see the crop. Unfortunately the leaves of the crop began to wither.
This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their ____ (nature) course. Being too anxious to help an event develop often __
__ (result) in the contrary to our intention.
I'll never forget the first day at school. It has left a deep 1 on me.
The primary school that I attended was not far from my home. As soon as I rushed into the classroom, the bell 2 . A young beautiful woman came in, but she was 3 , with no smile on her face. "You are not permitted to 4 me in the course of class unless..." She was speaking when I heard a 5 "Lily, Lily" from outside the door.My grandmother was standing there with a pair of socks in her hand. I didn't realize I was bare feet 6 then. I wanted to 7 them. But I dared not do that. I shook my hand, 8 "Don't wait here any longer. Leave quickly." As I did so, I still 9 my eyes on my teacher. I really didn't want her to take 10 of me, but she did. She went out to get the socks. When she gave them to me, she looked at me for a while. My face suddenly turned 11 and my heart beat faster. I began to put the socks on. Unfortunately I was so nervous that my 12 hands couldn't get them 13 my feet easily. Just then I heard my name called. I 14 from my seat quickly. "Can you count the numbers from one to one hundred?" the teacher asked. I nodded. Much 15 her surprise, I did very 16 . Finally she said, "You did a good job. Be seated, please. Work hard at your lesson." I looked up at her to find a(n) 17 on her face. I felt 18 at last.
The first day at school has stayed in my 19 as something 20 but sweet.
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阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或用括号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为1～10的位置上。
Scientists have discovered that ______(stay) in the cold could help us lose weight. Researchers at the University of California found that exposure to the cold increases levels of a protein that helps form brown fat -------- the type of fat that produces heat and keeps us warm. Brown fat burns energy, ___
____ helps us lose weight. White fat stores extra energy, which results __
____ weight gain. The researchers said that because air conditioning and heating give us constant, ___
____ (comfort) temperatures, our body's need for brown fat has decreased. They found that: "Outdoor workers in northern Finland who __
____ (expose) to cold temperature have __
____ significant amount of brown fat when ___
___ (compare) to same-aged indoor workers."
The research was conducted on two different control groups of mice. ______ group was injected with the protein that helps create brown fat. This group later gained 30% less weight after both groups were fed high-fat diets. The researchers say this could be good news in the fight against obesity. People who are obese have ___
____（low) levels of brown fat than thinner people. Head researcher Hei Sook Sul said: "This protein could become an important target for research into the treatment and prevention of obesity and obesity-related diseases." She added: "If you can somehow increase levels of this protein, you could __
____ (possible) lose more weight even if eating the same amount of food."
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