Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories centering on the individual suggest that children ____ criminal behavior before they were not sufficiently ____ for previous misbehaviors or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status or as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes for lack of adequate control from parents. All ____, however, are uncertain or unimproved and are of course challenged with criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly ____ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. This results in dissatisfaction among youths and may in ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also experienced ____ these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; ____, children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family ____. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other noticeable ____ of offensive acts include unfavorable experience or failure in school, the ____ availability of drugs and alcohol, and the growing phenomenon of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the ____ of a child committing a criminal act, although a direct cause and effect relationship has not yet been established.
A．refer to B．know about C．engage in D．learn of
A．punished B．forgiven C．forgotten D．excused
A．return B．contact C．reference D．response
A．considering B．ignoring C．highlighting D．believing
A．values B．misbehaviors C．criminals D．theories
A．affect B．reduce C．prevent D．reflect
A．point B．lead C．come D．add
A．in general B．on average C．by contrast D．at last
A．case B．short C．turn D．essence
A．failure B．miseries C．development D．changes
A．contrarily B．consequently C．similarly D．occasionally
A．education B．concept C．structure D．economy
A．suggestions B．causes C．ideas D．reports
A．increased B．restricted C．reasonable D．popular
A．knowledge B．aspect C．strength D．probability
Last summer I went through a training program and became a volunteer teaching people how to read. When I what other people’s lives were like because they could not read, I began to realize the true of reading.
My first student Marie was a 44-year- old single mother of three children. In the first lesson, I found out she walked two miles to the nearest twice a week because she didn’t know which bus to take. When I told her I would get her a bus schedule. She told me it would not help because she could not read it. She said she also had once she got to the supermarket because she couldn’t always the things that she really needed. she did not know words, she could not write out a shopping list. Also, she could only items by sight.
We worked hard together, learning how to build Marie’s , which encouraged her to in her studies. She began to make rapid and was even able to take the bus to the supermarket. After this trip, she told me how self-confident she felt. the end of the program, she began her youngest son with his reading. She sat with him before he went to and read bedtime stories. When his eyes became with excitement as she read, was written all over her face. As she described this experience, I was proud of myself as . I found that helping Marie to build _ self-confidence was very rewarding.
I learned a great deal about and helping others and I may have learned more from the than Marie did.
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When I was about to go back home, it was dark. In order to get home as soon as possible, I hired a taxi. The car was along the road, now well-lit, now sank in darkness. I broke the on purpose, that the driver might be too tired to drive. “When do you go back home in the evening?” “9 o’clock. I’ll go after this trip.”
“Then when do you come out in the morning?” I another question.
“9 o’clock, too. And I go home for lunch and dinner, just as if I worked at an office.” His easiness surprised me, because every time I ride in a taxi, what I hear from are only complaints. They complain that they work , that it is to earn money, that they are bullied (欺侮) by the policeman, or that the corporation leaders are seated, , and enjoy the of others’ work. It seems that they have a grievance (不满意) against everything. But this driver told me, “I find it to be a section chief as I was before. I don’t like management work. I like driving, just for . It’s that I drive without a passenger. So I can earn two or three thousand Yuan a month with ease. Any ? Yes, I never follow an empty taxi. If it goes , I go northward. If it goes along the highway, I turn into a street. In this way I always get customers.
His words showed his satisfaction with his life and the pride he in his job. Such feelings are so among people nowadays as oxygen in high mountains. As an ancient saying , “Neither joy in material gains nor grieve over personal setbacks (挫折).” How many people nowadays can show high ideals by simple living and go far with a calm mind? I couldn’t help feeling curious when I found such a state of mind in a stranger on a cold winter night.
A．running B．flying C．driving D．Walking.
A．silence. B．stillness C．calmness. D．quietness
A．in order B．for fear C．in case. D．on condition.
A．threw out B．gave up C．let off D．set off
A．driver B．passenger C．taxi D．radio
A．need B．should C．must D．have to
A．from morning till afternoon B．from dawn till dark C．from night till morning D．from morning till night
A．hard B．impossible C．possible D．easy
A．busy B．lazily C．lazy D．busily
A．gains B．fruits C．results D．achievements
A．excited B．exciting C．tiring D．tired
A．work B．pleasure C．interest D．money
A．fortunate B．wise C．unfortunate D．likely
A．hardly B．often C．seldom D．usually
A．secret B．method C．trick D．skill
A．eastward B．westward C．southward D．northward
A．lonely B．narrow C．wide D．empty
A．kept B．had C．took D．made
A．much B．little C．rare D．common
A．goes B．talks C．says D．suggests
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
An artist in Oakland,California is using his skills to ________ the homeless．GregKloehn builds very smallshelters that mare life on the streets a little more ________．The structures offerthe homeless some safety and ________ from bad weather．Each little house alsohas ________ on the bottom so itgo wherever its ________ goes.
Greg Kloehn has ________atleast 20tinyhouses. Ona recent day，Mr.Kloehn stops at one to________ Oscar Young．Thetwomen ________ ．
“I like to help them．Sure．I mean it's________for me．，l like to make things，and do something that makesabig________on someone'slife．”
Insidehislittle shelterMr．Youndgets ________from cold nightsonthe streets．
“Well，it is________than living on the ground，to tell you the truth，because if it was________for Greg，I would be________on the ground．”
Mr．Kloehn also visits Sweet-Pea，another friend who________lives in one of the little homes the artist ________ .Shesays it．keeps her________ and protectsherbeaongings．
Sheila Williams says she has learned to live withless．“I’m living in one ofGreg’s houses，and I am________to thatman．”
TheKloehnhomeownershave ________wood andotherfound materialsforfuturebuildingefforts．
Don’t miss doing any good thing no matter how insignificant it looks．Although the roomsMr．Kloehn donated aren’t big，they make a big ________to them homeless people’s life．
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I was 14 when Mr. Ingram hired me as a farmhand. It was the first time I was actually for work. One day Mr. Ingram found an old truck that was in the soft, sandy soil of our field. It was full of melons that someone had tried to 38 from our farm before his truck got caught in the mud.
Mr. Ingram explained that the truck’s owner would be soon, and he wanted me to watch and learn. It wasn’t long a local guy with a terrible reputation for fighting and stealing showed up with his two fully-grown sons. They looked really .
Calmly Mr. Ingram said, “Well, I see you want to some watermelons from us.”
There was a long before the man answered, “Yeah, I guess so. What are you for them?”
“Twenty-five cents each.”
“Well, I suppose that would be enough if you help me get my truck out of here,” the man said.
It turned out to be our biggest sale of the summer, and an awful, perhaps violent incident had been . After they left, Mr. Ingram smiled and said to me, “Son, if you don’t forgive your , you’re going to run out of friends.”
A．trusted B．ready C．paid D．offered
A．stuck B．broken C．deserted D．lost
A．remove B．steal C．sell D．hide
A．purchasing B．bargaining C．returning D．searching
A．till B．before C．that D．since
A．astonished B．anxious C．familiar D．angry
A．borrow B．buy C．steal D．carry
A．break B．discussion C．watching D．silence
A．getting B．offering C．paying D．finding
A．necessary B．helpful C．easy D．fair
A．stopped B．avoided C．handled D．taught
A．mistakes B．neighbors C．enemies D．Melons
阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
“They’re going to kick me out of my own home,” said Karl Berger, 86 years old. Karl is a widower with no living children. When Karl’s wife died a couple of years ago, he told the Social Security Administration to stop monthly checks to his wife. But the agency to send the checks. Karl called again; a clerk said not to 33 . He told Karl to mail a follow-up that included his wife's of death. But the checks continued to come. Karl needed the money, he cashed his wife’s checks.
When SSA realized its mistake, it sent Karl a letter saying that he SSA $5,900 plus interest. Karl receives only $12,000 a year, which is slightly poverty level. The only that he ever had--$5,000--was on his wife’s funeral. He fought on Iwo Jima, site of one of the most furious battles of World War II. The battle left him in one ear and almost blind in one eye.
His small house used to be in a good neighborhood. He takes the bus once a week to visit his wife's . The rest of his time is spent at home, where he carves military figures that he donates to a local charity. The charity the carvings and uses the money to help feed the homeless.
SSA gave Karl six months to pay the debt in . Otherwise, the SSA letter said, the agency would seize his home. Karl wrote back, asking if it would be okay to $30 a month. That was all he could .
“That’s insufficient,” said William Shatner, an SSA agent. “We know that he is a war veteran, but that doesn’t entitle him to . He knew that his wife was dead, yet he cashed her monthly . That is fraud, pure and simple.”
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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A,B,C,D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂上。
I was 14 years old． I was angry and rebellious, with regard for anything my parents had to say, if it had nothing to do with me． Like so many , I struggled to escape from anything that didn’t my picture of the world． As a “ brilliant without need of guidance” kid, I rejected any obvious of love． In fact, I got angry at the of the word “love”．
One , after an extremely difficult day, I into my room, shut the door loudly and fell down onto my bed heavily． As I lay down in the privacy of my , my hands placed under my pillow． There was an envelope．I pulled it out and on the envelope it said, “To when you’re alone．”
I was alone, no one would know whether I read it or not．So I opened it． It said，“Mike， I know life is right now, I know you are frustrated and I know we don’t do everything right． I also know that I love you and nothing you do or say will ever change that．I am here for you if you ever need to talk． If you don’t, that’s also ．Just know that no matter where you go or whatever you do in your life, I will always love you and be that you are my son． I’m here for you and I love you-that will never Love you, Mom．”
Every night as I went to bed, I would put my hands under my , and I remember the I felt every time I got a letter． During my teen years, the letters were the calm assurance that I still could be loved my anger and rudeness．Just before I fell I became grateful that my mom knew what I, an angry teenager, needed．
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完形填空
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
When I was a kid, my mom liked to make breakfast food for dinner every now and then. And I remember one night when she had made dinner after a long, hard day at .
On that evening so long ago, my mom a plate of eggs, sausage and extremely burned toast in front of my dad. I remember to see if anyone noticed! all my dad did was reach for his toast, at my mom and ask me how my day was at school… I don’t remember what I told him that night, but I do remember him spread butter and jelly on that toast and eat every bite!
When I got up from the table that evening, I remember hearing my mom to my dad for burning the toast. And I’II never what he said: “Honey, I love toast.”
Later that night, I went to kiss Daddy good night and I asked him if he really his toast burned. He me in his arms and said, “Your Momma put in a hard day at work today and she’s really . And besides, a burned toast never anyone!”
is full of imperfect things... and imperfect people. I’m not the best at anything, and I forget and anniversaries just like everyone else. But what I’ve over the years is that learning to accept each other’s – and to celebrate each other’s differences – is one of the most important keys to creating a healthy, growing, and relationship where a burned toast isn’t a deal-breaker!
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完形填空
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
We have been driving in fog all morning, but the fog is lifting now. The little seaside villages are ________ , one by one. “There is my grandmother's house,” I say, ________ across the bay to a shabby old house.
I am in Nova Scotia on a pilgrimage (朝圣) with Lisa, my granddaughter, seeking roots for her, retracing (追溯) ________ memory for me. Lisa was one of the mobile children, ________ from house to house in childhood. She longs for a sense of ________ , and so we have come to Nova Scotia where my husband and I were born and where our ancestors ________ for 200 years.
We soon ________ by the house and I tell her what it was like here, the memories ________ back, swift as the tide (潮水).
Suddenly, I long to walk again in the ________ where I was once so gloriously a child. It still ________ a member of the family, but has not been lived in for a while. We cannot go into the house, but I can still walk ________ the rooms in memory. Here, my mother ________ in her bedroom window and wrote in her diary. I can still see the enthusiastic family ________ into and out of the house. I could never have enough of being ________ them. However, that was long after those childhood days. Lisa ________ attentively as I talk and then says, “So this is where I ________ ; where I belong.”
She has ________ her roots. To know where I come from is one of the great longings of the human ________ . To be rooted is “to have an origin”. We need ________ origin. Looking backward, we discover what is unique in us; learn the ________ of “I”. We must all go home again—in reality or memory.
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Money was a constant source of tension and stress when I was growing up. My parents were , well-educated and hard-working, but they lived from paycheck to paycheck. When I was 13, they split up. Then my mom to raise three kids, often relying on free lunch tickets and food stamps. As my mother retirement age, she was filled with over the fact that she hadn’t saved enough for her golden retirement years, she often sighed. My father had always been to work—we had always he’d work less and spend more time with us . But he is just a workaholic(工作狂).
My parents were trying so hard to make ends meet, so I couldn’t become a on them. As a result, I college and spent the next couple of years drifting from one minimum wage job to another. I my broken-down car, went to work on foot, reduced my by sharing a one-bedroom apartment with three other women, and got free food during Happy Hour at our local bar. I learned to do whatever it took to .
One night, while I was working at a donut shop and 34 coffee for a homeless customer, I . that I was one paycheck away from being homeless myself. That was my wake-up . Motivated by fear of an uncertain , I opened the Yellow Pages(电话黄页), . professional dog trainers and negotiated an unpaid apprenticeship(学徒工作). Less than a year later, I was by a dog trainer, and I loved the work. A couple of years later, I started my own dog-training school, which luckily turned out to be . My efforts paid off.
Though I didn’t have rich parents to rely on, I discovered the power of asking for what I want.
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请认真阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
I’m Glad I got Sick
Twenty-seven years ago I got sick. The reason I can remember the date so well is that being sick is what ________ me to choose my future wife. She was just a good friend, but because she ________ to my apartment, brought me medicine, and made me breakfast, I thought for the first time “what a super wife she will ________ for someone.”
I took her out to eat for helping me ________ the flu. After that we became even better friends, but still ________ thought of marriage. A few months later I was going to ________ a new job in the Atlanta area, so Cathy helped me ________ boxes to get ready to leave. We ________ a great time that day and had lunch together. Near the end of that day I ________ a few tears in Cathy’s eyes, so I asked what was ________ .
She said, “I don’t know if I can live ________ you, you are my best friend.” I said, “I know, I’ve been thinking the ________ thing.” That day we decided to get married and we have been married ever since. We have had our ________ times, as many others have had, but we are still best friends!
________I get to the family unit in my Health class and we talk about________ …I always tell this story. My students seem to love it because they learn that ________ , sharing and caring about others is all that really ________ in life, and that looks, money and other things are not important.
38 the way, my wife is 12 years younger than me, and she is beautiful. We have 2 beautiful children, but we still have dates on ________ weekend.
Cathy is the greatest thing that has ever ________ me! She is a fantastic mother, and the best wife a coach could ever have. Thank God I got sick 27 years ago!
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阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
It was a cold Saturday morning．An old man walked slowly into the ____．With shoulders bent forward，he leaned on his trusty stick with each ____step．
His shabby clothes and warm personality made him out from the usual breakfast crowd．Unforgettable were his eyes that shone like diamonds and thin lips _____in a steady smile．
A young waitress named Mary_____him drag toward a table by the window．She ran over to him，and said，“Here，sir．Let me give you a ____with that chair．”
Without saying a word，he smiled and ___．She pulled the chair away from the able．Steadying him with one arm，she helped him get comfortably_____．Then she moved the table up close to him，and leaned his ____against the table where he could reach it．
In a soft，clear voice，he said，“Thank you for your_____．”
“You’re welcome，sir．” She replied__．“And my name is Mary．I’ll be back in a moment，and ____you need anything at all in the meantime，just wave at me！”
After he had finished his breakfast，Mary brought him the change from his ticket．Then she ____him out from behind the table．She handed him his stick，and walked ____him to the front door．Holding the door open for him，she said，“Come back and see us，sir！”
He turned with his whole body and nodded with a ____smile．“You are very kind，” he said softly．
When Mary went to clean his table，she was to find that under his plate there was a business card and a note on a napkin(餐巾纸)．Under the napkin was a one hundred dollar bill！
The note on the napkin _____，“Dear Mary，I respect you very much，and you respect yourself too．It shows by the way you ____others．You have found the secret of happiness．Your kind gestures will _____through those who meet you．”
The next day she was told that the man she had ____on was the owner of the restaurant where she was working．
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阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
There are no ocean waves in St. Louis. We have to drive a long way to get to the ocean. Every summer we put our stuff and ourselves into the car and drive 1,000 miles to reach Vero Beach, Florida.
Once we get there, it’s all about at the beach. I’ve wanted to be a for a long time. My mom used to surf when she lived in Florida during college. I my mom to let me surf, and she promised to find a surfing for me. He found me instead.
One day when my mom was taking an old surfboard to a surf shop for , a surfer the door open for her and helped her carry the board inside. They started and she learned he’s a surfing . My mom asked him if he had any working with people with disabilities. He did and told her he would love to work with me. That’s how I my friend, Coach Bill Bolton, in 2014.
First Coach Bill taught me the pop-up. I had so much fun surfing with Coach Bill in 2014, I didn’t make it to on the board.
When we went to Florida this summer, I had more surfing with Coach Bill. We worked hard on the sand and in the water. On our third day together we our surfboards out past a sand bar where small waves were . I came close to standing each time, and on the last of the day I got up on my feet and stayed up! I was so ! So was Coach Bill.
We went to the same surfing spot the next day. Guess what! I so many times and rode wave after wave. Coach Bill called me a “surf goddess”. It was one of the days ever! I hope my story you to go surfing or to try something new. I know you can do it.
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I was aged 9 the moment I discovered my father was seriously sick. It was 1994, but I can well remember my mother’s words as though it were yesterday: “Maggie, I don’t want you to take ______ from your father, because he has AIDS. Be very cautious when you are around him.”
AIDS wasn’t something we talked about in my country when I was growing up. From then on, I knew that this would be a family ______. My parents were not together anymore, and my dad lived alone. For a while, he could attend to himself. But when I was 12, his condition worsened. My father’s other children lived far away, so it ______ to me to look after him.
We couldn’t _____ all the necessary medication for him, and because Dad was unable to work, I had no money for school supplies and often couldn’t ______ buy food for dinner. I ______ sit in class feeling completely ______. The teacher’s words were ________ as I tried to figure out how I was going to manage.
I did not ______ my burden with anyone. I had seen how people ______ to AIDS. Kids laughed at classmates who had parents with the disease. And even adults could be _____. When my father was ______ to the hospital, the nurses would leave his food on the bedside table even though he was too fragile to feed himself.
I had known that he was going to die, but after so many years of keeping his ______ a secret, I was truly ______ when he reached his final days. ______ and down, I called a woman at the non-profit National AIDS Support. That day, she ______ me on the phone for hours. I was so lucky to find someone who cared. She saved my life. I was 15 when my father ______ on. He took his secret away with him, having never spoken about AIDS to anyone, even me. He didn’t want to call ______ to AIDS. I do.
A．trust B．joke C．food D．fun
A．disease B．project C．challenge D．secret
A．fell B．sent C．chose D．left
A．afford B．offer C．select D．prepare
A．only B．even C．yet D．still
A．might B．should C．could D．would
A．moved B．lost C．bored D．nervous
A．rolled B．eaten C．proved D．drowned
A．pack B．compare C．share D．affect
A．applied B．escaped C．reacted D．referred
A．cruel B．curious C．considerate D．confused
A．admitted B．concerned C．removed D．sentenced
A．dream B．promise C．instruction D．condition
A．calm B．religious C．unprepared D．devoted
A．Red B．Black C．Green D．Blue
A．kept B．talked C．reminded D．replied
A．died B．hid C．passed D．sighed
A．relief B．attention C．support D．Trouble
One day, my mother and I were in a shop to buy Christmas gifts. There, I saw a telephone and I liked it very much. ___________lovingly up at my mother, I asked, “Mama, can I have that telephone?” She replied, “Baby, not now.” “But Mama, I want it.” She was a little ___________ and said, “Nora, you can’t have that telephone today.” ___________ we were waiting to pay for the things we had bought, I ___________on the ground and began screaming, “I want it.” Other people looked but my mother calmly said, “Nora, you’d better get up by the ___________ of three or else. One … two … three … ”I didn’t stop. Then she lay down __________me on the floor, and began kicking and screaming, “I want a new car. I want a new house … I want …”___________, I stood up. “Mama, stop. Mama, get up,” I tearfully said. She stood up, and many people began to clap. Her face turned ___________ and she said ___________to others. People said to me, “Your mom got you ___________. Never try that again.” And I didn’t. I would never forget that experience.
A．Crying B．Speaking C．Looking D．Talking
A．disappointed B．angry C．hungry D．happy
A．When B．Before C．Until D．Unless
A．laid down B．lay down C．fell down D．put down
A．number B．figure C．sound D．count
A．besides B．beside C．over D．ahead
A．Excited B．Disappointed C．Shocked D．Puzzled
A．red B．blue C．gray D．yellow
A．thanks B．sorry C．hello D．ok
A．wrong B．good C．lesson D．reason
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