Erin， an American woman． was born in Kansas． In 1990， when she was thirty years old， she was in a car accident． A law company helped her after the accident ， and later she started to work for them．
Her job was to organize papers． One day Erin realized that there were lots of papers about some very sick people in a place called Hinkley． She started to look for more information about the town．
Erin worked very hard for five years．She visited lots of sick people in Hinkley and listened to their stories．All the people lived near a big factory and she discovered that there was a chemical called chromium in the local water， It was from the factory． Erin believed that the people were sick because of the chromium in their drinking water． She planned to help them．
Erin started a law case （官司） against the factory， The factory didn't agree that the people were ill because of the water， but in 1996 the judge （法官） ordered the factory to pay the people in Hinkley ＄ 500，000 each （there were about 600 sick people，so that was ＄ 333 million in total）．
In 2000， there was a film about Erin， and it was very successful． Now Erin is famous﹣ she has her own company and she gives talks all over the world．
（1）What was Erin's job in the law company？
（2）How long did it take her to look for the information about Hinkley？
（3）What did she find in the local water？
（4）What conclusion （结论） did she come to from her research？
（5）What did she do to help the sick people？
When it comes to the letter grade on your test or homework， you might notice that there is no letter E． Have you ever thought about why that is so？
In the A， B， C， D and F grading system， the first four letters are typically considered passing grades． An F in this system simply stands for"fail"．The word"fail"happens to start with the letter F， which seems to leave out the letter E． The fact of the matter is that any letter can mean "not﹣passing" or "fail"．Some schools have U grade for"unsatisfactory"，or I grade for "incomplete"．
Even with all this said， we should also point out that E grade actually has been used pretty commonly throughout the history of letter grades in the US．
The first college in the US to use a letter grading system like the ones we use today is Mount Holyoke College． In 1897，they began to use the following grading scale：
A： 95﹣100%（excellent）
B： 85﹣94%（good）
C： 76﹣84%（fair）
D： 75%（barely passed）
E： below 75%（failed）
We can see the inclusion of E instead of F．
Gradually，the letter grading system became more popular throughout the US． However， many schools decided to drop the E grade and go straight to F．There is no evidence（证据） to really support this，but one possible explanation is that teachers were worried that some students and parents might mistake E for "excellent"．
Why do we have letter grades？ Well，part of the reason is that they made grading simpler during a time of great change for schools． As the 20th century began，growing cities and an increase in immigration led to larger school classrooms． Most teachers at that time thought this new letter grading system was an easy，fair and clear way to grade students．
Today，more and more people argue that letter grades don't fully reflect（反映） student learning．However，as teachers try to improve grading methods，many parents continue to favor the letter grades they got as kids．They are familiar（熟悉） and easy for parents to understand． So while they might not be perfect， the letter grades probably aren't going away any time soon．
（1）what does an F stand for in the A、B、C、D and F grading system？
（2）when was the letter grading system first used in the US college？
（3）what is one possible explanation for dropping the E grade？
（4）what did most teachers think of the letter grading system in the 20th century？
（5）why do many parents still prefer the letter grades today？
In China， writing brushes， ink sticks， paper and ink stones are called the Four Treasures of Study．Among the high﹣quality （质量） treasures， the writing brush produced in Huzhou， the ink stick produced in Huizhou， the xuan paper made in Xuancheng and the ink stone made in Duanxi are the best﹣known．
The writing brushes can be used to draw the pictures on painted potteries （陶器）．They are mainly made of the hair of animals．Those made of wool are called yanghao and those made of the weasel's （鼬）tail hair are called langhao． Their artistic effects （效果） in writing and painting cannot be copied by any other pens．
The ink stick is the pigment （颜料） used in writing and painting．The ink stick produced in Huizhou is of high quality． A story goes like this： Two famous skilled men Xi Chao and his son produced a kind of high﹣quality ink stick． As a result， the Emperor Li Yu in the Southern Tang Dynasty agreed to give them the family name"Li"， From then on， the fame of the Li Ink Stick was widespread． In the Song Dynasty， its producing area was changed into Huizhou， and it was then called the Hui Ink Stick．
Paper is among the four great inventions in ancient China． The famous xuan paper appeared in the Sui and Tang dynasties． In Xuanzhou， Anhui Province where the xuan paper is produced，it's said that Cai Lun's pupil Kong Dan took the job of producing paper but failed to make perfect white paper． Later he happened to see the ebony （檀木） in the rivers． It was wet with the water and turned white． Then he used the bark （树皮） to produce the world﹣famous xuan paper．
The ink stone was already very popular in the Han Dynasty． The Ming and Qing dynasties saw the appearance of the Four Famous Ink Stones一Duan Ink Stone， She Ink Stone， Tao Ink Stone and Chengni Ink Stone． They can not only be used in writing and painting but also for admiration．
（1）What are the writing brushes mainly made of？
（2）Why did Xi Chao and his son get the family name from the Emperor Li Yu？
（3）What does it in paragraph 3 refer to （指的是）？
（4）How did Kong Dan find the way to make the famous xuan paper by accident？
（5）When did the Four Famous Ink Stones appear？
（6）What's the title （标题） for the passage？ （ 不超过10个词）
At an early time，a paper ticket was necessary even for passengers who bought tickets online.But now people are saying goodbye to paper tickets.
Passengers can swipe（刷）an ID card to pass through a gate before taking a high﹣speed train. "It's very convenient and fast， "said Wu Yuanzhen，a passenger from Guangxi. "I am a business man and travel a lot by train.For us，time is money.E﹣tickets save time and improve travel efficiency（效率）. "
For passengers who need to change or return their tickets，they can change the tickets or get their fund（退款） through 12306.cn or the ticket office at the station.
Since 2011，passengers have been able to swipe their ID cards at self﹣service machines to take the Beijing﹣Tianjin high﹣speed railway and Beijing﹣Shanghai high﹣speed railway.And now checking﹣in by swiping an ID card is available at high﹣speed railway stations in most cities across China.At stations in some remote（偏远）areas，passengers still need a paper ticket to get on a train.
（1）Were paper tickets necessary when people travelled by train 15 years ago？
（2）What is the advantage of c﹣tickets？
（3）How can you change or return your e﹣tickets？
（4）Is checking﹣in by swiping an ID card available in your hometown？
（5）According to the passage，where do people sill have to use a paper train ticket in China？
We all need a healthy environment， but we produce waste every day． and it is harmful to our environment． Repeat these three words daily： reduce， reuse and recycle．
Reduce
Reduce means "use less"． Do not waste thing． It Saves money and causes less pollution． Do not order more food than you can finish． 当你不需要的时候就把灯关上．Before you buy something new，think whether it is really necessary because maybe the old one is just as good!
Reuse
Reuse means "use again"． Use things for a long as possible． Look after them so that they will last．Repair them if possible． Do not throw them away and buy new ones． Do not use paper cups or paper bags．
Recycle
Recycle means "change things into something else to be reused"． We throw tons of rubbish away each year， and we have to make a change． Divide your rubbish into plastic ，glass，paper and rubber． Develop a recycling policy for the whole community． Buy products such as recycled paper to help save trees．
（1）回答问题：
What words are we advised to repeat every day？
（2）回答问题：
What does the underlined word "It" in the second paragraph refer to （指的是）？
（3）将文中划线的汉语句子译成英语．
（4）从文中找出与下面所给句子意思相同的句子．
Take care of them so that they will be used for more time．
（5）将文中划线的英语句子译成汉语．
Long ago， Mother Nature gave each tree a different purpose． However， she did not share her sons with the trees．
Fir Tree（杉树） had many tree friends．In summer，they watched Bird and Squirrel（松鼠）play in the field．Then autumn arrived．The leaves on other trees turned colourful．Fir Tree's leaves stayed green．Fir Tree told Mother Nature that he wanted his leaves to change colours too．
"Be patient，" Mother Nature said． "You will learn your purpose．"
So Fir Tree waited．The temperature dropped． Bird flew south， and Squirrel was nowhere around．All the trees lost their leaves except Fir Tree． Soon it snowed．Fir Tree cried，"Why don't I change like my friends？"
"Be patient，" Mother Nature replied． " Soon you will get to know your purpose．"
Just then， Squirrel appeared．She was cold．She asked if she could build a warm home in branches（树枝）．Other trees said no because they had no leaves． But Fir Tree said yes． Squirrel ran up Fir Trees branches． Soon， she was warm， comfortable and asleep．
Fir Tree was happy that his green leaves provided a warm home for animals in winter． He finally understood his purpose．
（1）What did Fir Tree want to do in autumn？ （不超过10个词）
（2）Why did other trees say no to Squirrel？ （不超过10个词）
（3）What purpose did Fir Tree understand at last？ （不超过15个词）
The Millennial Trains Project is a non﹣profit （非营利性的） organization that makes it possible for young people to take part in creative projects． The organization leads crowdfunded（众筹的） train journeys．These journeys provide young people with the chance to help different communities． The organization has already completed two journeys． Twenty﹣four people are now getting ready to be a part of the third．
To get a place on the train， each person has to raise﹩5，000 and have an idea for a project． At each stop， they get off the train to explore a different town， city， or wherever their projects take them．
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Amy is planning to visit bookshops and libraries． She wants to find out what they are doing to encourage more people to read， and what technology they are using．She also wants to know if they are using social media （媒体） to connect with people．
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Tom wants to make a difference to the education system． He knows that universities are becoming more and more expensive each year， and that many people think higher education is no longer affordable． Over the next 10 days he is visiting seven universities． He wants to see what they are doing to meet these challenges．
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Jenny's project is natural disasters．At each stop，she is going to interview local leaders， workers， and computer game designers．She then plans to create a game that will help people prepare for disasters．She believes people are more likely to remember something important when the information is fun．
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These 24 people are strangers now， but not for long． The next week is going to be a life﹣changing learning experience for many．
回答下面5个问题，每题答案不超过5个词．
（1）Who can get the chance to take part in the projects？
（2）How many journeys are mentioned in Paragraph 1？
（3）Where is Amy going to visit？
（4）How will Jenny help people prepare for disasters？
（5）What do you think of the Millennial Trains Project？
He Studies Harder Than He Used to
Li Wen is a normal 15﹣year﹣old boy from the countryside，He works very hard and does well in school．It is hard to believe that he used to have difficulties in school．When he was a little boy，he seldom caused any problems，and his family spent a lot of time together．Unfortunately，things began to change a few years ago．His parents moved to the city to look for jobs，and his grandparents came to take care （1） him．But he missed his parents so much and he often felt lonely and unhappy．
Li Wen's unhappiness began to influence his schoolwork．He became less interested in studying．Sometimes he was absent from classes and failed his examinations．Finally，Li Wen's parents made the（2） to send him to a boarding school，but Li Wen was shy and was not able to make friends quickly in school．He found life there difficult．One day he told his teacher that he wanted to leave the school．His teacher was worried about him and she called his parents．（3） 她建议他们亲自与他们的儿子谈谈．So his parents took a 24﹣hour train and a 5﹣hour bus ride to get to Li Wen's school．
They had a long talk．"It was exactly what I needed，"he said．"Now I understand that even though they are busy，they are always thinking of me．They take pride in everything good that I do．"
After that，Li Wen's parents had much more communication with their son than they used to．Now Li Wen has really changed．He became more outgoing and made some good friends in school．He even joined the school basketball team and became active in many other activities，"I'm much happier now，and I work even harder than I used to．I know my parents love me and they're always proud of me．"says Li Wen．"It's very important for parents to be there for their children．"
根据短文内容完成下列各题
87．在（1）和（2）处填上适当的词（1） （2）
88．写出原文 He failed his examinations．的问义句．He his examinations．
89．将（3）译成英语．
90．在文中找出absence的形容 词 ，often的反义词
91．Do you think it is important for parents to be there for their children？
Why？ ．
Paying for bus rides with plastic usually makes people think of plastic bus cards．But one Indonesian city has decided to accept plastic recyclable waste in place of money for city buses．
Surabaya， Indonesia's second largest city， located on the eastern end of the country′s main island Java， made this decision in April 2018．Now，locals can pay for their bus rides by putting plastic cups or bottles directly on the bus．A two﹣hour bus ride costs 10 plastic cups or 5 bottles．
Indonesia is the second largest ocean plastic polluter， producing up to 2.4 million tons of plastic waste into the oceans every year according to a report．Only in Surabaya nearly 400 tons of plastic waste is produced every day．The head of Surabaya's transportation department（交通部门） said，"With this decision， we hope to raise public awareness about environment， especially people's awareness about plastic waste．"
Each city bus can collect up to 550 pounds of plastic bottles and cups every day．The collected bottles are sold to recycling companies and the money earned from it goes toward running the bus companies and providing money for green spaces in the city．This is certainly turning rubbish into a national treasure．
The decision is part of the city's purpose to become plastic waste﹣free by 2020．In order to encourage local people to take buses，the city also added the new Suroboyo buses．The new buses are air﹣conditioned，comfortable and easy for elderly and disabled passengers to get on and off．
The program is well received．People in Surabaya said，"We can reduce waste so it doesn't pile up at home because we can just bring it in and make good use of it． It is a win﹣win situation．"
This type of program can be a model for other cities worldwide and encourage citizens to recycle their plastic waste．
回答下面5个问题，每题答案不超过六个词．
（1）Instead of money， how can locals in Surabaya pay for bus rides now？
（2）How much plastic waste does a two﹣hour bus ride cost？
（3）How much plastic waste is produced in Surabaya every day？
（4）What is the purpose of the new program？
（5）What do local people think of the new program？
Mr． Reynolds， my teacher， hand us a list of thoughts， and asked us to write a paper on one of those thoughts． I chose the topic "I wonder why things are the way they are．"
I wrote down all the questions that puzzled（困扰）me about life． I realized that many of them were hard to answer， and perhaps others could not be answered at all． When I handed in my paper， I was afraid that I might fail because I did not answer the question．
The next day， Mr． Reynolds handed me the paper and asked me to read it for the class． The other students became quiet as I began to read my story：
Mum， why are the roses red？ Why is the grass green and the sky blue？ Why do I have to graduate（毕业）？ Why do I have to grow up？ Why do I have to be called "Grandma" ，one day？…
Dad， why can't I stay out until 12： 00？ Why do I miss my old friends？ Why do I miss being at home？ Why do you love me so much？．．
Mum， Dad， why did you have to leave me？ I need you．
At the end of my story， I looked at Mr． Reynolds， and I saw a tear slowly coming down his face．Then I realized that life is not built on the answers we receive， but on the questions we ask．
（1）Why was the writer afraid that she might fail？（不超过10个词）
（2）What did the teacher ask the writer to do for the class？（不超过15个词）
（3）What did the writer realize at the end of the story？（不超过15个词）
In 1988，Wang Chengbang retired（退休）from the army.Instead of enjoying a relaxing life，he volunteered to save the soil from desertification（沙漠化）by planting trees in Korla，Xinjiang.
It is no easy job.The high temperature in Korla makes it difficult for anyone to work day after day in the sunshine.Besides，water is a big problem.In fact，Wang Chengbang's work in the first few years failed as very few trees survived（存活）.
But Wang Chengbang would not give up."After trying many different ways，I have learned how to grow young trees in a better way，" said Wang Chengbang.He also worked out new ways to save water.With his hard work，more and more trees have survived.So far，he has planted more than 1.5 million trees.Those green trees prevent desertification，make the air cleaner and protect people from the hot sun.Now，Korla is a model city in environmental protection.
Wang Chengbang is also successful in fighting cancer（癌症）.In 2005，he had cancer and was told that he had only six months to live.However，he continued taking care of his trees rather than lying on the hospital bed."Working is the best medicine.Planting trees helps to fight cancer，" he often jokes.
Now，at the age of 85，Wang Chengbang is still working.
（1）Is it an easy job for Wang Chengbang to plant trees？
（2）How many trees has Wang Chengbang planted so far？
（3）What is Wang Chengbang successful in？
（4）In the summer holiday，do you want to be a volunteer to work with Wang Chengbang？Why or why not？
A Pioneer for all People
Though he was one of China's most famous scientists，Yuan Longping considered himself a farmer，because he worked the land to do his research.
Known as "Father of Hybrid Rice （杂交水稻）"，Dr Yuan graduated from Southwest Agricultural （农业的） College in 1953.From then on，finding ways to grow more rice was his life goal.As a young man，he saw the great need for increasing the rice production.At that time，hunger was a serious problem in many parts of the countryside.Dr Yuan searched for a way to get more rice with the same size of the fields.In 1974，he became an agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has high production and that is called super hybrid rice.In the 1980s，he went around the world and gave advice about growing rice to farmers in other countries.In 2004，he won the World Food Prize for his work.
Dr Yuan was quite satisfied with his life.He would much rather keep time for his hobbies.He enjoyed playing the violin，swimming and reading.Spending money on himself meant very little to him，so he gave millions of yuan to help some researchers with their research in farming.
Long ago Dr Yuan had a dream about rice plants as tall as sorghum （高粱） .With his hard work，he grew the rice that could feed more people.President Xi Jinping praised him for his great contributions （贡献） to China's food safety and world corn development.
Answer the questions according to the passage. （必须使用完整语句作答）
（1）Why did Dr Yuan consider himself a farmer？
（2）What is Dr Yuan known as？
（3）When did Dr Yuan win the World Food Prize？
（4）How did Dr Yuan help other researchers？
（5）What did Dr Yuan make contributions to according to President Xi Jinping？
Have you seen advertisements about hair care products？The models（模特） have shining hair like jewels（宝石）．But now making hair shine is no longer the task of hair care products，because hair can be made into real jewels．Believe it or not，a company called LifeGem in the US makes it possible．
The company is in the business of taking hair from dead people and making them into diamonds（钻石）．Now the company plans to make three diamonds using Beethoven's hair to show their latest technology．The work will take about 7months．In the end，Beethoven's long hair will become three shining diamonds．
Since the great musician died in 1827，you may wonder where they got Beethoven's hair．A man called John Reznikoff gave the hair to the company．He holds the Guinness World Record for the latest and most valuable collection of celebrity（名人） hair．His collection also includes hair of Napoleon，Albert Einstein，Abraham Lincoln and John F．Kennedy．In total，the collection is worth over five million dollars．
Though it sounds unbelievable，diamonds made with hair are for the families to remember the dead．
Answer the questions according to the passage．
76．What does the company of LifeGem do？
77．How did the company get Beethoven's hair？
78．John Reznikoff doesn't collect Albert Einstein's hair，does he？
79．How long will the work take？
80．What are the diamonds made with hair for？
．
In Chengdu， tea culture has developed into the Chengdu﹣featured （特色的） tea house culture．There is a saying about Chengdu tea houses ：You could see more tea houses than sunny days． Why can the tea house Chengdu catch so much eyesight？It is because of their many different functions （功能）： for relaxing ，meetings，as well as entertainment．
Chengdu tea houses are often decorated （装饰） with bamboo desks and bamboo chairs Chengdu people love tea houses， because they love chatting They often gather together in a crowded tea house， and drink tea when chatting In their free time，they often have a cup of tea and cake， watch actors performing traditional arts， talk and laugh with people in the tea house， which could be true joy of life．
The soft wind is fled with tea's smell． The teas they use usually jasmine green teas，Dragon Well，and Biluochun． They use northern Gaiwan as tea sets （larger than Gongfu Gaiwan）．Gaiwan is made up of three parts： the lid， the cup and the Saucer （茶碟）．When the tea service master pours water into the Gaiwan，you will see the water filling from the air into Gaiwan ，with a lively sound．In a moment， water stops．Then look at the Gaiwan． The water in it is just right at the level of the Gaiwan's mouth， with a simple drip （水满）on the desk．This is a unique （独特的）skill，as well as an art．
No matter where you are in Chengdu， in a quiet park or in a busy street， you can see those featured tea houses．They have fair price and good service． People can stay there for half a day，having only a cup of tea and little snacks． In the talks of friends and neighbors， the colorful tea culture of Sichuan is fully expressed．
请务必将以下小题的答案写在相应位置!
（1）What are the functions of Chengdu tea houses？
（2）What are the desks and chairs in Chengdu tea houses made of？
（3）What's the difference between northern Gaiwan and Gongfu Galiwan？
（4）Who has the unique skill of pouring water in the tea houses？
（5）What's the passage mainly about？
Eight years ago， 1﹣week﹣old Diandian was left behind． When people found her in the reeds （芦苇） of a lake， she looked too weak to survive． Now she is the mother of three milu， thanks to the workers' attention and care at the East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve．
Li is the president of a milu conservation association in Yueyang and head of a local milu and bird rescue center， where 11 deer， including Diandian， have their families． Li and his workmates need to work extra hours to take care of the animals from March until mid﹣May． He remembers March 18 this year． He fed Diandian some fresh shoots and leaves for breakfast as usual， and moments later when he returned，a newborn milu was right beside her． Since it is her third baby and born in the third month of the year，people named it Sansan， referring to "three﹣three"． Li has developed a deep affection for milu and made up his mind to protect them． "As our country is paying more attention to environmental and wildlife protection， people are increasingly aware that milu are state﹣protected animalsm，" Li said．
Milu habitats （栖息地） are usually centered around water， and fishing equipment that used to be a threat to the animals is no longer seen in nature reserves． On May 27， a team of experts went to watch milu near Dongting Lake． It takes time and luck to meet one and count them especially when they live in the thick reeds that are 4 to 5 meters tall． The team leader Song， saw a milu for the first time when he was studying for his doctorate in zoology early in 2009． Since then， he has helped protect the habitats at Dongting Lake． As the flood season is coming， Song and his workmates will go around the lake area day and night to save deer in trouble， and provide feed for the animals when needed．
As the environment improves in and around Dongting Lake， China's second﹣largest freshwater lake， the wetland has become cover once again for wildlife． "We will continue to protect these rare animals and their living environment，" Song said．
请将答案写在答题卡上
（1）How was Diandian when she was found in the reeds eight years ago？
（2）Why do people call Diandian's new baby Sansan？
（3）Why does Li think more people realize milu are state﹣protected animals？
（4）When did Song start to devote himself to protecting the habitats at Dongting Lake？
（5）What can you learn from Li， Song and Their workmates？ （请自拟一句话作答）
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