Bullying（欺凌） has become a big problem in schools，which has caused serious attention of the society．To know what drives bullying will help to stop it．①There are many factors that make a child involve in bullying：②Parents are busy with their work，leaving their children alone with the grandparents． They don't get love or warmth from their parents．Children who are bullied are easier to bully others．Some children bully others to get respect from other kids．Teenage girls bully to win attention or love from someone．Movies，video games also play a role in a child's bullying action．
Parents，teachers，schools and society should ③work jointly to stop bullying．As students，you should respect others and not make fun of their weaknesses．If you are bullied，you have the right to tell your parents or teachers about it first and ask them for help．
（1）文中①处画线句子中有一个单纯的意思是"因素"，这个词是
（2）将文中②处画线句子翻译成汉语．
（3）文中③处"work jointly"means"work together"．Do you think so？
（4）Why do teenage girls bully others？
（5）What should students do to stoop bullying？
．
E
The last time I saw my best friend was about a year and a half ago．It was her 16th birthday，and I flew hundreds of miles to see her．It was a total movie moment．She came into the room，and suddenly I jumped out，shouting，"Happy Birthday!"
Many of my friends also had a lot of practice keeping a long﹣distance friendship，let's share some opinions．
Chen Mu，17，Hunan
Talking to your friends online often keeps the friendship going!If the phone call doesn't always include a deep conversation，that's fine．Try a video chat．Sometimes friendship is about knowing that someone's on the other line．
Lin Pan，16，Xiamen
My best friend moved to another city far away．We keep sharing everything so we know everything about each other's lives．It's a lot easier to imagine your best friend is there with you if you share the same information．It's like your friend is still there with you．
Zou Wen，15，Guangzhou
Be there for your friends when they need help．Your friends may have a hard time．While you probably won't be able to be there for them as much as you used to，it is worth it to lose an hour of sleep when they need help．
Luo Yan，15，Shanghai
The present that shows you care．This is a fun one and a must．It doesn't have to be a lot，but it will let them know you are thinking about them．
Wang Fei，18，Beijing
Realize that people change and that your friends won't stay the same no matter how much you want them to．Your friend might start to act more and more like a different person．But complaints （抱怨） won't help your friendship．And you are changing too．Everyone has to be ready for growing up．
任务一：根据短文内容，用短语或简洁的句子完成下列表格．
How to keep a long﹣distance friendship
Name |
Opinion |
Chen Mu |
Talking to your friends online often |
Lin Pan |
（61） |
Zou Wen |
（62） |
Luo Yan |
（63） |
Wang Fei |
（64） |
任务二：除了文中提到的观点外，你一定还有自己独特的想法，请写一条与大家分享吧．
65． ．
This 12﹣year﹣old Girl Built a Robot to Find Plastics in the Ocean
Anna Du was walking along the beach when she noticed plastics there．She reached down to pick them up， and quickly realized there were many more tiny pieces than she could deal with． It seemed impossible to clean them all up．
Du， 12 years old at the time， tried to solve the problem like any good scientist﹣first． by doing a little research． That's how she learned that 8 million tons of plastics end up in the oceans every year．
Then she got to work building something that could help solve the problem；a remote﹣operated vehicle（遥控潜水器）， or ROV． Her ROV can move through water and find plastics on the ocean floor．
The actually cool part of Du's ROV is the detection（探测） system． She uses a camera along with three different kinds of light to find the plastics． She also uses visible（可见的） light to find unnatural colors that might make the plastics stand out．
"She has a very good engineering sense to break down a problem like this and then go after it，" says engineer Casey Machado． "It sounds simple， but it's a level of thinking that's really amazing．"
Du started attending public events and workshops at a university when she was five years old， and so she picked up the engineering skills necessary to build her ROV． She says actually getting her ROV to move through water well was not easy． She failed many times， but she never gave up trying and testing．
When asked about future plans，she mentions wanting to address the effects of climate（气候）change．"I think there are a lot of problems that could be solved with new inventions，" says Du．
Du thanks her parents， who for years have taken her to student outreach activities， for supporting her interest in science， technology， engineering and math （STEM）． She says she has been able to meet students and scientists there．
"I know I want to be an engineer because I like building things to help solve world problems，" says Du．"But I'm not sure what kind of engineer I want to be yet．"
（1）What did Anna Du notice while walking along the beach？
（2）How old was Du when she did a little research to solve the problem？
（3）What can Du's ROV do？
（4）Why does Du want to be an engineer in the future？
（5）What made Du succeed in building her ROV？
Huge Waves Destroying Arctic Ice Faster than Expected
Ice covers much of the Arctic Ocean（北冰洋）．Some pieces of ice are huge， like moving islands． As temperatures have increased， however， some of the ice has begun to disappear． Scientists have discovered huge waves（海浪）in the arctic waters．
The waves were discovered by accident in May， 2010．Scientist Aleksey Marchenko and his students set out on a trip． They wanted to study the icy waters．
On May 2， the ship traveled east and stopped next to a large chunk of ice．around 50 miles from the small island of Hopen．Marchenko prepared to lead his students out onto the Ice
"We were ready to go but when I went out， I discovered many cracks（裂缝）around，" he remembers．
He decided to move the ship deeper into the ice to keep safe． The farther in they went， he thought， the harder the ice would become． As they pushed forward，however， the ship experienced small waves， and then bigger ones．Soon， the waves broke up the ice around the ship into thousands of smaller pieces．
Within an hour， Marchenko and his team saw a wave that was about 13 feet high． The ship's navigation（航行）system finally recorded the largest waves．They were more than 20 feet in height． The waves were so strong that they forced huge pieces of ice to jump up and down， breaking the ice into smaller pieces within just one hour． Scientists had never imagined that the process could happen so fast． The waves in these areas used to be small．
The speed and force of the huge waves there makes it impossible to know in advance when they are coming． That could be dangerous for navigators and local communities who are unprepared for huge waves or depend on sea ice to protect them． Wildlife like polar bears and walruses that depend on sea ice to live is also in danger．
Some scientists think people will soon see even bigger waves in these icy waters．As waves break up ice， the seas will become more open， and the waves will get even stronger． There are stormy times ahead．
（1）When did Marchenko and his students discover huge waves in the arcticwaters？
（2）Why did Marchenko and his students set out on the trip？
（3）What did Marchenko decide to do to keep safe？
（4）How high were the largest waves recorded by the navigation system？
（5）What is Paragraph 7 mainly about？
When it comes to the letter grade on your test or homework， you might notice that there is no letter E． Have you ever thought about why that is so？
In the A， B， C， D and F grading system， the first four letters are typically considered passing grades． An F in this system simply stands for"fail"．The word"fail"happens to start with the letter F， which seems to leave out the letter E． The fact of the matter is that any letter can mean "not﹣passing" or "fail"．Some schools have U grade for"unsatisfactory"，or I grade for "incomplete"．
Even with all this said， we should also point out that E grade actually has been used pretty commonly throughout the history of letter grades in the US．
The first college in the US to use a letter grading system like the ones we use today is Mount Holyoke College． In 1897，they began to use the following grading scale：
A： 95﹣100%（excellent）
B： 85﹣94%（good）
C： 76﹣84%（fair）
D： 75%（barely passed）
E： below 75%（failed）
We can see the inclusion of E instead of F．
Gradually，the letter grading system became more popular throughout the US． However， many schools decided to drop the E grade and go straight to F．There is no evidence（证据） to really support this，but one possible explanation is that teachers were worried that some students and parents might mistake E for "excellent"．
Why do we have letter grades？ Well，part of the reason is that they made grading simpler during a time of great change for schools． As the 20th century began，growing cities and an increase in immigration led to larger school classrooms． Most teachers at that time thought this new letter grading system was an easy，fair and clear way to grade students．
Today，more and more people argue that letter grades don't fully reflect（反映） student learning．However，as teachers try to improve grading methods，many parents continue to favor the letter grades they got as kids．They are familiar（熟悉） and easy for parents to understand． So while they might not be perfect， the letter grades probably aren't going away any time soon．
（1）what does an F stand for in the A、B、C、D and F grading system？
（2）when was the letter grading system first used in the US college？
（3）what is one possible explanation for dropping the E grade？
（4）what did most teachers think of the letter grading system in the 20th century？
（5）why do many parents still prefer the letter grades today？
What's in a Name？
Many American names come from England．But where did most English names come from？
Centuries ago，most people in England had only one name﹣﹣their first name．In the 11th century，five
or six of the 50 people in a village might be named William，and it was easy to get confused．But in the Middle Ages，people found a way to describe each person exactly．If there were four Williams in one village，one might be referred to as William the son of John．A second might be called William from the hill．A third，William the blacksmith（铁匠）．And a fourth，William the brown haired．In conversation，people might refer to the four Williams as William John's son，William hill，William smith，and William brown．
It was 300 or 400 years before the extra （ 附加的） names gradually developed into last names，or
surnames．They were passed on from generation to generation．By the 1300s，Robert，the son of William
smith，had the name Robert smith，even if he was not a blacksmith like his father．As the last name became widely accepted，the first letter was capitalized，as in Robert Smith．By the 15th century，most people of the upper and middle classes had surnames．
Many surnames were based on father﹣son relations．The"son of"part was added to the father's first
name，like Johnson，meaning John's son．Sometimes it was shortened to just"s"，as in Jones or Evans．
Surnames like Hill described the place where a person lived．They are the most common type of surname．A third kind of surname was based on a person's job．Forester was someone who looked after the forest．
In the Middle Ages，occupation names such as Baker，Carpenter，and Miller became common．The fourth kind of surname was nickname（绰号）．A man whose surname was Bear might be as fierce as a bear．
Have you ever wondered why some surnames are so common？The most common surname in the
English language is Smith．Being able to make metals（金属）into tools was an important skill in the Middle Ages，and many people were trained as blacksmiths．The most common American surnames are Smith，Johnson，William and Brown．
61．Where do many American names come from？
62．When did people find a way to describe each person exactly？
63．How long did it take for extra names to develop into last names？
64．What is the fourth paragraph mainly about？
65．Why were many people trained blacksmith in the Middle Ages？
Long ago， Mother Nature gave each tree a different purpose． However， she did not share her sons with the trees．
Fir Tree（杉树） had many tree friends．In summer，they watched Bird and Squirrel（松鼠）play in the field．Then autumn arrived．The leaves on other trees turned colourful．Fir Tree's leaves stayed green．Fir Tree told Mother Nature that he wanted his leaves to change colours too．
"Be patient，" Mother Nature said． "You will learn your purpose．"
So Fir Tree waited．The temperature dropped． Bird flew south， and Squirrel was nowhere around．All the trees lost their leaves except Fir Tree． Soon it snowed．Fir Tree cried，"Why don't I change like my friends？"
"Be patient，" Mother Nature replied． " Soon you will get to know your purpose．"
Just then， Squirrel appeared．She was cold．She asked if she could build a warm home in branches（树枝）．Other trees said no because they had no leaves． But Fir Tree said yes． Squirrel ran up Fir Trees branches． Soon， she was warm， comfortable and asleep．
Fir Tree was happy that his green leaves provided a warm home for animals in winter． He finally understood his purpose．
（1）What did Fir Tree want to do in autumn？ （不超过10个词）
（2）Why did other trees say no to Squirrel？ （不超过10个词）
（3）What purpose did Fir Tree understand at last？ （不超过15个词）
Remember when you were a little child trying to learn to walk？
First， you had to learn how to balance （平衡） yourself and stand． You fell down， and then got back up． You laughed sometimes and cried at other times． After much practice， you finally learned how to balance yourself． You got much pleasure from this new feeling of power﹣you'd stand everywhere you could． It was a happy time﹣you did it!
Now the next step﹣walking． You'd seen others do it． It didn't look that hard﹣just move your legs while you were standing． Wrong﹣more difficult than you ever imagined． But after you tried again and again and again， you understood how to walk．
If people found you walking， they cheered， "Oh， look at what the kid is doing．" This encouraged you!But look back on those days when you were the little child﹣how many times did you try when no one was watching， or when no one was cheering？ You couldn't wait for someone to encourage you to take the next steps．You learned how to encourage yourself．
So， keep trying and encouraging yourself as you learned to walk if you want to succeed in doing something．
（1）What is the first step in learning to walk？ （不超过15个词）
（2）When did you understand how to walk？ （不超过15个词）
（3）What should you do if you want to succeed in doing something？ （不超过15个词）
Mr． Reynolds， my teacher， hand us a list of thoughts， and asked us to write a paper on one of those thoughts． I chose the topic "I wonder why things are the way they are．"
I wrote down all the questions that puzzled（困扰）me about life． I realized that many of them were hard to answer， and perhaps others could not be answered at all． When I handed in my paper， I was afraid that I might fail because I did not answer the question．
The next day， Mr． Reynolds handed me the paper and asked me to read it for the class． The other students became quiet as I began to read my story：
Mum， why are the roses red？ Why is the grass green and the sky blue？ Why do I have to graduate（毕业）？ Why do I have to grow up？ Why do I have to be called "Grandma" ，one day？…
Dad， why can't I stay out until 12： 00？ Why do I miss my old friends？ Why do I miss being at home？ Why do you love me so much？．．
Mum， Dad， why did you have to leave me？ I need you．
At the end of my story， I looked at Mr． Reynolds， and I saw a tear slowly coming down his face．Then I realized that life is not built on the answers we receive， but on the questions we ask．
（1）Why was the writer afraid that she might fail？（不超过10个词）
（2）What did the teacher ask the writer to do for the class？（不超过15个词）
（3）What did the writer realize at the end of the story？（不超过15个词）
In Chengdu， tea culture has developed into the Chengdu﹣featured （特色的） tea house culture．There is a saying about Chengdu tea houses ：You could see more tea houses than sunny days． Why can the tea house Chengdu catch so much eyesight？It is because of their many different functions （功能）： for relaxing ，meetings，as well as entertainment．
Chengdu tea houses are often decorated （装饰） with bamboo desks and bamboo chairs Chengdu people love tea houses， because they love chatting They often gather together in a crowded tea house， and drink tea when chatting In their free time，they often have a cup of tea and cake， watch actors performing traditional arts， talk and laugh with people in the tea house， which could be true joy of life．
The soft wind is fled with tea's smell． The teas they use usually jasmine green teas，Dragon Well，and Biluochun． They use northern Gaiwan as tea sets （larger than Gongfu Gaiwan）．Gaiwan is made up of three parts： the lid， the cup and the Saucer （茶碟）．When the tea service master pours water into the Gaiwan，you will see the water filling from the air into Gaiwan ，with a lively sound．In a moment， water stops．Then look at the Gaiwan． The water in it is just right at the level of the Gaiwan's mouth， with a simple drip （水满）on the desk．This is a unique （独特的）skill，as well as an art．
No matter where you are in Chengdu， in a quiet park or in a busy street， you can see those featured tea houses．They have fair price and good service． People can stay there for half a day，having only a cup of tea and little snacks． In the talks of friends and neighbors， the colorful tea culture of Sichuan is fully expressed．
请务必将以下小题的答案写在相应位置!
（1）What are the functions of Chengdu tea houses？
（2）What are the desks and chairs in Chengdu tea houses made of？
（3）What's the difference between northern Gaiwan and Gongfu Galiwan？
（4）Who has the unique skill of pouring water in the tea houses？
（5）What's the passage mainly about？
Students these days often have a lot of worries． Sometimes they have problems with their schoolwork， and sometimes with their friends． What can they do about this？ Some people believe the worst thing is to do nothing． Laura Mills， a teenager from London， agrees．"Problems and worries are normal in life，" says Laura． But I think talking to someone helps a lot． Unless we talk to someone， we'll certainly feel worse．"
Laura once lost her wallet， and worried for days．She was afraid to tell her parents about it．She even walked three miles to school each day because she didn't have any money．She just kept thinking，"If I tell my parents， they'll be angry!" In the end，she talked to her parents and they were really understanding．Her dad said he sometimes made careless mistakes himself． They got her a new wallet and asked her to be more careful．"I will always remember to share my problems in the future!" Laura says．
Robert Hunt advises students about common problems． He feels the same． way as Laura．"It is best not to run away from our problems． We should always try to solve them．"He thinks the first step is to find someone you trust to talk to．This person doesn't need to be an expert like himself．" Students often forget that their parents have more experience， and are always there to help them．
In English， we say that sharing a problem is like cutting it in half． So you're halfway to solving a problem just by talking， to someone about it．
（1）What do teenagers worry about these days？
（2）What's Laura Mill's opinion about how to deal with problems？
（3）What happened to Laura and what did she learn from it？
（4）What advice does Robert Hunt give to teenagers？
（5）What's the conclusion（ 结论）？
Li Wen is a normal 15﹣year﹣old boy from the countryside．He works very hard and does well in school．It is hard to believe that he used to have difficulties in school． When he was a little boy， he seldom caused any problems， and his family spent a lot of time together． However， things began to change a few years ago． His parents moved to the city to look for jobs，and his grandparents came to take care of him．But he missed his parents so much and he often felt lonely and unhappy．
Li Wen's unhappiness began to influence his schoolwork． He became less interested in studying．Sometimes he was absent from classes and failed his examinations． Finally，Li Wen's parents made the decision to send him to a boarding school． However， Li Wen was shy and was not able to make friends quickly in school， He found life there difficult．
One day he told his teacher that he wanted to leave the school．His teacher was worried about him．And she called his parents， She advised them to talk with their son in person．So his parents took a 24﹣hour train and a 5﹣hour bus ride to get to Li Wen's school．
They had a long talk． "It was exactly what I needed，" he said． Now I understand that even though they are busy ，they are always thinking of me． They take pride in everything good I do．"
After that，Li Wen's parents had much more communication with their son than they used to．Now Li Wen has really changed．He has become more outgoing and made some good friends in school．He has even joined the school basketball team and become active in many other activities．"I'm much happier now，and I work even harder than I used to． I know my parents love me and they're always proud of me，"）says Li Wen．"It's very important for parents to be there for their children．"
（1）The main idea of this passage：
（2）Li Wen's feeling after his parents moved to the city：
（3）List two of Li Wen's problems at school after his parents first left him：
（4）The event that makes him begin to become better：
（5）Please find the phrases in the passage that has the same meaning as "They ____ everything good I do． "（请在本文中找与划线短语意思相同的短语）
研读E篇影视海报和Betty给她同学Alice的留言，根据它们所提供的信息，帮Alice完成她的摘记，每空不超过3个词，请将答案填写到答卡指定位置．
ANGEL THEATRE CENTRE Saturday， June 22nd & Sunday， June 23rd Large Theatre﹣﹣The Last Man Small Theatre﹣﹣Storm Saturday： 2:00 pm 5:00 pm Sunday： 11:00 am 1:00 pm Adults： £ 10.00 Students： £ 6.00 |
Dear Alice， Do you know my cousin？ She has just started at our university． She wants to come to the theatre with us． Both days are fine， but I would like to pm go in the morning． I've heard that The Last Man is boring， so perhaps we should see the other play． Thanks for booking this． Betty |
Alice's Notes |
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Trip to： |
Angel Theatre Centre |
Name of play： |
（1） |
Time： |
（2） |
Date： |
（3） |
Number of people： |
（4） |
Price per person： |
（5） |
[1] It's Friday evening．My daughters sighed（叹息） when I gently took the iPads away from their laps．One by one， our screens we returned off．We lit the candles and sat down to have a big meal．
[2] We call it our "Technology Shabbat"（科技安息日） which lasts from sunset（日落）on Friday to sunset on Saturday．Now most friends know they will not be able to contact（联系） us by using computers or mobile phones for 24 hours．
[3] I first understood the importance of "Technology Shabbat" in 2008， when my father had got brain cancer．Some day he would have only one good hour， and the only thing I wanted to do was to be with him．When I looked ①______my father， I turned off my mobile phone．
[4] Soon after that，my husband and I decided to turn off all the electronic things for one full day every week．
[5] During our "Technology Shabbat"，times lows down．Our Saturday snow feel like mini﹣vacations．We drive cars or ride bikes．We work in the garden， play board games and cook meals with our kids．I feel like a better mother， wife and person．
[6] Keeping a balance（平衡） between the good and the ②______of technology is important for my family．The technology helps us share knowledge and funny ideas all over the world．But the technology also takes something away from us．When we ③_____up late at night linking（连接） from website to website or sending messages， we click（点击） again and again until we have been overloaded（超负荷的）．
[7] Now we're rushing into the time full of high technology．（5）We should pay attention to what we are doing online and when we should go offline．
[8] I will always remember the most important thing in my family：Technology Shabbat．
（1）When is "Technology Shabbat" in the writer's family？（No more than 10 words）
（2）What did the writer and her husband decide to do after her father got cancer？（No more than 18 words）
（3）What's the good of technology according to the passage？（No more than 15 words）
（4）Fill in each blank with one proper word．
①
②
③
（5）Translate the underlined sentence in the seventh paragraph into Chinese．
．
（6）Do you like the idea of "Technology Shabbat"？Why or why not ？（No more than 25 words）
Erin， an American woman． was born in Kansas． In 1990， when she was thirty years old， she was in a car accident． A law company helped her after the accident ， and later she started to work for them．
Her job was to organize papers． One day Erin realized that there were lots of papers about some very sick people in a place called Hinkley． She started to look for more information about the town．
Erin worked very hard for five years．She visited lots of sick people in Hinkley and listened to their stories．All the people lived near a big factory and she discovered that there was a chemical called chromium in the local water， It was from the factory． Erin believed that the people were sick because of the chromium in their drinking water． She planned to help them．
Erin started a law case （官司） against the factory， The factory didn't agree that the people were ill because of the water， but in 1996 the judge （法官） ordered the factory to pay the people in Hinkley ＄ 500，000 each （there were about 600 sick people，so that was ＄ 333 million in total）．
In 2000， there was a film about Erin， and it was very successful． Now Erin is famous﹣ she has her own company and she gives talks all over the world．
（1）What was Erin's job in the law company？
（2）How long did it take her to look for the information about Hinkley？
（3）What did she find in the local water？
（4）What conclusion （结论） did she come to from her research？
（5）What did she do to help the sick people？
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