Sam's history teacher was asking him some questions． However， none of his answers was correct． So the teacher began to ask him some very simple questions， hoping that he could give at least one correct answer．
"Sam， what is Waterloo？"
"Waterloo？" said the boy． "Oh， it is a kind of washing machine， I think．"
The teacher shook her head． "Sam， be serious， please． Now tell me the answer to a very， very easy question． Who was George Washington？"
"Well，" the answer came quickly， "he must be the man who uses that washing machine．"
The teacher was a little angry， but she didn't give up． She thought and thought， and then she came up with the easiest question． "Who's the president of the United States right now？"
"Sorry， I don't know，" Sam answered．
The teacher lost her temper． She shouted， "Donald Trump!"
Sam looked around and sat down．
"Stand up!" cried the teacher． "I didn't tell you to sit down．"
Sam stood up． He looked puzzled． "Oh， I'm sorry，" he said． "I thought you were calling the next student．"
（1）What did Sam think "Waterloo" was？
A．A place．
B． A person．
C． A washing machine．
（2）How many questions did the history teacher ask Sam？
A． Four．
B． Three．
C． Two．
（3）The underlined expression "lost her temper" probably means in Chinese．
A． 勃然大怒
B． 晕过去了
C． 结巴了
（4）From the passage， we know ．
A． Sam is a lazy student
B． Sam is a funny student
C． Sam isn't good at history
（5）The teacher would be after she heard Sam's last words．
A． crazy
B． very happy
C． satisfied
Vienna is a beautiful old city on the River Danube in the center of Europe． It's the capital city of Austria and the center of European classical music． In the 18th century a lot of musicians came to study and work in Vienna．
In the Strauss family， there were two composers called Johann Strauss： the father and the son． The father， Johann Strauss the elder， wrote and played music for traditional dances， called the waltz． His dance music made him famous all over Europe． The son， Johann Strauss the younger， was also very successful and popular． He wrote over 150 waltzes． In 1867 he wrote The Blue Danube waltz．
Mozart was another very important composer． He was born in Austria in 1756． Before he was six， he played not only the piano but also the violin． His family took him around Europe and he gave concerts in many cities． He wrote hundreds of wonderful pieces of music． But he became very poor and died in 1791 when he was only 35． Like Johann Strauss， father and son， he was a great European musician， and many people still think his music is perfect．
（1）From Paragraph 1（第1段） we know that Vienna is ．
A． a beautiful new city
B． on the River Danube
C． in the center of Austria
D． the center of European pop music
（2）How many important composers are mentioned in the passage？
A． One
B． Two
C． Three
D． Four
（3）Johann Strauss the elder was famous for ．
A． the dance music
B． his son
C． The Blue Danube
D． the concerts
（4）It can be inferred（推断）from the passage that Mozart was ．
A． stupid and lazy
B． clever but lazy
C． stupid but hard﹣ working
D． clever and hard﹣ working
（5）This passage can be found most probably in the part of in a newspaper．
A． News
B． Recreation（娱乐）
C． Ad（广告）
D． Sport
Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally about what to believe or what to do．According to a report on the World Economic Forum （2016），critical thinking，creativity，and their practical application are widely accepted as the top three skills that young people need to possess*in their future career．
A good critical thinker usually takes the following steps before he decides what to do．Whenever he needs to do something，he would，first of all，reason．He checks why he needs to do it and whether he really needs to do it．Then，analyze．He tries to find out what it really is and the best way to do it．After that，evaluate．He makes sure whether he is able to do it and how to do it well．Finally，he makes the decision and takes action．Take the "Double 11"（a popular online shopping day in China） as an example．A few days before it，he checks carefully what he needs and whether he really needs them，and makes a shopping list．He goes to the online shops to compare the quality and the prices of the things that he is going to buy．He compares the shops that sell these things．
Then he checks whether he can afford them and in which shops he is going to buy them．Although it takes him some time to make the decisions，he would not regret after the shopping．
Then what would happen if he didn't think critically before he made the decisions？After the crazy "Double 11"，there were usually a lot of complaints on the Internet．There were regrets about buying more things than they needed．There were complaints about the poor quality and the prices of the things they bought．There were also complaints because they received wrong things or simply received nothing．There were all kinds of regrets and complaints．Why so？They had not thought critically before they made the decisions．
Critical thinking helps you make wiser decisions．It helps you avoid wasting time，money and so on．Therefore，do look before you leap．
33．According to the passage，critical thinking is a thinking skill that ．
A．helps make better choices
B．will appear in the future
C．helps make quick decisions
D．makes us spend more money
34．In Paragraph 2，how does the critical thinker analyze the things he may buy？
A．He checks what he needs to buy．
B．He studies the quality and the prices．
C．He makes a proper shopping list．
D．He checks how much money he has．
35．The underlined word "complaints" means that the people ．
A．are not satisfied
B．are not confident
C．are not interested
D．are not responsible
36．Which of the following examples is the use of "critical thinking"？
A．Daming did a new science experiment before reading instructions．
B．Lingling's parents became very angry when they knew her bad marks．
C．After looking at the other team﹣s weak points，the coach made a new plan．．
D．After hearing the stranger s words，the girl followed him into a supermarket．
In recent years， a growing number of Chinese books and movies have been translated into other languages，（1） They have been learning Chinese and are interested in Chinese culture．Anna is one of them．Before she translated JinYong's novel Legends of the Condor Heroes（《射雕英雄传》），the writer was little known to English readers．（2）
But Anna managed to do it．Impressed（使……印象深刻）by the book's themes（主题） of good against evil，loyalty（忠诚）and love，as well as Chinese philsophy（哲学） ，Anna hoped to bring it to new readers．After five years of work， the translated book was published in 2018．（3） Many people think Anna did a good job．
Anna studied at the University of Oxford．（4） After the trip she became interested in China and began to learn Chinese．She calls herself "a clumsy（笨拙的） student， just like Guo Jing from Legends of the Condor Heroes， but one of loyal heart"．
（5） Last year， he translated the animated movie Ne Zha．He said．"I see China's stronger cultural influences．And we have a growing number of students majoring in Chinese．More Chinese stories will appear in front of new audiences．"
A．Like Anna， another translator David also learned Chinese in college． B．She took a trip to China at the age of 21． C．Many of the translators are young people． D．One reason for this was that his works were too hard to translate． E．It was reprinted（再版） seven times within several months in the UK． |
"Growing up， Einstein saw his father struggle to support the family and move the family for different jobs， Einstein had to move between schools and it was challenging for him to catch up with his new class．"
This story about the struggles（奋斗）of famous scientists can't be found in your regular science textbook， but a new study suggested maybe it should be．
In the study， 402 9th﹣ and 10th﹣grade students from four New York City high schools in low﹣income areas were divided into three groups． The students read some 800﹣word stories about Albert Einstein and Marie Curie． The control group read a regular science textbook description about their great achievements． Another group read about the scientists' personal struggles， like Einstein's running away from Nazi Germany． The third group read about the scientists' intellectual struggles， as they tried different experiments﹣﹣﹣ and failed．
As it turned out，the students who had read about scientists' struggles， whether personal or intellectual， had higher grades than students who had read about achievements． Those who weren't getting good grades to begin with gained the most． Those in the control group not only didn't see a grade increase， they had lower grades than the grading before the study began．
"We think that struggle stories showed scientists' weaknesses．" the researchers write， "which creates a sense of connection between the students and scientists． And that may make it easier for students to see them as role models．"
"When kids think Einstein is a talent who is untouchable， then they believe they will never get there， "said lead researcher Xiaodong Lin﹣Siegler， PhD．
If we want to educate a future generation of great scientists， we can start by changing the way we talk about the great scientists of the past． An 800﹣word story about scientists' failures， not just their achievements， in science textbooks will make it happen．
（1）What does the article mainly talk about？
A． Learning about struggles of scientists may help students succeed in science．
B． Reading stories of scientists' achievements will help educate future scientists．
C． Science textbooks should describe scientists' failures instead of their achievements．
D． Stories of scientists' struggles may make students see scientists as being untouchable．
（2）From Paragraph 4， we can know that ．
A． those good at science achieved most from this exercise
B． the control group had lower grades than the other two groups
C． the students' grades in the control group remained the same
D． the students in the third group had the highest grades
（3）What's the main idea for Paragraphs 5 and 6？
A． Findings of the study．
B． Explanations from the researchers．
C． Process of the study．
D． Suggestions from the researchers．
（4）In the study， which of the following would the third group probably read？
A． Einstein won many awards in his life， including the 1921 Nobel Prize in physics．
B．Going to college was hard for Curie because at that time women were not allowed to attend school． So， Curie had to study at secret classes．
C．By the time she reached college， Curie was able to understand five languages that top scientists spoke at that time．
D．Often working hour after hour and day after day，Curie devoted herself to solving challenging problems and learning from her mistakes．
On Monday， I stopped my car in front of my daughter Juliet's middle school． She jumped in the front seat， feeling down． She asked me to help her study for her science test．
"Dad I need to memorize a unit about the Reproductive Cycle of Plants． And I can hardly make it．"
"You know memorizing seems like the best way to study， but in fact you can do better in tests if you work on trying to understand the material．"
Juliet was open to my advice． It was Monday afternoon and we had two nights to study before the test on Wednesday． I suggested a plan． "Tomorrow night， you are going to teach the material to me． Tonight， read the unit． Prepare to teach．"
Asking her to teach me was an unusual idea but I was determined to do it． Studies show teaching somebody else is a very useful way to lean， Even if you don't do the teaching． the act of preparing to teach leads to more learning than just trying your best to memorize the material．
On Tuesday afternoon， Juliet sat down with her Science book facing me said， "Okay Dad， let's study．" I wanted her to teach me． But false starts happened． I couldn't be too hard on her． So instead we starred with me asking her some simple questions． She knew some but not other． When she didn't know the answers． I encouraged her to check the book．
She started checking things that didn't make sense． And she was actively seeking to test her understanding． I was happy to see it． She wasn't memorizing， she was trying to make sense of things， which was exactly what I had hoped she would do．
（1）Why did Juliet feel down？
A． Because she failed her science test．
B． Because she had trouble memorizing a unit．
C． Because she knew nothing about planting．
D． Because she couldn't follow her teacher．
（2）In the writer's opinion， which was the key to best learning？
A． Memorizing
B． Testing
C． Questioning．
D． Understanding
（3）The underlined word "it" in paragraph 5refers to " "．
A． making her check the book
B． using simple questions to test her
C． encouraging her to read the unit
D． asking her to teach me the unit
（4）When false starts happened， the writer was ．
A． patient
B． worried
C． nervous
D． embarrassed
（5）Which can be the best title for the passage？
A． A Creative Father
B． An Unexpected Test
C． Learning from Teaching
D． Preparing for Teaching
It is nearly impossible to answer the question when or where baseball started． Several cultures created games which involve（涉及） hitting a ball with a bat and running． But there were several rules that made them quite different from each other． The game of baseball itself has improved over time and has several changes from its early version（版本）．
When did baseball start in the US？ As the legend goes， the game we know as baseball today was invented or at least built with an accepted set of rules by Alexander Joy Cartwright． As there is little proof（证据） that baseball was played in the United States before Alexander Joy Cartwright wrote up the rules of baseball， it has been formally accepted that Cartwright is， if not the biological， the most suitable father of baseball．
The legend further goes that baseball， which has grown to become a hugely popular game in the United States today， was invented in a famous Manhattan based club called the Knickerbockers． So the name for the rules set by Alexander Joy Cartwright was then called "the Knickerbockers Rules"． The first New York baseball team was called the New York Knickerbockers． Having created the rules， Cartwright was naturally the judge （裁判） for the first ever baseball game played in the United States base on the rules．
Cartwright's contribution（贡献） to baseball doesn't just end in setting the rules for the game． He is also known for popularizing the game and its rules over the United States． Cartwright． Who traveled to California during California Golf Rush， spread the knowledge of baseball pretty much at every stop on his way from New York to California．
Till about the late 1860 s， baseball was largely an amateur game until a Cincinnati club﹣the Cincinnati Red Stockings， which is known to almost all Americans﹣decided to recruit（招募） the best players for prize money． The first professional baseball league in the United States was the National Association of Professional Baseball Players， which was set up in 1871．
（1）From Paragraph 1 ， we can learn that baseball ．
A． is a game with a long history
B． is popular all over the world
C． has experienced some changes
D． had strict rules as it appeared
（2）According to the passage，which of the following is true about Cartwright？
A． He made baseball very popular in the world．
B． He made the rules for baseball．
C． He chose the judge for the first baseball game．
D． He was a famous baseball player．
（3）What does the underlined word "amateur" most probably mean in Chinese？
A． 常规的
B． 团体的
C． 激烈的
D． 业余的
（4）What does the writer's purpose of writing the passage？
A． To introduce the history of baseball．
B． To encourage people to play baseball．
C． To introduce the inventor of baseball．
D． To show people how popular baseball is．
（5）The passage is most probably taken from ．
A． a news report
B． a sport poster
C． a history book
D． a sports magazine
A group of boys ， ten and eleven years old， walk into a classroom at Collegiate School． （1） The boys are curious about their new class． It is called "babies"．
（2） They are volunteers． The babies are not dolls． They are real， live babies． The boys learn how to feed，dress，wash and carry them． They even learn how to change diapers（尿片） and what to do in emergencies（紧急情况）．（3） Some of them ask to take it again．
（4） The boys take required courses in math， English， social studies， and science． They can also choose electives（选修课） in weight lifting，photography， kite flying and computer science． Recently， the headmaster at Collegiate School decided to try something different．（5） In the class the boys used real babies to learn about child care．
Where does this school get the babies？ Mother in the neighborhood near the school volunteer their babies for a few hours each week． These mothers like sharing their children with others．
A． He offered the boys a new elective． B． The boys don't have to take the class． C． Collegiate is a private boys' school in New York． D． They hear babies crying． E． Most of the boys have a good time in the class |
Mind Maps
Mind maps are a great way of showing a picture of information that you need to learn． You can use mind maps for all kinds of learning． They work very well for vocabulary when you are learning a new language．
1Draw a circle in the middle of the page and write the vocabulary subject in the middle． For example：
transport．
2Brainstorm some word groups for 'transport' and think of headings for each one． For example：
sea transport
land transport
air transport
For each one， draw a short line from the centre circle outwards． Add another circle and write the new group word in the middle．
3Look at each group and try to add more groups． For example， in 'land transport' there are two sub﹣groups；
●road
●rail
Draw two more lines， add two more circles and write the two new headings inside them．
4When you can't make any new groups， add a line for each word you know． Write the words along the lines or， if you have space， write them inside more circles．
5As you learn new vocabulary， add it to the mind map．
6To make the mind maps even better， use colour to show important ideas or parts of the map．
（1）The instructions above mainly show us ．
A． what mind maps are
B． how to draw mind maps
C． what mind maps can do
D． how to make mind maps better
（2）What can we learn about mind maps？
A． Mind maps are usually started with a line．
B． Mind maps should be simple， with no colour．
C． A mind map is only used for language learning．
D． A mind map is a picture with useful information．
（3）Which of the following shows the right order of making a mind map？
a． Draw a circle in the middle of the page．
b． Add new circles and write the group words 'sea'， 'land' and 'air' in them．
c． Write 'transport' in the middle of the circle．
d． Brainstorm some word groups for 'transport'．
A． a﹣c﹣d﹣b．
B． a﹣d﹣c﹣b
C． d﹣a﹣c﹣b．
D． d﹣a﹣b﹣c．
It's been 100 years since the actor and filmmaker Charlie Chaplin produced the film The Kid ，which many consider to be his greatest one.
Like all films at the time，The Kid was made in black and white and was silent （made without any sound，not even the characters talking）.The story is about the relationship between " the Tramp"，played by Chaplin，and his adopted （领养的）child，played by Jackie Coogan.The pair develop a partnership where the six year﹣old boy breaks windows and runs away，so that Chaplin's character can offer his services as a window fixer.
Although the film is a comedy，it also has some tragedy，reflecting Chaplin's own life.He started testing actors for the role of the Kid just a few days after his baby son had died.Chaplin was known for being hard to please，and it is said that if he could，he would have played every role in every one of his films.When Chaplin visited a theatre，a dancer brought his son，Jackie Coogan，on stage，and Chaplin knew he had his co﹣star （联袂主演者）.Chaplin later wrote， "All children in some form have talents；the trick is to bring it out in them.With Jackie it was easy.
Like the Kid in the film，Chaplin and his brother Sydney grew up very poor.They lived in London and were raised by their mother.When Chaplin was 10 years old，his mum became too ill to loo after her sons，so they had to take care of themselves.He later wrote that the film sets in The Kid were based （基于）on the places where he and Sydney had lived with their mother as children. "Perhaps that's why the film had some truth，" he said.
（1）The second paragraph mainly talks about .
| A． |
why The Kid was made |
| B． |
when The Kid was on |
| C． |
how The Kid got successful |
| D． |
what The Kid is about |
（2）We can infer from Paragraph 3 that Jackie Coogan .
| A． |
always visited the theatre alone |
| B． |
was possibly talented in acting |
| C． |
knew much about Chaplin before |
| D． |
played every role in Chaplin's films |
（3）Which of the following is TRUE about Chaplin？
| A． |
He had a poor childhood experience. |
| B． |
He was brought up by his father. |
| C． |
He looked after his mother very well. |
| D． |
He produced films with his brother. |
（4）What's the best title for the passage？
| A． |
A film about a dancer. |
| B． |
A family in London. |
| C． |
A place for film making. |
| D． |
A life on film. |
Can a green machine help the world's poorest kids learn better？Nicholas Negroponte thinks so.He and his team of scientists have invented a new type of computer.As a result，many children who live in poverty （贫穷） will have their own laptop computers!
Negroponte works at a university.He started a group called One Laptop Per Child （OLPC）.The people at OLPC don't work for money.They work to help children learn.OLPC makes computers that don't cost a lot.Then they sell the machines to governments of countries that have many people live in poverty.The governments then give the computes to kids for free.
The XO Laptop computers are made for school﹣aged children in developing nations.Many of these children live in faraway areas and go to schools with classrooms.In order to work，the laptops have to be lasting and student﹣friendly.
The machines have many fun characters like a built﹣in video camera，voice recording，and games.The WiFi lets students share information on the Web and read e﹣books.They also can make music and chat with friends.
Another great character is that it can last for a long time.It can be hand chargedand also can be recharged by connecting to a solar panel.Because of these characters the XO laptops make learning fun while helping the environment.
The computers have a colorful name﹣"the green machine".Negroponte thinks they could make a difference in the lives of millions of kids.He says， "Every problem you can think of﹣poverty，peace，the environment﹣is solved with education."
OLPC plans to give out over ten million computers in the next few years.Kids in Thailand，Nigeria，Brazil，and Argentina will get most of them.China and Egypt also want to take part in the program.After that，Negroponte hopes to sell computers to other countries with high poverty.
（1）Negroponte thinks his laptop computers will help the world's poorest kids to .
A.work at home
B.go to school on time
C.learn better
（2）What can we know about the people at OLPC according to Paragraph 2？
A.They work for money.
B.They give computers to kids for free.
C.They sell computers to governments with many people living in poverty.
（3）Why do XO laptops make learning fun while helping the environment？
A.Because they are lasting and student﹣friendly.
B.Because they are made for school﹣aged children.
C.Because they have a colorful name.
（4）What does the underlined word " charged" mean in Chinese？
A.携带.
B.充电.
C.使用.
（5）Who will get most of the computers in the next few years？
A.Kids in Thailand.
B.Kids in China.
C.Kids in Egypt.
A yearbook is a tradition of high school life in the United States．The book contains（包含） the name，photo， and signature （签名） of each student in your final year， so that you can remember who you went to school with．A 15﹣year﹣old girl Catherine Cook and her brother David wanted more than this．They thought，"Why not have a yearbook online？You could learn about people's music tastes， the movies they like，and so on．"
Catherine thought of the name﹣ myYearbook．com， and the logo （图标）． To advertise the site Catherine and David wore T﹣shirts with the site logo to school and soon hundreds of their schoolmates became users of the site． She spent many evenings talking on the phone to programmers in India， and collecting ideas from her schoolmates． Then her older brother Geoff came up with the money to start up the website．
MyYearbook users can join in the fun by sending messages and "collecting" friends．
They can watch the same videos from films and TV programs， and share music， photos，homework and study guides． Some teens feel they can make friends more easily online．Chatting online helps some shy people not to feel left out．
Users can also make "Lunch Money" by doing activities on the site． They can then spend their Lunch Money on gifts， or donate（捐赠）it to charities． They have saved 0.3 km2 of rainforest cleaned up 1 million kg of CO2， set 22，000 books to Africa，and bought 20，000 kg of rice for people without enough food．
Running the website did not stop Catherine and David from finishing their schoolwork Successfully，and going on to university，where they still spent 50 hours a week on the site．
（1）Who got the idea of setting up myYearbook．com？
A． Geoff．
B． Catherine and David．
C． A US high school．
D． Indian programmers．
（2）How did Catherine and David get their schoolmates to know the site？
A． They advertised the site through videos．
B． They offered chances to make money．
C． They made a phone call to every student．
D．They wore T﹣shirts with the site logo to school．
（3）MyYearbook．com is set up to help users ．
A．remember the school
B．run a site
C．learn more about each other
D． make money
（4）Which of the following is NOT true about "Lunch Money"？
A．It can be donated to charities．
B．It can be used to help people．
C．It can be made by doing activities at school．
D． It can be used to protect the environment．
（5）What is the text mainly about？
A． The Cooks．
B． A yearbook online．
C． Lunch Money．
D． US high school life．
Life offers so many lessons， both practical and personal， that you're never too young to begin learning them． Here are some skills to learn as soon as possible．
Money Management 
When you start receiving money of your own． It's time to start understanding your relationship with money． In a world where you can buy any and every object， the key is to save money by buying only essentials （必需品） and a treat sometimes．
Cooking 
One great way to save money is to learn to cook for yourself． Beyond that， cooking at home also helps you control your diet for better health． If you start doing this at an early age， you will not have to depend on your parents too much．
Keeping Promises： 
Promises are a matter of honesty and should be made with care． We must learn from an early age that our word must be followed up by action． When it isn't， others will quickly lose trust in us and not respect us．
Accepting Rejection （拒绝） 
Though you must． be careful not to break your word， others' promises aren't always kept． Learn about it early， and you won't be hurt easily． Also， not every job application or desired （渴望的） friendship will work out， so remember that there are more fish in the sea．
Lifelong Learning 
No matter how old you get， there will always be things beyond your understanding． It's better to learn to be modest now rather than take a proud fall later in life． Be open to new experiences and keep learning． And it's never too late to start．
（1）How many skills are talked about in the passage？
（2）Which two skills can help you save money？
（3）If one of your friends breaks his promise to you， will you be angry？ Why or why not？
There are almost as many ways to write as there are kinds of texts． Some writers cannot produce a word unless they are poised behind a desk， while others prefer to write sitting outdoors or in noisy restaurants． Some writers create an entire work before going back to read what they have written， while others may rewrite a single paragraph many times before moving on． Individual writers' techniques may be different， but successful writers do have one thing in common； the writing process（步骤）． The writing process is made up of four stages， and each stage involves certain activities． The chart below summarizes what happens during each stage of the writing process．
What You Do During the Writing Process
Prewriting |
●Choose your topic． ●Identify your purpose and audience， and select a writing form appropriate to that purpose and audience． ●Generate ideas and gather information about the topic． ●Begin to organize the information． ●Decide the main point you want to express． |
Writing a Draft（草稿） |
●Catch your readers' attention in the introduction． ●Provide background information． ●State your main points， your support， and your elaboration of them． ●Follow a plan of organization． ●Wrap up with a conclusion． |
Revising（修改） |
●Evaluate your draft． ●Revise the draft to improve its content， organization， and style． |
Publishing |
●Proofread， or edit your final draft． ●Publish or share your finished writing with readers． ●Reflect on your writing experience． |
（1）What do successful writers have in common？
A． They have the writing process．
B． They like to read what they have written．
C． They write outdoors or in noisy restaurants．
D． They rewrite a single paragraph many times．
（2）When you write a draft， you should ．
A． choose your writing topic
B． get your readers' attention in the introduction
C． publish or share your finished writing with readers
D． revise the draft to improve its content， organization and style
（3）What is the best title of the passage？
A． Writing Points
B． Writing Ways
C． Writing as a Process
D． Writing with Materials
In China， writing brushes， ink sticks， paper and ink stones are called the Four Treasures of Study．Among the high﹣quality （质量） treasures， the writing brush produced in Huzhou， the ink stick produced in Huizhou， the xuan paper made in Xuancheng and the ink stone made in Duanxi are the best﹣known．
The writing brushes can be used to draw the pictures on painted potteries （陶器）．They are mainly made of the hair of animals．Those made of wool are called yanghao and those made of the weasel's （鼬）tail hair are called langhao． Their artistic effects （效果） in writing and painting cannot be copied by any other pens．
The ink stick is the pigment （颜料） used in writing and painting．The ink stick produced in Huizhou is of high quality． A story goes like this： Two famous skilled men Xi Chao and his son produced a kind of high﹣quality ink stick． As a result， the Emperor Li Yu in the Southern Tang Dynasty agreed to give them the family name"Li"， From then on， the fame of the Li Ink Stick was widespread． In the Song Dynasty， its producing area was changed into Huizhou， and it was then called the Hui Ink Stick．
Paper is among the four great inventions in ancient China． The famous xuan paper appeared in the Sui and Tang dynasties． In Xuanzhou， Anhui Province where the xuan paper is produced，it's said that Cai Lun's pupil Kong Dan took the job of producing paper but failed to make perfect white paper． Later he happened to see the ebony （檀木） in the rivers． It was wet with the water and turned white． Then he used the bark （树皮） to produce the world﹣famous xuan paper．
The ink stone was already very popular in the Han Dynasty． The Ming and Qing dynasties saw the appearance of the Four Famous Ink Stones一Duan Ink Stone， She Ink Stone， Tao Ink Stone and Chengni Ink Stone． They can not only be used in writing and painting but also for admiration．
（1）What are the writing brushes mainly made of？
（2）Why did Xi Chao and his son get the family name from the Emperor Li Yu？
（3）What does it in paragraph 3 refer to （指的是）？
（4）How did Kong Dan find the way to make the famous xuan paper by accident？
（5）When did the Four Famous Ink Stones appear？
（6）What's the title （标题） for the passage？ （ 不超过10个词）
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