Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories centering on the individual suggest that children ____ criminal behavior before they were not sufficiently ____ for previous misbehaviors or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status or as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes for lack of adequate control from parents. All ____, however, are uncertain or unimproved and are of course challenged with criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly ____ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. This results in dissatisfaction among youths and may in ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also experienced ____ these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; ____, children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family ____. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other noticeable ____ of offensive acts include unfavorable experience or failure in school, the ____ availability of drugs and alcohol, and the growing phenomenon of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the ____ of a child committing a criminal act, although a direct cause and effect relationship has not yet been established.
A．refer to B．know about C．engage in D．learn of
A．punished B．forgiven C．forgotten D．excused
A．return B．contact C．reference D．response
A．considering B．ignoring C．highlighting D．believing
A．values B．misbehaviors C．criminals D．theories
A．affect B．reduce C．prevent D．reflect
A．point B．lead C．come D．add
A．in general B．on average C．by contrast D．at last
A．case B．short C．turn D．essence
A．failure B．miseries C．development D．changes
A．contrarily B．consequently C．similarly D．occasionally
A．education B．concept C．structure D．economy
A．suggestions B．causes C．ideas D．reports
A．increased B．restricted C．reasonable D．popular
A．knowledge B．aspect C．strength D．probability
III. 完型填空（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从第36题至第55小题所给的A、B、C、D
四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
My grandmother became a widow in 1970. Shortly after that, we went to the 39 shelter to pick out a dog to keep her 40 . Grandma decided on a little dog with a reddish-brown spot above each eye. 41 these spots, the dog was named Penny.
Grandma and Penny quickly became very 42 to each other, but that attachment grew much stronger about three years later 43 Grandma had a stroke（中风）. Grandma could no longer
44 , so when she came home from the hospital, she and Penny were 45 companions.
After her stroke, it became a real 46 for Grandma to let Penny in and out because 47 was at the bottom of a flight of stairs. So a mechanism（机械装置）using a rope and pulley（滑轮）was 48 from the door to a handle at the top of the stairs. Grandma just had to pull the handle to open and close the door. If the store was 49 Penny’s favorite dog food, Grandma would make one of us 50 Penny browned beef with potatoes in it. I can remember 51 my grandmother by saying that she loved that dog better than she loved her family.
As the years passed, it was not 52 for Grandma and Penny to separate each other. If Grandma went to take her nap（打盹）, Penny stayed by her side until she 53 . As Penny aged, she could no longer jump up on the bed, so she 54 on the rug （垫子）beside the bed. If Grandma went into the 55 , Penny would walk along beside her, wait outside the door and accompany her 56 to the bed or chair. Grandma never went anywhere without her 57 companion by her side.
The time came when both my grandmother’s and Penny’s 58 were failing fast. After fifteen years of loving companionship, Grandma and Penny passed away within a few hours of each other.
39．A．animal B．toy C．fish D．bird
40．A．business B．firm C．company D．friend
41．A．In spite of B．Because of C．Instead of D．In front of
42．A．linked B．fastened C．attached D．tied
43．A．before B．while C．until D．when
44．A．think B．speak C．work D．walk
45．A．contrary B．content C．confident D．constant
46．A．problem B．question C．practice D．rule
47．A．the door B．Grandma C．the window D．Penny
48．A．repaired B．fixed C．bought D．loaded
49．A． out o
f B．ahead of C．away from D．apart from
50．A．show B．hand C．buy D．cook
51．A．drawing attention to B．making use of
C．breaking away from D．making fun of
52．A．necessary B．possible C．important D．convenient
53．A．recovered B．awoke C．slept D．screamed
54．A．rolled B．stood C．waited D．lay
55．A．kitchen B．bedroom C．living-room D．bathroom
56．A．back B．up C．off D．down
57．A．splendid B．remote C．faithful D．legal
58．A．smell B．health C．habit D．living
第二节 完形填空 (共20小题, 每小题
1.5分，满分30分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从第36至第55小题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Many years ago, when I was a man in my twen
ties, I worked as a salesman for a piano company．
We 36 our pianos all over the state by advertising in small town 37 ．Every time we advertised ,we 38 receive a reply on a postcard ,which said , “ Please bring me a new piano for my little 39 ．It must be mahogany ( 红木 )．I can pay $10 a month with my egg money．” Of course ,we could not sell a new piano 40 $10 a month . 41 her cards kept on coming．
A couple of years 42 , I owned my own piano company, and when I 43 in that area, the postcards started coming to me．For months, I ignored 44 ．What else could I do?
But then, one day I 45 to be in the area and have a mahogany piano on my little truck．I decided to look the old lady up. Though I knew that I was about to make a 46 business decision, I took the new piano in the house and placed it 47 I thought the roof would be least likely to let in rain on it．I told the old lady and the little barefoot girl to try to 48 the chickens off it, and I left sure I had just 49 a new piano!
But the 50 came in, all 52 of them as agreed, sometimes with coins．It was incredible! One day years later, I was in Memphis on other 51 ．As I was sitting at a bar having a drink, I heard the most beautiful piano music．I looked around, and there was a lovely young woman playing a very nice grand piano．She 52 at me , and when she took a 53 , she sat down at my table．
“Aren’t you the man who sold my grandma a piano a long 
time ago?”
My Lord, it was her! It was the little barefoot girl! I 54 remembered．I did have to go as soon as possible because men don't like to be seen 55 in public．
36. A. made B. sold C. fixed D. delivered
37. A. books B. villages C. shops D. newspapers
38. A. would B. may C. must D. can
39. A. son B. child C. granddaughter D. baby
40. A. with B. for C. to D. on
41. A. And B. So C. Therefore D. But
42. A. ago B. later C. before D. past
43. A. worked B. went C. advertised D. succeeded
44. A. it B. them C. this D. that
45. A. happened B. decided C. started D. wanted
46. A. great B. wise C. good D. terrible
47. A. when B. there C. where D. that
48. A. feed B. keep C. leave D. drive
49. A. given away B. put off C. sold D. thrown away
50. A. payments B. money C. possessions D. postcards
51. A. time B. chance C. business D. matter
52. A. looked B. stared C. laughed D. smiled
53. A. break B. bread C. drink D. list
54. A. slowly B. suddenly C. carefully D. excitedly
55. A. exciting B. talking C. crying D. speaking
第二节：完形填空(共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分)
阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
When my son was 11 years old, he got a small job helping out with a traveling carnival in our town. He didn't come home at lunch time, phoning 36 to tell me he was fine and had found a few days' work 37 out at an exhibit. However, after he finished work he 38 for supper as usual.
I asked him how he had 39 at lunch and he told me he had made some new 40 at the carnival, some young men who were twin brothers, and their mom and dad. They had 41 him a few dollars and invited him for lunch 42 for helping them set up their exhibit and wanted him to 43 the next day to help with other chores (杂务).
I was glad he had found new friends but a little 44 about the type of people who might be traveling in a carnival. "Oh, Mum, these are just 45 everyday people like anyone else. They 46 work at a carnival instead of in a store or something". "Come down tomorrow and 47 them yourself," he said.
So the next day I went to the carnival and to the exhibit he had 48 me to. The twin brothers _49 out to be Siamese (连体的) twins, joined at the chest. He hadn't thought this 50 was noteworthy enough to mention. When I brought it to him, he said, "yes, I 51 that too. Do you know that their mum has to make all their clothes 52 it's so difficult to find anything to fit them? They're also really good 53 . Today, Joe, one on the fight, made me spaghetti (意大利面条) for lunch. "
What others see first in a person is not what a child considers 54 . Where I saw Siamese twins, he saw people having difficulty buying clothes that fit, and young men who were good cooks. It was a _55 I have thought about many times over the years.
36. A. instead B. even C. also D. besides
37. A. helping B. helping C. taking D. showing
38. A. did up B. gave up C. took up D. turned up
39. A. sought B. managed C. worked D. acted
40. A. clothes B. friends C. choices D. differences
41. A. paid B. charged C. lent D. owed
42. A. by chance B. in return C. by turns D. in advance
43. A. return B. promise C. consider D. decide
44. A. excited B. regretful C. worried D. optimistic
45. A. humorous B. obvious C. particular D. normal
46. A. just B. never C. hardly D. always
47. A. teach B. meet C. affect D. join
48. A. ordered B. directed C. forced D. persuaded
49. A. worked B. left C. came D. turned
50. A. expression B. change C. fact D. idea
51. A understood B. made C. noticed D. formed
52. A. before B. if C. after D. because
53. A. cooks B. doctors C. artists D. singers
54. A. necessary B. important C. impossible D. unlucky
55. A. lesson B. festival C. task D. match
Ⅱ 语言知识及应用 (共两节，满分35分)
第一节完形填空 (共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从21—30题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Basketball is a sport enjoyed by millions of people. It began in 1891.
Dr. James Naismith, the father of basketball, was a teacher of a YMCA training 21 . It trained the people to work in YMCAs. Officials at the school were 22 about the low attendance during the 23 months. They felt that people didn’t attend then because the school did not have a good sports 24 in the winter. So they asked Dr. Naismith for help. He came up with a new indoor game.
Naismith studied games being played at that 25 . he found that the most 26 game was a ball. So a ball would be part of his new game, he decided. But kicking the ball or hitting it would be too rough for indoors. So he put two 27 up on the poles. The players have to try to 28 a ball into them. Naismith then made thirteen 29 for the game. Twelve of them are still in use today. Just seven years after the game began professional basketball teams were 30 . and that’s how basketball was born.
21. A. school B. game C. team D. club
22. A. interested B. worried C. eager D. dangerous
23. A. summer B. spring C. autumn D. winter
24. A. suit B. team C. progress D. program
25. A. game B. school C. time D. place
26. A. popular B. practical C. excellent D. skilled
27. A. bags B. baskets C. flags D. sings
28. A. push B. throw C. send D. kick
29. A. persons B. poles C. rules D. balls
30. A. formed B. called C. dismissed D. stationed
完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）出可以填入空白的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
It is not polite to arrive at a dinner party more than 15 to 20 minutes late. The host or hostess usually waits for all the guests to arrive before __21__ the meal. If someone is late, the food may be spoiled, and so might the host or hostess’s __22__. If you have to be late, call and tell them to __23__ you.
It’s even __24__to be early! The host or hostess will probably not be__25__. If you are early, drive or walk around the block a few times, or just sit in your car __26__the right time.
Though it is often important to arrive on time, yet__27__, for open houses, the host or hostess invites guests to arrive and leave __28__a certain time. You can arrive at any time __29__the time he or she gives you.
It’s polite to bring an empty stomach, but it’s even nicer to bring a small present. The present should not cost__30__, or you might embarrass the host or hostess. Flowers, wine, or a box of candy will __31__. Never bring money as a present.
In an introduction, the order of a name: (1) the given name, (2) the family name. In other words the given name comes __32__. It’s important not only to learn and remember names, but to__33__them often in conversation. After the __34__we usually call friends by their given names. __35__may want you to call them by their titles and__36__, such as “Mr. Jones” “Mrs. Johnson” or “Dr. Brown”.
A maiden name is a woman’s family name __37__. In the United States and Canada, after a woman marries, she __38__the family name of her husband__39__her maiden name. It is now becoming __40__, however, for women to keep their maiden names after getting married.
21. A. making B. serving C. doing D. cooling
22. A. soul B. spirits C. thought D. idea
23. A. have with B. have without C. start with D. start without
24. A. nice B. nicer C. worse D. bad
25. A. back B. in C. up D. ready
26. A. until B. after C. before D. by
27. A. in the other hand B. on the other hand C. in another hand D. on another hand
28. A. between B. among C. for D. at
29. A. within B. by C. on D. in
30. A. many B. a little C. a lot D. a few
31. A. be well B. be right C. do well D. do fine
32. A. after B. before C. first D. later
33. A. recall B. respect C. speak D. retell
34. A. meeting B. conversation C. introduction D. dinner
35. A. Older people B. Young people C. Gentlemen D. Doctors
36. A. given names B. first names C. family names D. nick names
37. A. on birth B. from birth C. with birth D. at birth
38. A. gives B. brings C. carries D. takes
39. A. instead B. in place of C. takes place D. in place
40. A. important B. necessary C. special D. common
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