Traveling to a new country isn’t as simple as just buying a ticket and boarding a plane. In fact, it can be easy for an awkward situation to occur. Different customs can often cause misunderstandings and even trouble. To help prevent a serious culture pas, an article in the Daily Mail highlighted taboos in certain countries. Let’s take a look.
France
When visiting France, you’d better not be caught cutting your lettuce with a knife and fork. It’s an insult to the chef and suggests that the salad hasn’t been prepared correctly. The correct way to eat lettuce in France is to fold it with your fork to make it fit in your mouth.
Italy
It’s actually best to be a little less friendly than usual when you visit Italy. It’s considered strange to make small talk with strangers, as the locals are reserved. Too much familiarity from a stranger can be seen as threatening, so keep greetings short.
Mexico
In Mexico, bringing an expensive gift to someone’s home is a no-no, as it could be seen as a tribe. Something simple like flowers and chocolates would be accepted. But you should avoid taking along marigolds (金盏花) or red flowers, because in Mexican culture, they symbolize death and can be associated with witchcraft(巫术).
Germany
You have to be careful with gifts of flowers in Germany too. Steer clear of carnations(康乃馨)，as they are used for funerals. And an even number is considered unlucky. So if you want to give your host flowers, ask them what their favorite flowers are before your visit. And be sure to bring an odd number.
How to avoid ________ taboos in a new country
| France |
Taboo: Cutting your lettuce with a knife and fork. Reason: It’s an Solution: |
| Italy |
Taboo: Acting too Reason: Too much familiarity from a stranger can be seen as Solution: Don’t make small talk with strangers, and keep greetings short. |
| Mexico |
Taboo: Bringing an Sending people marigolds or red flowers. Reasons: An expensive gift could be considered a bribe. Marigolds and red flowers are associated with Solution: Just send something |
| Germany |
Taboo: Sending people carnations or an even number of flowers. Reasons: Carnations are used for funerals. And an even number is considered Solution: Ask your hosts what their favorite flowers are before your visit. And be sure to bring an |
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How to Release Creativity
According to most dictionaries, creativity is the ability to create. However, creativity is more than what is defined by the dictionary. It is an idea, a process, a thought, or a state of mind. One cannot learn to be creative because creativity is natural and unique to each individual. People should know that creativity doesn't equal success. It equals the act of expressing. So, if at first the goal that is aimed for is not achieved, there is no need for worry or frustration.
Creativity can, however, be released by discovery. Some people need encouragement to help release their creativity. There are quite a few ways to release it.
One way to release creativity would be to look for what can inspire you. Looking at the world and admiring the differences in people and places help. Creativity can be drawn from their beauty. A person can touch, taste, smell, hear, and see hundreds of different objects. Aromas from foods, textures of blankets, and sight of unusual objects can all give inspiration.
Many people are too concerned with how things should look. The focus should be on how it actually looks in the raw, to the human eye. Colors and shapes can be distorted(扭曲) by the mere fact that people want others to see it for what it is. It's more difficult for someone to let go of all that and just let their creativity flow, unblocked.
Another way to get creativity flowing is to research what other artists have done or are currently doing. Their cultures and biographies alone can be an inspiration. Examining their works can help some appreciate artistic expression. New techniques can even be drawn from their works.
Some people are even inspired by everyday events, like reading the newspaper or watching the news. Some can take other people's situations and describe how it makes them feel. That is a way to release creativity. Controversial issues, such as war or abortion, can inspire writings like poems. They can be used to express death, loss, or tragedy. General topics such as religion or politics can branch off into many directions, sending creativity into overdrive.
Creativity is not about reaching a goal or being a perfectionist. It's about being, feeling, and taking all that is inside and letting it out in one way or another. Creativity is not always expressed by paintings, drawings, or writings. One's action is the main form to express creativity. Romance, for example, is a form of creativity. Love and emotion are inspired by one person for another. Taking something inside and then putting it back out into the world as another thing is the key of creativity. Knowing and loving someone so much that there is a need to express it is a very natural form of creativity.
Another form of expressing creativity is talking. Some people are more blessed in this area than in more obvious ones, such as painting or drawing. They paint a “word picture”. Speeches can be centered around new ideas and thoughts. It can contain all of one's being and transform it into either simple or complicated words.
Inspiration is vital to creativity. Even if it's only a slight feeling or thought that inspires. Creativity can be released each time attempts are made to use the body as an outlet. Remember that creativity is not an art form, but that it forms art.
| Outline |
Details |
| Writer's understanding of creativity |
Creativity is more than just a It is an idea, a process, a thought, or a state of mind It is natural and unique to each individual It equals |
| Ways to |
We can look for what can inspire us through five We shouldn't be too concerned with the We can get creativity flowing by We can draw inspiration from both everyday events and |
| Forms of expressing creativity |
Creativity can be expressed by paintings, drawings or |
| Conclusion |
Inspiration is of great |
请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。请将答案写在答题纸上相应题号的横线上。
In Greek mythology, the Trojan(特洛伊) War was started against the city of Troy by the Greeks after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has appeared in many works of Greek literature, most notably through Homers(荷马) Iliad. The Iliad relates a part of the last year of the siege(包围) of Troy; the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the war’s heroes. Other parts of the war are described in a cycle of epic poems(史诗), which have survived through fragments. The war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets including Virgil and Ovid.
The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite, after Eris, the goddess of strife and discord(不和谐), gave them a golden apple marked “for the fairest”. Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as the “fairest”, should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all women and wife of Menelaus, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen’s husband Menelaus, led an expedition of Greek troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris’ insult. After the deaths of many heroes the city fell to the ruse(策略) of the Trojan Horse. The Greeks slaughtered(大屠杀) the Trojans and desecrated(亵渎) the temples, thus earning the gods’ great anger. Few of the Greeks returned safely to their homes.
The ancient Greeks treated the Trojan War as an historical event which had taken place in the 13th or 12th century BC, and believed that Troy was located in modern-day Turkey near the Dardanelles. As of the mid-19th century, both the war and the city were widely believed to be non-historical. In 1868, however, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann met Frank Calvert, who convinced Schliemann that Troy was at Hissarlik; this claim is now accepted by most scholars. They believe that there is a historical core to the tale. However, whether there is any historical reality behind the Trojan War is still an open question.
| Topic |
Sub topic |
Detailed information |
|||
| |
• The Iliad |
relating what happened in the last year of the siege |
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| • The Odyssey |
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| • Epic poems |
gaining |
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| • Roman poets |
Virgil and Ovid included |
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| The Trojan War |
Plot Of the War |
The war was |
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| Feeling |
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| With the ruse of the Trojan Horse, Greek troops |
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| |
The ancient Greeks’ time |
■ The war was believed to be an historical event, |
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| The mid-1900s |
■ The war was regarded as non-historical. |
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| From 1868 |
■ Many scholars |
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Imagine living in a country torn by war. Or maybe you live in a place where there are few jobs and little chance to earn a living. Your family decides to move — not to another town, but to another country. You and your family have become immigrants. People are called immigrants when they move to a foreign country to make their homes.
People become immigrants for many reasons. The most common one is economic opportunities. Most immigrants are attracted to other countries by the promise of jobs, farmland, or business opportunities.
Other people become immigrants in order to get away from mistreatment or natural disasters. They are refugees. Some refugees move to avoid wars and political unrest. Others are seeking freedom to express their religious views. Still others are uprooted by disasters, such as terrible flooding or drought.
Some people have become immigrants against their will. Captured in Africa, shipped to foreign lands and forced to work as slaves, many early African immigrants to North and South America came in chains.
Except for Native Americans, all people came to the United States from someplace else. For nearly 500 years, immigrants have landed on America’s shores seeking a better life. Throughout American history, immigrants often worked low-paying, dangerous jobs that other people refused to do.
Immigrants from around the world helped shape American life. Many immigrants absorbed the customs and language common to most Americans. They also brought their own traditions, including music and foods. Over time, many of these traditions have become part of American life.
The first European immigrants to America hoped to colonize new lands. By the mid-1500s, Spaniards had ventured into Florida, California, and the American Southwest. French immigrants arrived in the early 1600s and built their first colony in Canada. The English also arrived in the early 1600s. They established 13 colonies along America’s Atlantic Coast.
In the 1700s, England became the major power in colonial North America. But many European immigrants came to live in the English colonies. They included people from Sweden, Holland, Germany, Scotland, and Ireland.
Immigrants still come to the United States seeking freedom and economic opportunities. Most new immigrants no longer come from Europe. They come mainly from Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Asia.
Today, the U.S. government keeps the number of immigrants into the country each year in check. People who sneak illegally into the United States are called illegal immigrants, who, if caught, would be sent back to their home countries.
| Key Points |
Detailed Information |
| Immigrants are those who move to a foreign country to make their homes. |
|
| Reasons |
Most people come for Some move to the US to Some people immigrate to Some people have become immigrants |
| History |
French immigrants The English also came to the early 1600s and In the 1700s, European immigrants came to live in the English colonies, people from Sweden, Holland and etc. are |
| Today |
The US government erects dams to |
任务型阅读（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：每个空格只填1个单词。请将答案写在答题卡相应题号的横线上。
During my childhood many years ago, a hero was pictured in my mind as the strong and the powerful, such as a superman, but as time goes by and my knowledge grows wider, the definition of a hero changes from superman to Jesus Christ．In my opinion, a hero should have a modest characteristic, treat others with love and have the ability to change the world．
Heroes are also ordinary men but they do extraordinary things for others out of the vast love they have in heroes’ heart．When God created the world, God gave everyone a lovely heart for a chance to become a hero．All people need to do is to spare out the love to become heroes, but this world only has not so many heroes．
Who doesn’t like to give orders to other people? Who likes to be a servant treated like a dog? Everyone wants to get to a higher position．The employee wants to be a manager．The senator（参议员）wants to be the president．The higher status will have the stronger power．No one will refuse to own the driver seat．So a hero must have the ability to be in the rank（职位）．The hero doesn't have to take the power, but to get to a higher rank is one way to get ability of changing the world．If the hero can not change the world, he is only a normal man with a modest characteristic and kind love．Besides, a hero should be ready to help others．
Therefore, being a hero isn't at all an easy job．Not everyone can be a hero．The person must not only make a difference but also try to love others．The both done, the person can become a true hero．
| Items |
Description |
| First, a superman, strong and full of |
|
| Potential heroes |
Everyone was created possible to become a hero and the |
| Necessary |
Heroes should possess an outstanding ability of Heroes should have the Heroes should help others |
| It's not easy at all to |
A smart card is a card that is carried with either a microprocessor（微处理器）and a memory chip or only a memory chip that is not programmable（可编程的）. The microprocessor card can add, delete, and deal with the information on the card, while a memory-chip card can only do one thing.
Smart cards, unlike magnetic stripe cards, can do many different things and hold a lot of information. In this way, they do not need to get information from a faraway place when they are used.
Today, there are several kinds of smart cards, all of which are very popular in the market:
IC (Integrated Circuit) microprocessor cards: Microprocessor cards (chip cards) offer a larger memory and better security than the traditional magnetic（磁性的）stripe cards do. Chip cards can also hold data. These cards are used for many things. Thus, chips have been the main platform for cards that hold a secure digital identity. Some examples of these cards are: cards that hold money; cards that provide safe access to a network; cards that allow setting stop boxes on television to remain safe from privacy(隐私).
Optical（光学的）memory cards: Optical memory cards look like cards with a piece of CD on the top. Optical memory cards can store up to 4MB of data. But once written, the data can not be changed or removed. Thus, this type of card is good for keeping records, such as medical files, driving records or travel histories. Today, there are no processors in them (although this is coming in the near future). While the cards are almost as cheap as chip cards, the card readers are expensive.
| Title: |
|||
| Types |
Disadvantages |
||
| IC chip cards |
A larger memory & better security; |
Not mentioned |
Large memory; low cost of cards |
| Store much data; Good for doctors, drivers and travelers ___ Cost not much |
|
请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
Research shows that the summer before college can be a dangerous time for teenagers, as they are between home and high school on the one side, and a more challenging and independent existence as a college student on the other．
Take drinking for example．Research has reported that teenagers tend to increase their alcohol use during the summer before college and in their first term．Such drinking can lead to tragedy: it’s estimated that more than 1,100 college students at 18 to 24 years of age die each year from alcohol-related injuries, including car crashes, and almost 600, 000 are injured under the influence of alcohol.
In addition to drinking, future freshmen may also have gaps in their knowledge about other aspects of university life．A study has found that students are “generally aware” of the fact that they have to place them into college courses and their school’s curricular requirements．In addition, many students hold misunderstandings such as “Getting into college is the hardest part”, and “I can take whatever classes I want when I get to college”．In fact, students’ courses may be determined by their level of preparation．
It is found that college-bound high-school graduates are faced with a number of potentially frightening tasks during the summer．For example, colleges typically require students to take placement tests（分班考试）and fill out a lot of paperwork, including housing and medical forms, over the summer．Completing these tasks may be especially frightening for low-income and first-generation college-bound students whose families may be short of experience with the college-going process．
In addition, it’s only in the summer after high-school graduation when students face the reality of paying the first college bill, which often includes unexpected costs like required health insurance．For college-intending students, successfully controlling the post-high-school summer thus requires a level of finance that may be unrelated to their ability to succeed in the classroom．As a result, students who have already broken through many barriers to college admission may fail to enter college．
Paring college-bound students with “fellow advisers”---students already in college who have been trained to support and coach their learners through the summer---improves the rate at which the learners show up at college．Even more wonderful, a low-cost campaign of text messages---in which researchers sent recent high-school graduates and their parents a series of eight to ten text-message reminders of key tasks to complete over the summer---is just as effective in increasing the rate of students who successfully make the change to college．
A little “summer pushing” could be a key step in getting students all the way across the finish line．
| The Key to College Success: Summer |
|
| Facts |
The summer before college throws |
| College life is challenging and needs students’ |
|
| Reasons for college failure |
Many misfortunes happening to future freshmen are related to |
| Future freshmen have false |
|
| Tasks related to going to college may create some |
|
| Finance may become a threat |
|
| |
Get ready, as the level of preparations really does |
| Future freshmen may be recommended to |
|
| Text messages can be used as |
True friends are rare to make these days. Even if you believe you’ve connected with someone, how do you really know he is a true friend? And often you will find that someone who you thought you could trust may disappoint you. There are ways you can know if a friendship is true and how you can hold onto that friend.
A true friend is someone who will be there for you no matter what happens. Through good times and bad times, they will stand by you. They will accept you for who you are without trying to change you, and they will be there to help you grow in new ways.
Trust is another important aspect. A true friend will keep your secrets. You can depend on them. They will listen and be someone you know you can talk things over with, even if they may not have advice to share with you.
Friendship is a two-way street. To find true friends and keep them, you must in turn be the same as well. Be there for them in their hard times and share the good times with them. Be someone your friends can depend on and offer them the same things they give to you. A friendship will fall apart fast if only one person is giving and putting all the effort in. To keep a true friendship, you must be honest.
There will be barriers in the road but that is the test of true friendship. If it can survive those barriers, it will be stronger and last forever. St Thomas Aquinas said, “There is nothing on this earth more prized than friendship” and it holds true.
| Title: Ways to find a true friend |
|
| Passage outline |
Supporting details |
| Opinions on friends |
●True friends are rare to make these days. ●Those who you regarded as your friends may make you |
| Characteristics of true friendship |
A true friend will: ●support you ●keep your secrets and be a good listener. |
| Tips on how to keep friendship |
●Stay with your friends when they are in trouble. ●Be someone your friends can depend on and offer them the same things ●Be |
| ●True friendship can bear various tests and last forever. |
Lead poisoning (铅中毒) occurs when lead is present in high levels in the blood of a person. It is one of the most common medical problems found in children. And it’s important to recognize the presence of lead in children’s bodies because lead is very harmful.
Children have the tendency to go around and put things in their mouths like paint peelings (油漆层剥皮). This is one of the main causes of lead poisoning. It has also been found that children born in poor families have higher chances of getting exposed to lead.
Some of the common symptoms of lead poisoning in children are headaches, stomach pains, hair loss, muscle weakness and weight loss, etc.
Lead poisoning can have severe effects and can lead to heart diseases, kidney diseases and neurological (神经系统的) problems. It can also cause mental dullness and a low IQ level. There have been cases where lead poisoning proved to be terminal for children.
It’s difficult to easily recognize whether a child is affected by lead poisoning, as the symptoms of this disease can occur due to some other medical problems. Therefore, children under the age of six should regularly be checked to know the level of lead in their blood through blood tests. It’s possible to completely cure a child with lead poisoning through treatment. Usually the oral medicine chelator (螯合剂) is given to the children. Sometimes, children are given an injection (注射) for reducing the lead level. Children who have very high level of lead in their blood would need treatment for a long period of time and would also be put on a special diet.
Parents have to take certain precautions to lower the chance of lead poisoning in children. Cleaning the house regularly and removing shoes at the door after coming in from outside will prevent the lead particles from entering the house. Children should be put on a healthy diet, containing high proportions (比例) of calcium and iron, such as eggs, milk, fruits, potatoes, etc, which helps to keep the lead levels in control in the children’s bodies.
In short, it’s a must to be cautious and careful and protect your children from the horrible consequences of lead poisoning.
Lead Poisoning in Children
Ⅰ.
* Children’s going around and in their mouths.
* High chances of blood lead.
Ⅱ. Symptoms
*Headaches, stomach pains, hair loss, muscle weakness, and weight loss, etc.
Ⅲ.
* Leading to heart diseases, kidney diseases and neurological problems.
* in mental dullness and a low IQ level.
Ⅳ. Treatment
* Making children take the chelator or an injection to reduce the lead level.
* Putting children with a very high lead level on .
Ⅴ. Suggestions / Preventions
* Cleaning the house regularly
* shoes at the door after coming in from the outside.
* Letting children eat healthy food rich in .
Ⅵ.
* Being cautious and careful to from lead poisoning.
Hugging is an extremely positive form of communication. It expresses the values of love, approval, gratitude and forgiveness. Research shows that hugs have more positive effects on children and adults than just some encouraging words and a smiling face. Giving our child a hug on various occasions can make a world of difference in our young learner's lives.
On the first day of school, giving a hug coupled with a few calming breaths just might help your little learner overcome "The First Day Fears." By the way’ giving hugs for the first full week wouldn't hurt either. Hugs are relatively inexpensive and apparently very healthy.
It's the day of the class play and your kid is not so confident about saying a few words as a wild turkey in front of an audience. Giving a hug coupled with a few encouraging words just might help them feel more confident.
Usually, bedtime is the most frightening time of the day for most kids，who feel very stressed and may stay up. Giving a tight hug coupled with reading their favorite story or singing their favorite song may help them have a good sleep.
Besides, according to Intelligence Quotient Development in Children on eHow.com, "A caring yet inspiring environment is always helpful in promoting a child's language skills. Make sure your child gets plenty of hugs and kisses and hears positive and encouraging words from you."
Sometimes we get caught up in teaching, parenting, providing, and protecting our children that we forget to hug them. If there's one thing your child or student may need from you to help adapt their behavior or improve their IQ, it may just be something as simple as a hug.
A positive hug could change the course of the day for you both when you least expect it. So remember to hug your children often and put emotion behind it and really mean it!
| Title |
The Positive Effect of Hugs |
|
| Introduction |
Hugging |
|
| Benefits |
Helping children |
Giving a hug and whispering to |
| Building |
Hugging with a few words of55．_ |
|
| Relieving |
Hugging |
|
| Improving children's language skills and IQ positively |
Creating a caring and inspiring |
|
| Conclusion |
A positive hug to children can be of great benefit to both the giver and the60． |
Have you recently looked at your smile in the mirror, only to discover that it has lost its white look? Years of drinking coffee, tea, cola, red wine, and smoking eventually leave their stains on teeth. Teeth whitening is one of the easiest ways to improve your looks. White teeth can raise your selfrespect and confidence. Teeth whitening is a safe way to brighten stained teeth. Here are some teeth whitening tips.
Brushing your teeth with whitening toothpaste every morning and night is the obvious first step toward achieving a brighter smile. “Whitening toothpaste is great at removing unclean things which are not very deep，” says Jennifer Jablow, a teeth whitening expert. Jablow — suggests brushing with an electric toothbrush.
As another thing you need to do every day, Jablow suggests using whitening liquid in your mouth. Just be sure to avoid mouthwashes that contain materials which can dry out the mouth, resulting in bad breath.
Taking sugarfree gum has the added benefit of cleaning your teeth. Elisa Mello, DDS, says, “It will clean your teeth and break down any food left in the mouth.” Mello also suggests eating fruits and vegetables to naturally clean teeth. There are also fruits that you shouldn't leave on teeth like lemons, oranges, and grapefruit that are high in acid. “You have to be careful, because these fruits can slowly break down your teeth，” says Debra Glassman, DDS, whose star followers include Leighton Meester and Jennifer Hudson. “Never eat lemons that you put in your ice tea.”
Do these teeth whitening treatment work? That is one of the questions that have been most frequently asked. From some people's experience, it appears that they work a little. But that is probably because those people hope to use these most simple methods to have white teeth immediately. The suggestion is: just do not expect to look in the mirror and see an extreme obvious result! Researchers have found that most methods work. However, users often do not get the full benefits of their whitening treatments because they stop using them before the suggested time. So if you give any of these whitening methods a try, stick to it.
Title: Teeth whitening
| __ |
●Teeth whitening can make you look better. ●Teeth whitening can make you more selfrespected and __ |
|
| Tips on how to keep your teeth __ |
You should use whitening toothpaste every morning and night. |
It _ |
| You're advised to brush teeth with an electric toothbrush. |
||
| You should __ |
Don't use mouthwashes that can make your mouth _ |
|
| You can take sugarfree gum. |
Chewing gum breaks down the _ |
|
| You can eat fruits and vegetables. |
Vegetables and fruits also work well, but fruits __ |
|
| The effect of teeth whitening |
Researchers have found that most methods work. |
You should not expect these methods to work |
| You should keep using the methods for the __ |
Once kids hit the teenage years, parenting becomes more difficult than ever. Establishing（建立）effective house rules is one of the best ways to educate teenagers. House rules must respect teenagers’ desire to be independent and make sure they behave responsibly.
How can effective house rules be established?
First of all, get your teenager to take part in making the rules, which can help keep them motivated to follow them. Ask their opinion about what sorts of things they think are important when creating the rules and try to include some of their ideas.
When creating the list of rules, don’t list every single rule imaginable. Instead, try to limit it to the ten most important rules. I’ve seen some parents come up with several pages of rules which turn out to be more like a rule book rather than a list. Remember, it is important to make the list easy to remember and to be a basic guide.
Then, it is important that you write out the list of rules and hang them in a prominent (显眼的) location. Keeping the rules on the refrigerator or displayed somewhere where everyone can see them is a good reminder. Revise the rules whenever there’s a need, not very frequently though.
Explain clearly in advance what negative result will be in store when a rule gets broken. But ensure that none of your results are equal to abusive parenting. For example, take off the rule that says — “if you don’t get home by 11 at night, make arrangements to stay elsewhere until morning”. Let helping with small household chores like cleaning up their own rooms serve as a result of breaking rules.
Follow these tips on establishing effective house rules accompanied by constant positive reinforcement (执行),and you will see the improvement in your teenager’s behavior. Hope you can direct your teenager to become a responsible and independent person with the help of house rules!
| Title |
Establishing house rules for |
| Requirements for house rules |
They must respect teenagers’ desire to be independent and make sure that teenagers have responsible |
| |
Trying to make the rules together |
Ask their opinions Include their ideas |
| Keeping the house rules simple |
Avoid Limit the list to the most important rules. |
|
| Writing out the list of rules and hanging them somewhere visible |
Make the rules revised |
|
| Don’t abuse children if they |
||
| Conclusion |
Your teenager’s behavior will |
The term bystander effect refers to the phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress. When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses. Being part of a large crowd makes it so no single person has to take responsibility for an action (or inaction).
The most frequently cited example of the bystander effect in introductory psychology textbooks is the brutal murder of a young woman named Catherine "Kitty" Genovese. On Friday, March 13, 1964, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work. As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed by a man later identified as Winston Moseley.
Despite Genovese’s repeated calls for help, none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police to report the incident. The attack first began at 3:20 AM, but it was not until 3:50 AM that someone first contacted police.
While Genovese's case has been subject to numerous misrepresentations and inaccuracies, there have been numerous other cases reported in recent years. The bystander effect can clearly have a powerful impact on the general conduct of people in a society, but why exactly does it happen? Why don't we help when we are part of a crowd?
There are several factors that contribute to the bystander effect. First, the presence of other people creates a diffusion of responsibility. Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present.
The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways. When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate. Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to intervene if the situation is ambiguous. In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lover's quarrel," and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered.
Characteristics of the situation can play a role. During a crisis, things are often chaotic and the situation is not always crystal clear. Onlookers might wonder exactly what is happening. During such chaotic moments, people often look to others in the group to determine what is appropriate. When people look at the crowd and see that no one else is reacting, it sends a signal that perhaps no action is needed.
So what can you do to avoid falling into this trap of inaction? Some psychologists suggest that simply being aware of this tendency is perhaps the greatest way to break the cycle. When faced with a situation that requires action, understanding how the bystander effect might be holding you back and consciously taking steps to overcome it can help. However, this does not mean you should place yourself in danger.
But what if you are the person in need of assistance? How can you inspire people to lend a hand? One often-recommended tactic is to single out one person from the crowd. Make eye contact and ask that individual specifically for help. By personalizing and individualizing your request, it becomes much harder for people to turn you down.
| The Bystander Effect |
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| Passage outline |
Supporting details |
| Concept of the bystander effect |
The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others keeps an individual from becoming It is obvious that the bystander effect can greatly influence |
| Typical example |
In 1964, a young woman named Genovese met with violence and her life was |
for the bystander effect |
Individuals are less likely to take action or feel a sense of Before deciding to offer help, observers may want to make |
| You should realize or know the When in need of help, you should |
If you took the strengths of others and compared them to your weaknesses, would this make you feel good? The funny thing is that this is what most of us do at one time or another—and some of us do it pretty often. It's a sure-fire recipe for a drop in self-confidence and for unhappiness. So how can we stop comparing ourselves with others? Here are some tips I've found useful.
Awareness.
Most often we do these social comparisons without realizing we're doing it. It's a natural act, I suppose. So the solution is to become aware. If you focus on these thoughts for a few days, it will become much easier with practice, and soon it'll be hard not to notice.
Stop yourself.
Once you realize you're making these comparisons, stop yourself. Don't feel bad—just admit the thought, and gently change the focus.
Count your blessings.
Focus on what you do have, and on what you are already blessed with. Count what you have, not what you don't have. Think about how lucky you are to have what you have, to have the people in your life who care about you. If you always want what others have, you will never have enough. You will always want more. That's an endless cycle, and it will never lead to happiness. Instead, learn to realize that what you have is already enough.
Focus on your strengths.
Instead of looking at your weaknesses, ask yourself what your strengths are. Be proud of them. Work on using them to your best advantage.
No one is perfect—we all know that. But we seem to feel bad when we don't reach perfection. You aren't perfect and you never will be. Keep trying to improve, but don't think you'll ever be the "perfect person". If you realize that imperfection is what makes you who you are, you are already perfect.
| Title: Tips ____ |
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| ____ |
It is unwise to compare others’ ___ |
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| Detailed suggestions |
Awareness. |
Be ___ |
| Stop yourself. |
Admit the thought and __ |
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| Count your blessings. |
Focus on your ____ |
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| Focus on your strengths. |
Be proud of your strengths and make the ____ |
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| ___ |
It is imperfection that makes you who you are and keep trying to improve. |
How to Make Friends
Friendship is a very important human relationship and everyone needs good friends. Good friendship has many benefits. It offers companionship, improves self-worth and promotes good health. There are times in our lives such as when we have recently moved into a new town, or changed our jobs or schools. Such changes often leaves us without a friend. Making new friends comes easy for some people. But for many of us the process is difficult and requires courage. Below are some helpful suggestions on how to make and keep friends.
Associate with others.
The first step to making friends is associating with other people. You can go to public places to meet new people. Besides, you will need to make yourself known by becoming an active member of such places.
Start a conversation.
Starting a conversation is the second most important step in making new friends. Do not wait to be spoken to. You can always start the conversation. Being able to make small talk is a very useful skill in relating with other people.
Do things together.
Choosing friends with common interests is important in building friendship as these interests would always bring you and your friend together. Hanging out will always be a pleasant experience.
Let it grow.
It is a good thing to stay in touch. However, try not to press your new friend with calls, messages or visits as this would likely wear him or her out and finally you may lose your friend. So you will need to give your friend time to react to you. The best friendships are the ones that grow naturally.
Enjoy your friendship.
The best way to enjoy your friendship is to allow your friends to be themselves. Try not to find fault with your friends. Try not to change them from who they are to what you want them to be. Become the kind of friend you will want your friend to be to you.
How to Make Friends
It’s ______ for us to have a good friend.
Many of us have ___ in making and keeping friends.
Below are some suggestions.
I．Associate with others.
Go to public places to meet new persons.
Be active to make people know you.
II．Start a conversation.
Speak to other people actively by making small talk.
III．Do things together.
Choose friends who have __ with you
Have an aimless___with your friends for pleasure.
IV．Let it grow.
Avoid pressing your new friend with calls, messages or visits all the time.
Give time to your friend to adapt to you.
V．Enjoy your friendship.
Try not to find _ with your friends.
Let your friends be themselves
Strive to improve yourself.
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