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This Way to Dreamland
Daydreaming means people think about something pleasant, especially when this makes them forget what they should be doing. Daydreamers have a bad reputation for being unaware of what’s happening around them. They can seem forgetful and clumsy.___They annoy us because they seem to be ignoring us and missing the important things.
But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history.____ Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions?
So how can you come up with brilliant daydreams and avoid falling over tree roots or otherwise looking like a fool?
First, understand that some opportunities(机会) for daydreaming are better than others. Feeling safe and relaxed will help you to slip into daydreams.___
Finally, you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away._____
Always remember that your best ideas might come when your head is actually in the clouds.
A.Having interesting things to think about also helps. |
B.They stare off into space and wander by themselves. |
C.Without wandering minds, we wouldn’t have relatively, Coke or Post-it notes. |
D.At one time, daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental illnesses. |
E. It involves slow, steady breathing for self-control that helps people stay calm and attentive.
F. Daydreams are often very simple and direct, quite unlike sleep dreams, which may be hard to understand.
G. Therefore, it’s a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when you’re in the daydream zone.
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Good student-teacher relationships result from the choices that are made even before school, and how those choices are carried out on a daily basis. Here are a few tips to make this process easier for both parties.
___
For the teacher, this means that they need to look at each student from the perspective(角度) of what that student could learn, rather than what that student learned last week or last year. For the student, this means that they need to enter the classroom every day with the willingness to trust the teacher to help them understand. ___ Every school day there are new opportunities to learn new information or to understand subjects that might have been difficult in the past.
___
This is not to say that you have to “buy” the affections(关爱) of the student or the teacher,but you can give the gift of a smile,the gift of attention in class,or the gift of eye contact. Giving this type of gift always helps to build strong relationships.
Demand the best.
____ We can trust friends to keep us responsible and when developing good student-teacher relationships,the same principle of trust applies. Setting high expectations always pushes us to be our best,and when both the student and the teacher are pushing the other for more depth, more wisdom, more insight, etc,then both the student and the teacher will give more.
To develop a good student-teacher relationship,both the student and the teacher must be willing to decide to do these things daily. Each day,they must be willing to try again and work on the relationship. ___
A.Buy gifts for teachers. |
B.Give gifts to one another. |
C.Focus on the positive. |
D.We can always learn a lot from our teachers. |
E.Future learning is never limited by past experiences.
F. Good relationships are always founded on honesty and high expectations.
G.The most important thing is to trust the relationship to benefit each of the members.
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Four Habits to Help You Succeed
We all want to succeed, whether it’s in losing weight or learning the guitar. For those who have tried and failed, success seems difficult to understand. Why does one person succeed where another person fails?
Identify your core values
Finding your core values is in line with creating inner motivation. Pick a handful of things and actually write them down. Remind yourself of your values every day, and reflect on whether you are honoring those values through your work.
Pick a goal and focus on it
Choose one goal to start something large enough that will give you a sense of accomplishment, while adjusting well to your core values. Focus is key here. If you perform many tasks at a time, you might never complete your projects because they will take far too long.
Set a deadline for success
Set a date for success. Identify when you hope to achieve your goal. By setting a time limit, you are making the process more real.
Failure can’t be avoided when you take risks, by its very definition, the desire to succeed means you are risking failure. Many people tend to give up far too early. Don’t fall into this trap! Remember your mindset earlier. Know it will happen. A failure is merely you working out the details, and learning what works and what doesn’t. Use failure. Treat it as a good thing, and march on!
A.The more focused you are on one goal, the higher chance you have of success. |
B.Make the right decision. |
C.I’ve made a list of four habits to help set goals and achieve them. |
D.Stick to your goal. |
E.Keep it realistic, while not giving you too much time.
F.Sit and reflect on what you value most.
G.Push yourself to be courageous, and take the next step.
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Forgiveness
To forgive is a virtue,but no one has ever said it is easy. When someone has deeply hurt you,it can be extremely difficult to let go of your hate.However,forgiveness is possible, and it can be surprisingly beneficial
to your physical and mental health.People who forgive show less sadness,anger and stress and more hopefulness,according to a recent research.
Try the following steps.
Calm yourelf. You can take a couple of breaths and think of something that gives you pleasure: a beautiful scene in nature or someone you love.
Don’t wait for an apology.Many times the person who hurt you does not intend to apologize. They may have wanted to hurt you or they just don’t see things the same way. ___Keep in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean becoming friends again with the person who upset you.
Take the control away from your offender(冒犯者).Rethinking about your hurt gives power to the person who caused you pain.Instead of focusing on your wounded feelings,learn to look for the help,beauty and kindness around you.
If you understand your offender ,you may realize that he or she was acting out of unawareness, fear, and even love. You may want to write a letter to yourself from your offender’s point of view.
Don’t forget to forgive yourself. __ But it can rob you of your self-confidence if you don’t do it.
A.Why should you forgive? |
B.How could you start to forgive? |
C.Recognize the benefits of forgiveness. |
D.Try to see things from your offender’s angle. |
E.For some people,forgiving themselves is the biggest challenge.
F.To make your anger die away,try a simple stress-management technique.
G.If you wait for people to apologize, you could be waiting an awfully long time.
根据短文内容,从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项
为多余选项。
Good student-teacher relationships result from the choices that are made even before school, and how those choices are carried out on a daily basis. Here are a few tips to make this process easier for both parties.
___
For the teacher, this means that they need to look at each student from the perspective(角度) of what that student could learn, rather than what that student learned last week or last year. For the student, this means that they need to enter the classroom every day with the willingness to trust the teacher to help them understand. ___ Every school day there are new opportunities to learn new information or to understand subjects that might have been difficult in the past.
___
This is not to say that you have to “buy” the affections(关爱) of the student or the teacher,but you can give the gift of a smile,the gift of attention in class,or the gift of eye contact. Giving this type of gift always helps to build strong relationships.
Demand the best.
____ We can trust friends to keep us responsible and when developing good student-teacher relationships,the same principle of trust applies. Setting high expectations always pushes us to be our best,and when both the student and the teacher are pushing the other for more depth, more wisdom, more insight, etc,then both the student and the teacher will give more.
To develop a good student-teacher relationship,both the student and the teacher must be willing to decide to do these things daily. Each day,they must be willing to try again and work on the relationship. ___
A.Buy gifts for teachers. |
B.Give gifts to one another. |
C.Focus on the positive. |
D.We can always learn a lot from our teachers. |
E.Future learning is never limited by past experiences.
F. Good relationships are always founded on honesty and high expectations.
G.The most important thing is to trust the relationship to benefit each of the members.
七选五(10)
How to keep healthy? It's easy for us to catch a cold in winter and spring because the weather changes a lot in spring and it is too cold in winter. But if we take care in our life, all of us can keep healthy without any cold.
This will stop germs passing from one person to another. When you finish your work or before you eat, you'd better wash your hands. Use a tissue, and then throw it into dustbins at once. When others around you are coughing, I advise you to turn your head away from the people so that their viruses won't reach you. Get more fresh air. Germs like staying around in dry and warm rooms. Don't stay too long in the places with too many people.
If flu is going round house or school, you should try to stay away from those who are ill. .
Boil your toothbrush for about a minute. This kills germs. If you have used the toothbrush for three months or so, throw it away and buy a new one.
A.Have a shower everyday. |
B.Wash your hands often. |
C.Don't use your hands when coughing. |
D.Don't go out often when you are coughing. |
E. Besides, don't use the same toothbrush too long.
F. In this way, you won't be infected by these people.
G. So you'd better stay in the places with more fresh air.
Do you know how to be street smart? Being street smart means knowing how to keep yourself safe from strangers when you’re alone or with other kids. 1 .
Most strangers aren’t dangerous and wouldn’t do anything to hurt kids. Unfortunately, though, some strangers can be dangerous, and it’s impossible to tell who’s OK and who’s not. 2 That’s why it’s important to follow these safety rules all the time.
Make your whereabouts known.
The adult who’s taking care of you needs to know where you are and when you’ll be coming home.
3 It’s more fun and safer to do things with friends. Traveling with a friend whenever you can is a good idea, and traveling with a group of kids is even better.
4 Safe spots are places where you can stop if you need help, like the houses of kids you know, the houses of your parents’ friends, police stations, libraries, and fire departments. When you’re walking or riding your bike, make a mental note of the safe spots along your route. That way, you’ll know where they are in case you ever need one.
5 You’ve probably been told lots of times that you should not yell and keep quiet. But when you think you might be in danger, it’s the perfect time to be noisy! If a stranger approaches you, follows you or tries to grab you, yell as loudly as you can and try to get away. People in the area will hear what’s going on and help you , so make plenty of noise.
A.stick with (紧跟,不离开) a friend. |
B.Pick out safe spots. |
C.It helps you stay safe. |
D.Shout “help” when necessary. |
E. Go to school with your friends.
F. Make a lot of noise if you’re scared.
G. A dangerous person doesn’t necessarily look scary.
A. 20 Years Younger
The book details easy and effective steps we can all take to rebuild the foundation of youth and enjoy better health, improved energy, and a positive outlook on life. The four basic programs are: an exercise system for fighting muscle and bone loss, a longevity-focused diet, sleep rejuvenation, and wrinkle-fighting skin care. Woven throughout the text is practical advice on changing appearances, controlling stress, staying mentally sharp, navigating medical tests, and much more.
B. Born To Run
Full of incredible characters, amazing athletic achievements, cutting-edge science, and, most of all, pure inspiration, Born to Run is an epic adventure that began with one simple question: Why does my foot hurt? In search of an answer, Christopher McDougall sets off to find a tribe of the world’s greatest distance runners and learn their secrets, and in the process shows us that everything we thought we knew about running is wrong.
C. Natural Running
In Natural Running, Abshire explains how modern running shoes distort the efficient running technique that humans evolved over thousands of years. He reviews the history of running shoes and injuries, making the case for barefoot running but also warning about its dangers.
D. Woodworking
This book includes excellent instruction from a best-selling woodworking author on all aspects of woodworking with hand tools. He approaches setting up the all-hand tool shop, explains how the tools work in wood, addresses the joinery, and finishes with instructions on building a workshop accessory to use with hand tools. Also included are other sample projects and information on finishing the hand worked projects.
E. Whittling Little Folk: 20 Delightful Characters to Carve and Paint
At the beginning of the book, readers will find step-by-step carving and painting instructions for a Scandinavian inspired man and woman. Once they have learned to carve these two projects, readers will find an additional 18 patterns that can also be created with the same technique and some subtle changes.
F. Quick and Easy Meals
The book offers healthy, low-carbon Primal-approved recipes that can all be completed in under half an hour and, in many cases, in just a few minutes. Sisson and Meier show you how to delight your family or guests every time with quick, delicious meals using local produce, CSA meats, healthy fats (yes, and real butter) and common herbs and spices.
请阅读以下购书者的信息,然后匹配相关的书籍。
Carina is fond of art and likes carving very much. In order to make something for the coming Mothers Day, she is searching a new idea.
Daisy is a busy salesgirl, who is difficult to find time to cook. She likes home meals.
Alexander is a college student. He likes running. He wants to know more about the secret of shoes and running.
Sammy majors in PE. He will do a research on how to train long distance runners.
Nancy is looking for a book about advice on controlling stress, changing appearances, and enjoying a better health
请阅读下列应用文及相关信息,并按照要求匹配信息。请在答题卡上将对应题号的相应选项字母涂黑, 如选E,请涂AB, 如选F,请涂CD。
首先,请阅读下列关于名著的介绍:
A. Pride and Prejudice (Jane Austen)
The classic love story explores the lives of the five Bennet sisters at the turn of the 19th century in rural England. At that time women were not allowed to get their father’s wealth after his death, so their mother is desperate to marry them off into wealthy families. Therefore various love stories start with the question — whether marriage is for love or for money.
B. The Red and the Black (Stendhal)
Julien has a strong desire for power and glory, and for ridding himself of his low social status as the son of a tradesman. Thus, he tries every means to achieve his goal.
The two colors, red and black, symbolize his inner struggle between being sincere and false. And this conflict in his character finally brings about his downfall.
C. Jane Eyre (Charlotte Bronte)
There is great kindness and warmth in this love story. Poor and plain as Jane Eyre is, she has a strong will, sharp wisdom and great courage. She is forced to battle against a harsh employer and a rigid social order. Yet she is never defeated. Standing on her feet, she gains her own happiness in the end.
D. Oliver Twist (Charles Dickens)
It reflects people’s tragic life in Britain in the 18th century. In the story, Oliver Twist, a mild young boy, is born in the workhouse and stays there until he is made to leave. What waits for him next is the falseness of the wealthy and the depths to which poverty pushes the human spirit.
E. Gone with the wind (Margaret Mitchell)
This is an all-time best-seller by Margaret Mitchell. The story takes place during the American Civil War. It records the tragic love stories of Katie Scarlet O’Hara, a southern beauty. In the end of the story, Scarlett is left only with her Tara, a plantation which symbolizes the culture of the Old South, a place where she could ever gather her strength.
F. The Adventure of Tom Sawyer (Mark Twain)
Tom Sawyer, a naughty boy in the quiet town of St. Petersburg, unexpectedly witnesses the murder of Dr. Robinson. At first he is frightened and keeps it a secret. But at the trial of the case, he bravely exposes the real criminal. He and his friend start tracing the escaping murderer. Finally they find his dead body together with hidden treasures.
请阅读以下读者的相关信息,然后匹配他/她感兴趣的书籍:
Ben is 14 years now and is fond of reading books. He is interested in all sorts of exciting stories, such as those about adventures, detectives and treasure hunting.
Lucy is a quiet girl who likes to read in a quiet corner in the library. Her favorite stories are those with characters brave enough to face and overcome difficulties in life.
Jessica, a fan of romantic stories, has just graduated from high school. She decides to relax herself in reading different love stories this summer. By the way, she hates war.
Peter majors in literature in college. He is especially interested in the psychological description in novels and wants to talk about this in his term paper.
Sam was born in America but his family moved to Europe when he was a child. He misses the days spent in America and is extremely interested in stories about the Old South.
首先请阅读下列图片及文字说明:
A. Drop-Bar Road Bikes
Generally lighter in weight than the typical mountain or comfort bike,road bikes are good for multiple pavement uses including fitness riding,commuting,long-distance/event rides,touring and racing.
Drop-bar handlebars are lightweight and aerodynamic and are a better choice if you want to go faster or are more concerned with efficiently transferring your energy into making the bike move forward. They also allow for a greater number of riding and hand positions than flat-bars.Their more aerodynamic riding position (bent over at the waist) may put more strain on your back if you are less flexible.
B. Flat-Bar Road Bikes
Flat-bar handlebars combine the efficiency of drop-bar road bikes with a slightly more upright riding position.This allows you to sit up in a higher and more relaxed position so you can better see the road and potential risks.An upright position also reduces strain on your hands,wrists and shoulders.This increased versatility comes with the tradeoff of being slightly less efficient (from an aerodynamic standpoint) than the typical drop-bar road bike.
C. Hardtail Mountain Bikes
Mountain Bikes are best for dirt or rocky trails and gravel roads; they are OK for pavement too (with tire change).
Hardtail bikes feature a front suspension fork and a rigid back with no rear suspension shocks.This type of mountain bike is much less expensive and lighter in weight than a typical full-suspension mountain bike.A hardtail is the more versatile choice if you plan to use it for both paved and unpaved surfaces.The tradeoffs from a full-suspension mountain bike? A hardtail is less able to safely handle more technical singletrack trails,provides less overall shock absorption and,in some situations,delivers less rear wheel traction.
D. Full-Suspension Mountain Bikes
Full-suspension mountain bikes have both front and rear suspension shocks making them ideal for backcountry trails or technical (steep,bumpy,twisty) singletrack.They also stand up to more aggressive riding including jumps or drops of up to 5 feet.As mentioned above,full-suspension bikes are more expensive and generally heavier than hardtail bikes.
E.Folding bikes
These bikes can be folded up and placed in a carrying bag,which makes them handy for commuters with limited storage space at home or the office.They are lightweight yet strong and can be folded up quickly and easily.Folding bikes are also a good choice for those who want to travel with their bike.
F.Electric-assist bikes
These bikes feature a battery-powered motor that can help you climb hills easily or make your commute less strenuous.Built-in sensors can monitor how much pressure you're putting on the pedals and then apply battery power accordingly.
以下是一些用户信息,请把图片与相关介绍匹配起来。
Tom is a bike lover.He wants to buy a road bike that can go fast on the road. Speed is important but it is more important for him to see the road and stay safe,since the road on which he rides is often full of traffic.
Jack is an office worker.Every day he goes to work by subway.There is still a long way from where he lives to the subway station,so he decides to buy a bike,which can be easily put at home,on the subway train and his office.
Peter loves making long-distance journey by bike.When travelling,he has to climb hills or ride on rocky trails,which makes him too tired to go.He wants to continue his journey even when he is tired,but he doesn’t want to travel by car or ride his motorbike.
Mark is a bike enthusiast who often rides in the mountainous areas.Unfortunately,his bike was damaged when he was riding on the mountain.Now he is going to buy a new mountain bike.Being a rich man,Mark doesn’t care about the price of the bike,but it must be tough and flexible enough to jump and drop on the mountain road.
Jim needs a new mountain bike that can be ridden on both paved and unpaved surfaces.It doesn’t need to be too expensive.He hopes to buy a bike that is lighter in weight than a typical full-suspension mountain bike
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Building Trust in a Relationship Again
Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences, Trust is a risk. But you can’t be successful when there’s a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.
Unfortunately, we’ve all been victims of betrayal. Whether we’ve been suffer from, lied to, misled, or cheated on, there are different levels of losing trust. Sometimes people simply can’t trust anymore. It’s understandable, but if you’re willing to build trust in a relationship again, we have some steps you can take to get you there.
Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best outcome would be for your well-being.
If you’ve been betrayed, you are the victim of your circumstance. But there’s a difference between being a victim and living with a “victim mentality”. At some point in all of our lives, we’ll have our trust tested or violated.
You didn’t lose “everything”. Once trust is lost, what is left? Instead of looking at the situation from this hopeless angle, look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life. Instead, it’s a healthy way to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness.
A.Learn to really trust yourself. |
B.It is putting confidence in someone. |
C.Stop regarding yourself as the victim. |
D.Remember that you can expect the best in return. |
E. Seeing the positive side of things doesn’t mean you’re ignoring what happened.
F. This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.
G. They’ve been too badly hurt and they can’t bear to let it happen again.
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The Importance of Positive Attitude
A positive attitude is very important as it will make our life easier. . There will be times when we will face problems and obstacles. The most challenging part is not when our life goes smoothly but how we react when we experience problems and difficulties.
Those who have a positive attitude will treat any problem as a challenge. Instead of being discouraged, they will treat each failure as a lesson. . As for those who do not have the positive attitude, they will see problems and difficulties in a different way.
The situation can be the same for both the Guy A and Guy B. . Every one of us has the same amount of time. Since having a negative attitude will eat up our time, why don’t we just make good use of the same amount of time to have a positive attitude? Life itself is already hard. It will be much better if we have a positive attitude which will make our life happier and easier.
. People will generally prefer to stay with people who have positive attitudes as being happy is very infectious (富有感染力的) . Everyone will be affected by the energy of positive attitudes and they too will have a positive attitude.
If you learn to see the bright side of life when you’re surrounded by difficulties, you’ll be building your positive attitude fast. .
A.And they will be motivated to achieve the goal. |
B.Having good attitudes provides many health benefits. |
C.In life, not everything goes as smoothly as we want. |
D.But with different attitudes, the results will be quite different. |
E. They may have no approaches to solving the problems.
F. When you have a positive attitude towards everything, you will be happier.
G. The more you practise having a positive attitude, the easier and more natural it will come to you.
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Tips of losing weight: Weight loss is a hard topic. Lots of people aren’t satisfied with their present weight, but most people aren’t sure how to change it. You may want to look like the models or actors in magazines or on TV, but those goals might not be healthy or realistic for you.
So what should you do about your weight control?
The best way to find out if you are at a healthy weight or if you need to lose or gain weight is to talk to a doctor or dietitian (营养师). If it turns out that you can benefit from weight loss then you can follow a few of the simple suggestions listed below to get started.
People who lose weight quickly by crash dieting or other extreme measure usually gain back all of the pounds they lost, because they haven’t permanently (永久的) changed their habits. Therefore, the best weight management ways are those that you can maintain for a lifetime.
Small changes are a lot easier to stick with than large ones. Try reducing the size of what you eat. Once you have that done, start gradually introducing healthier foods and exercise into your life.
It’s a good idea to maintain a healthy weight because it’s just that healthy.
A.Try giving up regular soda for a week. |
B.Try to pay attention as you eat and stop when you’re full. |
C.Weight management is about long-term success. |
D.Besides, no magical diet will make you look like someone else. |
E. Being healthy is really about being at a weight that is right for you.
F. Changing from hole to nonfat or low-fat milk is also a good idea.
G. They will compare your weight with healthy standards and help you set goals.
根据短文内容,从短文后胡选项中选出能填入空白处胡最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项,此题答案请答在答题卡上。
Starting high school means changes in your life. Most teenagers look forward to the first day of high school, but still feel a little bit nervous. In order to make your high school life easier, ________
Learn all you can about your first day before the first school day. Take part in some activities that are held at the school for new students to know the school better. If parents are invited to these activities, take yours with you. Carefully look over all the materials you receive.________
Get the things you will need for class. But the things suggested on your teachers’supply lists and place your materials for each class separately.
________If you find you’re not doing well in a subject, make use of after-school study groups or ask your teacher to help you with your schoolwork. Consider private tutoring to get you through a difficult time.
There’s more extracurricular(课外的) activities in high school than in middle school, such as clubs, music and theatre groups, student government, and sports teams. Make friends and be seen at such school activities. ________
Ask someone in the school office about opportunities to take part in school activities if you don’t know how. This is a good time to do what you like doing and an opportunity to try new things. Who said school has to be all work and no play?
Since you’re attending more activities in high school than in middle school, ________
A.you can follow these tips. |
B.Keep up with your high school workload. |
C.Here are some tips for you to follow, |
D.All work and no play makes Jake a dull boy. |
E. you’ll have to learn to manage your time.
F. Be sure you know where the school’s buildings are.
G. Join a club or other organizations to meet people and develop friendships.
第二节:下面文章中有5个段落需要添加小标题(第1—5题)。请从以下选项(A、B、C、D、E和F)中选出适合各段落的小标题,并在答题纸上将相应选项的标号涂黑。选项中有一项是多余选项。
A. Who does freelancing?
B. The advantages and disadvantages of freelance
C. The definition of freelance
D. Key to freelance success
E. What is freelancing really like?
F. The best way to develop a career
______________________
Freelance is a word that goes back to medieval times when it was used to describe soldiers who sold their skills to those prepared to pay their market rate. Today it’s an increasingly common way of working for people in a range of occupations and appeals to many who feel constrained by corporate culture.
______________________
What you gain is freedom of movement, what you can lose is a sense of belonging. You can end up feeling isolated from normal support networks, because suddenly you are responsible for your own welfare, training, safety, career development, equipment, professional updating and a thousand other things. It is easy to remain unaware of these things in the relatively cosseted existence of full-time employment. So before you leap up into this exciting and potentially rewarding way of working, stand back and take a look at the risks.
______________________
Freelancing has always been a common way of working for writers, artists and performers, but the range of occupations with a substantial number of freelancers is growing steadily. Anyone with a marketable skill can choose to go it alone. Websites offer a free directory listing for those with skills to sell. Their categories include accountants, healthcare consultants, landscape architects and computer trainers. Areas of work that have problems recruiting staff are always keen to employ freelancers.
______________________
Being a freelance is different from other forms of self-employment—you still work for an employer or several employers but have to develop a completely different set of relationships with them. Employers are now your customers, you are their supplier. You have to become indispensable to them, providing solutions to their problems, some of which they may not even realize they have. In many ways you have to behave like their dream employee, being more willing and available than you may have got used to while in a “proper job”.
______________________
You also have to be aware of, and sensitive to ,the fact that you can be seen as a threat by your customer’s conventional employees, who may regard you as taking work they can do. Successful freelancing relies on the co-operation of everyone you come into contact with. Work that brings you into conflict with an existing workforce can be more trouble than it’s worth.