Do you help your parents with chores around the house？ Can you cook for your family？
To stress the importance of hardworking spirit education among students of different ages， the Chinese government recently released（发布） a guideline． The guideline calls for students to respect（尊重） work． Students should learn basic life skills and form good working habits， through such education．
The government has been trying to stress the importance of hardworking spirit education． But this has been overlooked（忽视） in recent years． Many teens do not value the importance of working hard and are uninterested in doing so．
According to a study of nearly 3，000 students that was done by Ningbo Evening News in March， only 22 percent of primary and middle school students help with everyday chores around the house．
Schools and families play an important role in teaching students about the value of working hard， the guideline says．
Primary and middle schools should provide students with hardworking spirit classes every week， according to the guideline． Schools can also hold activities to give students real﹣world work experience． For example， schools can teach children how to plant trees on Tree﹣planting Day．
As children's first teachers，parents should also encourage children to learn how to do chores at home．Students should master one or two life skills every year． These skills can include cooking， washing their own clothes and tidying their rooms．
（1）The guideline was released in order to ．
A． teach students how to do chores at home
B． call for students to respect work
C． help students solve life problems
D． ask students to be more independent
（2）What does the underlined word "this" in paragraph 3 refer to？ ．
A． Challenges in life
B． Basic life skills
C． The recently released guideline
D． Hardworking spirit education
（3）What is paragraph 4 trying to tell us？ ．
A． Only 3，000 students help with housework
B． Students pay no attention to hardworking spirit
C． About one﹣fifth of students help with housework
D． Students are taken good care of by their parents
（4）According to the guideline， schools should ．
A． provide both guidance and chances for real work
B． hand out the guideline to every student
C． teach students how to plant trees
D． give parents homework to do
（5）What does the writer advise parents to do？
A． Do most housework at home．
B． Master one or two life skills every year．
C． Help children learn to do chores at home．
D． Ask children to focus more on study．
In recent years， a growing number of Chinese books and movies have been translated into other languages，（1） They have been learning Chinese and are interested in Chinese culture．Anna is one of them．Before she translated JinYong's novel Legends of the Condor Heroes（《射雕英雄传》），the writer was little known to English readers．（2）
But Anna managed to do it．Impressed（使……印象深刻）by the book's themes（主题） of good against evil，loyalty（忠诚）and love，as well as Chinese philsophy（哲学） ，Anna hoped to bring it to new readers．After five years of work， the translated book was published in 2018．（3） Many people think Anna did a good job．
Anna studied at the University of Oxford．（4） After the trip she became interested in China and began to learn Chinese．She calls herself "a clumsy（笨拙的） student， just like Guo Jing from Legends of the Condor Heroes， but one of loyal heart"．
（5） Last year， he translated the animated movie Ne Zha．He said．"I see China's stronger cultural influences．And we have a growing number of students majoring in Chinese．More Chinese stories will appear in front of new audiences．"
A．Like Anna， another translator David also learned Chinese in college． B．She took a trip to China at the age of 21． C．Many of the translators are young people． D．One reason for this was that his works were too hard to translate． E．It was reprinted（再版） seven times within several months in the UK． |
"Growing up， Einstein saw his father struggle to support the family and move the family for different jobs， Einstein had to move between schools and it was challenging for him to catch up with his new class．"
This story about the struggles（奋斗）of famous scientists can't be found in your regular science textbook， but a new study suggested maybe it should be．
In the study， 402 9th﹣ and 10th﹣grade students from four New York City high schools in low﹣income areas were divided into three groups． The students read some 800﹣word stories about Albert Einstein and Marie Curie． The control group read a regular science textbook description about their great achievements． Another group read about the scientists' personal struggles， like Einstein's running away from Nazi Germany． The third group read about the scientists' intellectual struggles， as they tried different experiments﹣﹣﹣ and failed．
As it turned out，the students who had read about scientists' struggles， whether personal or intellectual， had higher grades than students who had read about achievements． Those who weren't getting good grades to begin with gained the most． Those in the control group not only didn't see a grade increase， they had lower grades than the grading before the study began．
"We think that struggle stories showed scientists' weaknesses．" the researchers write， "which creates a sense of connection between the students and scientists． And that may make it easier for students to see them as role models．"
"When kids think Einstein is a talent who is untouchable， then they believe they will never get there， "said lead researcher Xiaodong Lin﹣Siegler， PhD．
If we want to educate a future generation of great scientists， we can start by changing the way we talk about the great scientists of the past． An 800﹣word story about scientists' failures， not just their achievements， in science textbooks will make it happen．
（1）What does the article mainly talk about？
A． Learning about struggles of scientists may help students succeed in science．
B． Reading stories of scientists' achievements will help educate future scientists．
C． Science textbooks should describe scientists' failures instead of their achievements．
D． Stories of scientists' struggles may make students see scientists as being untouchable．
（2）From Paragraph 4， we can know that ．
A． those good at science achieved most from this exercise
B． the control group had lower grades than the other two groups
C． the students' grades in the control group remained the same
D． the students in the third group had the highest grades
（3）What's the main idea for Paragraphs 5 and 6？
A． Findings of the study．
B． Explanations from the researchers．
C． Process of the study．
D． Suggestions from the researchers．
（4）In the study， which of the following would the third group probably read？
A． Einstein won many awards in his life， including the 1921 Nobel Prize in physics．
B．Going to college was hard for Curie because at that time women were not allowed to attend school． So， Curie had to study at secret classes．
C．By the time she reached college， Curie was able to understand five languages that top scientists spoke at that time．
D．Often working hour after hour and day after day，Curie devoted herself to solving challenging problems and learning from her mistakes．
A． some books are more powerful B． I've put together a list of good books to read C． it's how to deal with a situation at work D． that's a great question to ask yourself E． reading books is a powerful too |
Are you looking for good books to read？You're in the night place．Here（1） ．I believe that the books are changing our lives．But first， I want you to think about reading in a different context（语境）．You can not just read for fun． Instead， think of reading as a tool for solving problems， a tool you can use to get valuable knowledge from experts all over the world．
How many times have you found you have no idea to solve a problem？ Whether（2） _ or how to become a better acting of yourself， you just can't seem to come up with a good solution． If you're anything like me， you start asking yourself， "How do the experts deal with this ？" Well， （3） and the answer is very easy to get． You can find the answers to most things by reading a book．
In my Better Habits Guide， one of the ten daily habits I suggest is reading． In Fear of Failure？ I note that（4） in the effort to learn from the tests and mistakes of others． All in all， reading is good．
Although I said a lot， I still believe（5） than others． These good books are the ones that have had a wonderful influence on my journey to be a better person．
Bullying can happen to me or you or anybody， but there are things that we can all do to help．
What is bullying？
Bullying is when someone makes you feel bad or hurts you again and again． Bullying can happen at school or out of school or online． Bullying includes：
• calling people unkind names
• laughing at people
• taking someone's things without being allowed
• not letting someone play in a group
• hitting people
What is cyberbullying？
Cyberbullying happens online and includes：
• sending unkind messages
• sharing photos without permission
• not letting someone be part of an online group
What can you do？
If someone is mean to you， tell an adult that you know or like． For example， talk to a parents or a teacher． You can block a person who sends mean message online． Don't reply．
Talk to your parents or teachers or an adult you know well if you see bullying or if you are worried about a friend．
Say sorry if you're mean to someone． You can write a message or talk to the person． Think about how to be kind in the future．
We can all help to say no to bullying．
（1）Which type of bullying is the picture about？
A． Laughing at people．
B． Telling lies about people．
C． Not letting someone play in a group．
D． Hitting people．
（2）What can you do if you are bullied online？
A． Turn to your parents or teachers for help．
B． Write back and try to make more friends．
C． Keep the problems and worries to yourself．
D． Tell strangers about the harm of cyberbullying．
（3）Which can be the best title for this passage？
A． Bullying is everywhere
B． Say no to bullying
C． Keep away from cyberbullying
D． Say sorry to people who are bullied
February 29th comes up on the calendar only every four years．A year with a February 29th might be good news if you are paid by the day or the week．But it might be bad news if you were born on a February 29th．You have to wait three years in between birthdays!
American English has an expression for the unusual situation． February 29th is called a leap day． And the year with a February 29th in it is called a leap year． This year， 2020， is such a year．
As a verb，the word "leap" means to jump， or to move quickly．"Leap" can also be a noun，meaning a jump， or a sudden move．
In a leap year， the dates jump over one day of the week． Let me explain． In 2017，the last day of the year， December 31st ， fell on a Sunday． In 2018， it fell on a Monday． In 2019， it fell on a Tuesday． But in 2020， December 31st will fall on a Thursday． It jumps right over Wednesday．
The reason for a leap day or a leap year is because our calendar does not follow the earth's orbit（轨道）around the sun exactly． Each year， we have a little time left over． So every four years，we put all that time together into an extra（额外的） day．
Some people choose to marry on February 29th because it is an unusual date．But some ancient peoples would likely tell couples not to do it． Leap years were believed to be difficult， and leap days were unlucky．To be honest， these have no scientific basis（依据）．
（1）A 20﹣year﹣old person has birthdays if he/she was born on a February 29th．
A．20
B．15
C．10
D．5
（2）A leap year means on more is added in the calendar of the year．
A． month
B． year
C．day
D． week
（3）The last day of 2021 will fall on according to this article．
A． Saturday
B． Friday
C． Sunday
D． Monday
（4）Some people choose to marry on February 29th because ．
A． it's quite a special date
B． it's quite an unlucky day
C． it can save more money
D． it's a traditional custom
（5）Which of the following sentences is not true according to this article？
A． Scientists tell couples not to marry on a leap day．
B． The leap year or leap day comes once every four years．
C． Some ancient peoples believed that leap days were unlucky．
D． We have a little time left each year before a leap year comes．
Critical thinking（批判性思维） is trying to improve the way you think． People use critical thinking in every area of life to solve problems and evaluate claims（评估主张）．
Like every other skill， critical thinking takes practice． When a problem comes our way， we need to think critically to decide how to solve it． When we see an advertisement， for example， we should stop and think． Advertisements are made to make people feel certain that they are true， and then people can buy the products． But is what the advertisement says true？ Is it making a claim？ Or does it only interest us？ Critical thinking is important and stops us from making poor choices． In fact， we are using it if we ask questions naturally about what we see．
Practice makes perfect． While you are growing in critical thinking， you'll become a wiser and more thoughtful person． There are many ways of doing practice． Here are a few．
★ Read about a topic people disagree on． Look at articles or books on all sides of the subject． For each side of the subject， think carefully and evaluate it．
★ When you see or hear a claim， ask questions about it． Who is making the claim and why？
★Evaluate your own thinking． Where and why do you think uncritically？ How can you improve？
Critical thinking should be part of everything we do． It may help you to succeed at work or school ．Make yourself into a habit of critical thinking． Change your thoughts and change your world．
（1）、（2）题完成句子；（3）题简略回答问题；（4）题找出并写下第二段的主题句；（5）题将文中画线句子译成汉语．
（1）People use critical thinking to and evaluate claims．
（2）Critical thinking can stop us from ．
（3）What kind of person will you become as you grow in critical thinking？
（4）
（5）
In your spare time， do you help your parents with chores（杂活）around the house？ Can you cook for your family？
In order to stress（强调）the importance of hard﹣working spirit education（劳动教育）among students of different ages，the Communist Party of China Central Committee（中共中央）recently released（发布）a guideline（指导纲要）．
The guideline calls for students to respect labor work． Students should learn basic life skills and form good working habits through such education．
The government has been trying to stress the importance of hard﹣working spirit education． But this has been overlooked（忽视）in recent years． Many teenagers do not value the importance of working hard and aren't interested in doing so．
According to a study of nearly 3，000 students that was done by Ningbo Evening News in March， only 22% of students help with everyday chores around the house．
Schools and families play an important role in teaching students about the value of working hard， the guideline says．
Primary and middle schools should provide students with hard﹣working spirit classes every week， according to the guideline． Schools can also hold activities to give students real﹣world work experience． For example， schools can teach children how to plant trees on Tree﹣Planting Day．
As children's first teachers，parents should also encourage children to learn how to do chores at home．Students should master one or two life skills every year． These skills can include cooking， washing their own clothes and tidying their rooms．
（1）The guideline was released recently in order to ．
A． stress the importance of hard﹣working spirit education
B． ask students to work hard at English and any other subjects
C． teach students how to help their parents do chores at home
D． help students of different ages solve life problems
（2）The underlined word "this" in Paragraph 4 refers to ．
A． the government
B． hard﹣working spirit education
C． basic life skills
D． the recently released guideline
（3）According to the guideline， schools can ．
A． give homework to parents
B． give the guideline to every student
C． teach students how to cook in the school
D． provide chances of real﹣world work for students
（4）Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage？
A． About two thirds of students help with housework at home．
B． Students should master at least three life skills every year．
C． Schools should provide students with hard﹣working spirit classes every day．
D． Parents should also encourage children to learn how to do chores at home．
（5）What is the best title of the passage？
A． Spirit of Hard﹣working Education
B． How to Value the Experience
C． The Importance of All Subjects
D． How to Do Everyday Chores
Mind Maps
Mind maps are a great way of showing a picture of information that you need to learn． You can use mind maps for all kinds of learning． They work very well for vocabulary when you are learning a new language．
1Draw a circle in the middle of the page and write the vocabulary subject in the middle． For example：
transport．
2Brainstorm some word groups for 'transport' and think of headings for each one． For example：
sea transport
land transport
air transport
For each one， draw a short line from the centre circle outwards． Add another circle and write the new group word in the middle．
3Look at each group and try to add more groups． For example， in 'land transport' there are two sub﹣groups；
●road
●rail
Draw two more lines， add two more circles and write the two new headings inside them．
4When you can't make any new groups， add a line for each word you know． Write the words along the lines or， if you have space， write them inside more circles．
5As you learn new vocabulary， add it to the mind map．
6To make the mind maps even better， use colour to show important ideas or parts of the map．
（1）The instructions above mainly show us ．
A． what mind maps are
B． how to draw mind maps
C． what mind maps can do
D． how to make mind maps better
（2）What can we learn about mind maps？
A． Mind maps are usually started with a line．
B． Mind maps should be simple， with no colour．
C． A mind map is only used for language learning．
D． A mind map is a picture with useful information．
（3）Which of the following shows the right order of making a mind map？
a． Draw a circle in the middle of the page．
b． Add new circles and write the group words 'sea'， 'land' and 'air' in them．
c． Write 'transport' in the middle of the circle．
d． Brainstorm some word groups for 'transport'．
A． a﹣c﹣d﹣b．
B． a﹣d﹣c﹣b
C． d﹣a﹣c﹣b．
D． d﹣a﹣b﹣c．
It's been 100 years since the actor and filmmaker Charlie Chaplin produced the film The Kid ，which many consider to be his greatest one.
Like all films at the time，The Kid was made in black and white and was silent （made without any sound，not even the characters talking）.The story is about the relationship between " the Tramp"，played by Chaplin，and his adopted （领养的）child，played by Jackie Coogan.The pair develop a partnership where the six year﹣old boy breaks windows and runs away，so that Chaplin's character can offer his services as a window fixer.
Although the film is a comedy，it also has some tragedy，reflecting Chaplin's own life.He started testing actors for the role of the Kid just a few days after his baby son had died.Chaplin was known for being hard to please，and it is said that if he could，he would have played every role in every one of his films.When Chaplin visited a theatre，a dancer brought his son，Jackie Coogan，on stage，and Chaplin knew he had his co﹣star （联袂主演者）.Chaplin later wrote， "All children in some form have talents；the trick is to bring it out in them.With Jackie it was easy.
Like the Kid in the film，Chaplin and his brother Sydney grew up very poor.They lived in London and were raised by their mother.When Chaplin was 10 years old，his mum became too ill to loo after her sons，so they had to take care of themselves.He later wrote that the film sets in The Kid were based （基于）on the places where he and Sydney had lived with their mother as children. "Perhaps that's why the film had some truth，" he said.
（1）The second paragraph mainly talks about .
| A． |
why The Kid was made |
| B． |
when The Kid was on |
| C． |
how The Kid got successful |
| D． |
what The Kid is about |
（2）We can infer from Paragraph 3 that Jackie Coogan .
| A． |
always visited the theatre alone |
| B． |
was possibly talented in acting |
| C． |
knew much about Chaplin before |
| D． |
played every role in Chaplin's films |
（3）Which of the following is TRUE about Chaplin？
| A． |
He had a poor childhood experience. |
| B． |
He was brought up by his father. |
| C． |
He looked after his mother very well. |
| D． |
He produced films with his brother. |
（4）What's the best title for the passage？
| A． |
A film about a dancer. |
| B． |
A family in London. |
| C． |
A place for film making. |
| D． |
A life on film. |
Can a green machine help the world's poorest kids learn better？Nicholas Negroponte thinks so.He and his team of scientists have invented a new type of computer.As a result，many children who live in poverty （贫穷） will have their own laptop computers!
Negroponte works at a university.He started a group called One Laptop Per Child （OLPC）.The people at OLPC don't work for money.They work to help children learn.OLPC makes computers that don't cost a lot.Then they sell the machines to governments of countries that have many people live in poverty.The governments then give the computes to kids for free.
The XO Laptop computers are made for school﹣aged children in developing nations.Many of these children live in faraway areas and go to schools with classrooms.In order to work，the laptops have to be lasting and student﹣friendly.
The machines have many fun characters like a built﹣in video camera，voice recording，and games.The WiFi lets students share information on the Web and read e﹣books.They also can make music and chat with friends.
Another great character is that it can last for a long time.It can be hand chargedand also can be recharged by connecting to a solar panel.Because of these characters the XO laptops make learning fun while helping the environment.
The computers have a colorful name﹣"the green machine".Negroponte thinks they could make a difference in the lives of millions of kids.He says， "Every problem you can think of﹣poverty，peace，the environment﹣is solved with education."
OLPC plans to give out over ten million computers in the next few years.Kids in Thailand，Nigeria，Brazil，and Argentina will get most of them.China and Egypt also want to take part in the program.After that，Negroponte hopes to sell computers to other countries with high poverty.
（1）Negroponte thinks his laptop computers will help the world's poorest kids to .
A.work at home
B.go to school on time
C.learn better
（2）What can we know about the people at OLPC according to Paragraph 2？
A.They work for money.
B.They give computers to kids for free.
C.They sell computers to governments with many people living in poverty.
（3）Why do XO laptops make learning fun while helping the environment？
A.Because they are lasting and student﹣friendly.
B.Because they are made for school﹣aged children.
C.Because they have a colorful name.
（4）What does the underlined word " charged" mean in Chinese？
A.携带.
B.充电.
C.使用.
（5）Who will get most of the computers in the next few years？
A.Kids in Thailand.
B.Kids in China.
C.Kids in Egypt.
A yearbook is a tradition of high school life in the United States．The book contains（包含） the name，photo， and signature （签名） of each student in your final year， so that you can remember who you went to school with．A 15﹣year﹣old girl Catherine Cook and her brother David wanted more than this．They thought，"Why not have a yearbook online？You could learn about people's music tastes， the movies they like，and so on．"
Catherine thought of the name﹣ myYearbook．com， and the logo （图标）． To advertise the site Catherine and David wore T﹣shirts with the site logo to school and soon hundreds of their schoolmates became users of the site． She spent many evenings talking on the phone to programmers in India， and collecting ideas from her schoolmates． Then her older brother Geoff came up with the money to start up the website．
MyYearbook users can join in the fun by sending messages and "collecting" friends．
They can watch the same videos from films and TV programs， and share music， photos，homework and study guides． Some teens feel they can make friends more easily online．Chatting online helps some shy people not to feel left out．
Users can also make "Lunch Money" by doing activities on the site． They can then spend their Lunch Money on gifts， or donate（捐赠）it to charities． They have saved 0.3 km2 of rainforest cleaned up 1 million kg of CO2， set 22，000 books to Africa，and bought 20，000 kg of rice for people without enough food．
Running the website did not stop Catherine and David from finishing their schoolwork Successfully，and going on to university，where they still spent 50 hours a week on the site．
（1）Who got the idea of setting up myYearbook．com？
A． Geoff．
B． Catherine and David．
C． A US high school．
D． Indian programmers．
（2）How did Catherine and David get their schoolmates to know the site？
A． They advertised the site through videos．
B． They offered chances to make money．
C． They made a phone call to every student．
D．They wore T﹣shirts with the site logo to school．
（3）MyYearbook．com is set up to help users ．
A．remember the school
B．run a site
C．learn more about each other
D． make money
（4）Which of the following is NOT true about "Lunch Money"？
A．It can be donated to charities．
B．It can be used to help people．
C．It can be made by doing activities at school．
D． It can be used to protect the environment．
（5）What is the text mainly about？
A． The Cooks．
B． A yearbook online．
C． Lunch Money．
D． US high school life．
Life offers so many lessons， both practical and personal， that you're never too young to begin learning them． Here are some skills to learn as soon as possible．
Money Management 
When you start receiving money of your own． It's time to start understanding your relationship with money． In a world where you can buy any and every object， the key is to save money by buying only essentials （必需品） and a treat sometimes．
Cooking 
One great way to save money is to learn to cook for yourself． Beyond that， cooking at home also helps you control your diet for better health． If you start doing this at an early age， you will not have to depend on your parents too much．
Keeping Promises： 
Promises are a matter of honesty and should be made with care． We must learn from an early age that our word must be followed up by action． When it isn't， others will quickly lose trust in us and not respect us．
Accepting Rejection （拒绝） 
Though you must． be careful not to break your word， others' promises aren't always kept． Learn about it early， and you won't be hurt easily． Also， not every job application or desired （渴望的） friendship will work out， so remember that there are more fish in the sea．
Lifelong Learning 
No matter how old you get， there will always be things beyond your understanding． It's better to learn to be modest now rather than take a proud fall later in life． Be open to new experiences and keep learning． And it's never too late to start．
（1）How many skills are talked about in the passage？
（2）Which two skills can help you save money？
（3）If one of your friends breaks his promise to you， will you be angry？ Why or why not？
There are almost as many ways to write as there are kinds of texts． Some writers cannot produce a word unless they are poised behind a desk， while others prefer to write sitting outdoors or in noisy restaurants． Some writers create an entire work before going back to read what they have written， while others may rewrite a single paragraph many times before moving on． Individual writers' techniques may be different， but successful writers do have one thing in common； the writing process（步骤）． The writing process is made up of four stages， and each stage involves certain activities． The chart below summarizes what happens during each stage of the writing process．
What You Do During the Writing Process
Prewriting |
●Choose your topic． ●Identify your purpose and audience， and select a writing form appropriate to that purpose and audience． ●Generate ideas and gather information about the topic． ●Begin to organize the information． ●Decide the main point you want to express． |
Writing a Draft（草稿） |
●Catch your readers' attention in the introduction． ●Provide background information． ●State your main points， your support， and your elaboration of them． ●Follow a plan of organization． ●Wrap up with a conclusion． |
Revising（修改） |
●Evaluate your draft． ●Revise the draft to improve its content， organization， and style． |
Publishing |
●Proofread， or edit your final draft． ●Publish or share your finished writing with readers． ●Reflect on your writing experience． |
（1）What do successful writers have in common？
A． They have the writing process．
B． They like to read what they have written．
C． They write outdoors or in noisy restaurants．
D． They rewrite a single paragraph many times．
（2）When you write a draft， you should ．
A． choose your writing topic
B． get your readers' attention in the introduction
C． publish or share your finished writing with readers
D． revise the draft to improve its content， organization and style
（3）What is the best title of the passage？
A． Writing Points
B． Writing Ways
C． Writing as a Process
D． Writing with Materials
In China， writing brushes， ink sticks， paper and ink stones are called the Four Treasures of Study．Among the high﹣quality （质量） treasures， the writing brush produced in Huzhou， the ink stick produced in Huizhou， the xuan paper made in Xuancheng and the ink stone made in Duanxi are the best﹣known．
The writing brushes can be used to draw the pictures on painted potteries （陶器）．They are mainly made of the hair of animals．Those made of wool are called yanghao and those made of the weasel's （鼬）tail hair are called langhao． Their artistic effects （效果） in writing and painting cannot be copied by any other pens．
The ink stick is the pigment （颜料） used in writing and painting．The ink stick produced in Huizhou is of high quality． A story goes like this： Two famous skilled men Xi Chao and his son produced a kind of high﹣quality ink stick． As a result， the Emperor Li Yu in the Southern Tang Dynasty agreed to give them the family name"Li"， From then on， the fame of the Li Ink Stick was widespread． In the Song Dynasty， its producing area was changed into Huizhou， and it was then called the Hui Ink Stick．
Paper is among the four great inventions in ancient China． The famous xuan paper appeared in the Sui and Tang dynasties． In Xuanzhou， Anhui Province where the xuan paper is produced，it's said that Cai Lun's pupil Kong Dan took the job of producing paper but failed to make perfect white paper． Later he happened to see the ebony （檀木） in the rivers． It was wet with the water and turned white． Then he used the bark （树皮） to produce the world﹣famous xuan paper．
The ink stone was already very popular in the Han Dynasty． The Ming and Qing dynasties saw the appearance of the Four Famous Ink Stones一Duan Ink Stone， She Ink Stone， Tao Ink Stone and Chengni Ink Stone． They can not only be used in writing and painting but also for admiration．
（1）What are the writing brushes mainly made of？
（2）Why did Xi Chao and his son get the family name from the Emperor Li Yu？
（3）What does it in paragraph 3 refer to （指的是）？
（4）How did Kong Dan find the way to make the famous xuan paper by accident？
（5）When did the Four Famous Ink Stones appear？
（6）What's the title （标题） for the passage？ （ 不超过10个词）
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