One reason Americans eat so many calories is that we tend to eat large portions(分量). Studies find that hamburgers and fries are generally offered in serving sizes two to five times larger than the appropriate meal size. Researchers find we usually clean our plates no matter how high they're piled, even if we already feel satisfied. See the suggestions below to further master the fine art of sizing up（估量） your snacks and suppers.
Extremely large portions are one possible reason Americans continue getting fatter even as the percentage of our total calories from fat has gone down in recent years. Fortunately, portions are relatively simple to control because it's easier to count cookies than calories or grams of fat.
Pre-picture portions. Use familiar objects to picture how much you should eat of a food before you pick up your fork or spoon. For example, a half cup of low-fat granola is about the size of your fist. A half cup of low-fat ice cream equals half an orange.
Use a smaller dish. This tip might sound ridiculous, but it works. First and most obvious is that you can't put as much food on, say, a salad plate. But psychologically, you're just not as prone to eat as heartily and quickly if your plate will be empty in 45 seconds.
Have raw vegetables at every meal. Raw cucumbers, tomatoes, carrots, and peppers have few calories and lots of nutrients. A plate of them in the middle of the table almost always gets eaten up, cutting down appetite for the more calorie-dense meat.
Start your meal with soup. Studies show that a bowl of soup at the start of the meal reduces overall meal consumption, since they are lowest in calories and highest in nutrients.
Manage your fork. After every bite of food, put your fork down. Don't pick it up until you have thoroughly chewed and swallowed the previous bite. The goal is both to slow down your eating and to eat less. Remember: Your body needs 20 minutes of digestion before it sends signals to your brain that you are no longer hungry.
| Helpful hints on how to get a handle on the how-much factor |
|
| Facts |
Hamburgers and fries served in restaurants are generally two to five times the Americans usually clean their plates |
| Effects |
Americans continue getting fatter even as they have eaten |
| a. Use b. Use a smaller dish and thus eat c. Have raw vegetables at every meal to cut down d. Start your meal with e. Put down your fork at |
请认真阅读下列短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单
词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。
Have you heard or read stories about people who are sick and have been healed by listening to music? Is it a miracle or a successful form of medicine? Can listening to music relieve pain?
Around the world，music therapy(疗法) is being used to treat different medical conditions and illnesses. Some of the ways people use music therapy are to reduce pain，such as in childbirth or during cancer treatments，or to stimulate brain activity after an injury or money loss. Music therapy has also been successful in aiding children to overcome disabilities. Children can move their bodies with the music and stamp along to the beat.
Why is music a useful therapy? Music is soothing and relaxing．but it also stimulates our brains. Emotionally and physically, we respond to the sounds of music. But the complexity of music(the different tempos，rhythms，melodies and harmonies) provokes(激发)the biggest response. Thus，classical music is most typically used for therapies due to complex sounds and patterns. Although rap or hip hop might be fun to listen to，it’s unlikely that such styles of music would produce the same kind of therapeutic effect Playing a musical instrument rather than simply listening to music can also be therapeutic for some people，helping relieve stress and anxiety
Have scientists been able to prove that music can heal disease? Music has been shown to reduce pain in cancer patients by increasing the release endorphins(内啡肽). Endorphins are the body’s natural painkillers，and when we listen to music，our brains respond by releasing these natural painkillers. It has also been known to contribute to the brain development of the babies who have just been born and even babies still in the mother’s womb. Certain types of music have also been found to lower blood pressure and slow a person’s heart rate. Many people are hopeful that music could replace the need for some medications(药物)that are normally used to treat certain illnesses. At present，music therapy is used in a variety of settings such as hospitals，rehabilitation centers，nursing homes，day cares，and schools.
Although music therapy is not yet considered a mainstream treatment，it is recognized more and more as a useful addition to traditional treatment. So next time you are feeling low or stressed out，put on some relaxing music and let the music heal you.
| Title : Music That (1)__________ |
||
| The (2) _______ of music therapy |
to treat different medical conditions and illnesses |
to reduce pain |
| to (5) _______ brain activity |
||
| to overcome(6) ________ . |
||
| How does music therapy (3) ___? |
Music is soothing and relaxing; it stimulates our brains; classical music is a(7) _____due to its complex sounds and patterns. Playing a musical instrument is also useful in (8) ______ stress and anxiety. |
|
| Scientific proofs |
Music has been shown to reduce pain in cancer patients by increasing the release of endorphins. It has also been known to contribute to the brain development of the (9) ____ babies. Certain types of music have also been found to lower blood pressure and slow a person’s heart rate. |
|
| (4) ______ |
Music therapy is recognized as a useful (10) ___to traditional treatment. |
阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在文后小题的空格里填上适当的单词或短语。 注意：每空不超过3个单词。
Colors can affect our feelings. Generally, they can be divided into four kinds. They are calm colors, warm colors, energetic colors and strong colors.
Calm colors Some colors make us feel calm and peaceful. Blue is one of those colors. Blue can also represent sadness, so you may say “I’m feeling blue” when you are feeling sad. White is another calm color. It makes you feel calm and peaceful.
Warm colors Some colors can give you a happy and satisfied feeling. Colors like orange or yellow belong to these. Orange represent joy. It can bring you success and cheer you up when you’re feeling sad. Yellow is the color of the sun and wisdom, too.
Energetic colors When you feel tired or weak, you should wear energetic colors, such as green. Green can give you energy as it is the color of nature and stand for new life and growth.
Strong colors Anyone who needs physical or mental strength should wear red clothes. Red is the color of heat and represent power and strong feelings.
Colors and feelings
| feelings |
examples |
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| calm colors |
Calm and peaceful |
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| white |
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| warm colors |
orange |
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| yellow |
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| energetic colors |
energetic |
|
| strong colors |
red |
|
| |
|
|
[1]Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious , but some types are deadly . The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is one of the most common symptoms.
[2]Certain microorganisms（微生物）cause most types of food poisoning. Bacteria and other microorganisms can poison eggs , meat , vegetables, and many other foods. After entering the body , these tiny living things release poisons that make people sick.
[3]Some chemicals can also cause food poisoning. They are often added to food while it is being grown, processed, or prepared. For example , many farmers spray chemicals on crops to kill weeds and insects. Some people may have a bad reaction to those chemicals when they eat the crops.
[4]Some plants and animals contain natural poisons that are harmful to people. These include certain kinds of seafood, grains, nuts, seeds, beans, and mushrooms.
[5]When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning . Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms. People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it. Finally, people should not eat wild mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild. Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans. In addition, some types of fish can be poisonous.
[6]Most people recover from food poisoning after a few days of resting and drinking extra water. If people eat natural poisons, they must go to the hospital right away to have their stomachs emptied.What is the purpose of the first paragraph?
Fill in the blank in paragraph 5 with proper words.(no more than 5 words)
List the causes of food poisoning.(not more than 8 words for each cause)
①
②
③ Translate the underlined sentence in the last paragraph.
What is the main idea of Paragraph 5 ?
Modern inventions have speeded up people's lives amazingly．Motor cars cover a hundred miles in lithe more than an hour，aircraft cross the world inside a day，while computers operate at lightning speed．Indeed，this love of speed seems never ending．Every year motor cars are produced which go even faster and each new computer boasts(吹嘘)of saving precious seconds in handling tasks．
All this saves time，but at a price．When we lose or gain half a day in speeding across the world in an airplane，our bodies tell us so．We get the uncomfortable feeling known as j et lag； our bodies feel that they have been left behind in another time zone．Again，spending too long at computers results in painful wrists and fingers．Mobile phones also ，according to some scientists；too much use may put harmful radiation into our brains，a consequence we do not like to think about．
However，what do we do with the time we have saved? Certainly not relax，or so it seems．We are so accustomed to constant activity that we find it difficult to sit and do nothing or even just one thing at a time．Perhaps the days are long gone when we might listen quietly to a story on the radio，letting imagination take us into another world．
There was a time when some people's lives were devoted simply to the cultivation(耕耘)of the land or the care of cattle．No multi tasking there；their lives went on at a much gentler pace，and in a familiar pattern．There is much that we might envy about a way of life like this．Yet before we do so，we must think of the hard tasks our ancestors faced：they farmed with bare hands，often lived close to hunger，and had to make tools from wood and stone. Modern machinery has freed people from that primitive existence.What's the passage mainly about?(within 10 words)
List the difficulties our ancestors met according to the text．(within 15 words)
①
②
③ Fill in the blank in the 2nd paragraph with proper words or phrases．
Why do we make new products more and more time-saving according to Paragraph 1 of this passage?
Translate the underlined sentence in the 3rd paragraph into Chinese．
In the United States，train transportation is unpopular compared with cars and airplanes．Most people like traveling by car or by air.
Officials of the United States Department of Transportation made a study in 2001．The study is about how many miles Americans traveled by different means of transportation．They only studied trips longer than 50 miles．The study showed that fifty-six percent of all miles were traveled in personal vehicle．Forty-one percent were traveled in an airplane．Two percent were traveled in a bus．And less than one percent of miles were traveled in a train.
Amtrak is the national provider of train transportation in the United States．In the past ten years，the number of its passengers has increased by eighteen percent．Although the number of passengers has increased，it is still very small now．In countries such as France，Germany，or Japan，more people use trains．
There are several reasons why many people __________________________．
Firstly，Americans love to drive their own cars．On highways，cars can travel as fast as trains．These highways connect all major cities in America．Secondly，many travelers like to be independent．When they use their own cars they can decide when to travel．Thirdly，many buses travel between major cities．Bus travel is less costly than train travel.
In a huge country like the United States，cities are far away from each other．In some cases，travel from one city to another by train may take more than a day．Airplanes can carry passengers over long distances much faster．People who do not want to spend long time traveling by train decide to fly．For these people saving time is the most important thing.What is the best title of the passage? （Please answer within 10 words.）
Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one?
It’s convenient for people to decide the start-off time when they travel in their own cars.Please fill in the blank in the fourth paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence.（Please answer within 10 words.）
What means of transportation do you like best when traveling，trains，cars，or planes? Why? （Please answer within 30 words）
Translate the underlined sentences in the last paragraph into Chinese.
Goals are the guides all through our life. We all have goals that we are moving towards and making a great effort to achieve. This is a good thing. Or can it be bad? How many of us never reach our goals and yet we have tried so hard and really thought about nothing else? I believe the mistake most of us make is that we do not focus on our present situation.
Let me explain. Most of us see our present situation as a stepping stone that we use simply as a means of reaching our final destination. We don’t take time to truly appreciate where we are today and all the great things we already have in our lives. We should focus our attention on the journey and not on the destination, or we will miss the beautiful scenery along the way.
Let’s use our job as an example. Now most of us want a promotion. We have plans to become the manager or general manager in our companies. Unfortunately, most of us will never reach the goal, but will watch others achieve our goal instead.
What we should be doing is focusing on the job we are currently in now. Forget where we want to get to and just focus on the present. You see, what we can control is our performance in our current job. We can decide to be the best we possibly can in our current job. Now this may mean further education to have the skills we currently do not have. It may mean working harder to produce better results than our colleagues. It could simply be a change of attitude, such as stopping complaining and becoming a more devoted and supportive employee. By doing our current job to the best of our abilities, we in fact give ourselves the best chance of promotion.
So the best thing for all of us to do to achieve our goals is to just focus on what we have and where we are now. Do the best and be the best we possibly can in our current situations, and we will give ourselves the very best chance of reaching our goals in the future. We have heard the old sayings and they are true: “Rome wasn’t built in a day.”, “Patience is a virtue”, and so on.
Have patience, have appreciation of what we already have, and take time to help ourselves be the very best we can. Do these things and we will all reach our goals, but more importantly, we will enjoy our life every day.
| Title |
Focus on the present |
| Theme |
To (76) ______ our goals, we should focus on what we have and where we are now. |
| Common (77)______ |
﹡We do not focus on our present situation. ﹡Most of us see our present situation as a stepping stone to our final destination. ﹡We do not spend the time truly (78)______ where we are today and what we already have in our lives. |
| (79)______—our job |
﹡(80)______ the thought of getting promoted. What we should do is (81)______ our best to do our current job. ﹡To be the best in our current job, we should get further education, work harder than (82)______, stop complaining and (83)______ ourselves to our job. |
| Conclusion |
If we are (84)______, grateful for what we have, and take time to help ourselves be the very best we can, we can not only (85)______ in the future, but also enjoy our life every day. |
Hair loss can be an emotionally troubling experience for some women. Luckily, experts do have suggestions on how to treat and prevent this condition.
According to Dr. Robert Jones of the Hair Transplant Center in Oakville, ON, hair loss in women is largely genetically determined—he estimates that nearly 80 to 90 percent of hair loss in both men and women is due to a family history of the condition. But some women can experience hair loss as the result of a thyroid dysfunction, pregnancy hormones or because of side effects of medicines such as antidepressants and birth control pills. Nick Dimakos, founder of SureThik International in Toronto, agrees stress and lower-than-normal levels of estrogen (雌性激素) are other contributing factors to hair loss in females. Low levels of iron and over-use of chemical hair products such as artificial dyes (染料) can also lead to thinning hair, which can be especially difficult for women, for whom hair loss is much less socially acceptable than it is for men. “Women lose about 25 percent of their hair before even noticing there’s a problem,” Dimakos says. “It can be devastating (毁灭性的) for them.”
There is no surefire (一定成功的) way to prevent hair loss, but there are steps you can take to reduce the amount of hair you lose. Dimakos recommends visiting your doctor because early discovery and treatment can prevent unnecessary hair loss. He also recommends using mild hair products, avoiding hair dyes or extensions, avoiding smoking and taking vitamin B12 if you suspect hair loss may be in your future. Wearing hair in a ponytail (马尾辫) or braid (辫子) regularly can also lead to weakened hair that is likely to fall out, so it may be best to avoid wearing these styles too often.
Of course, if your hair begins to lose, you’d better seek treatment.
• Hair transplants
Very few women turn to hair transplants because unlike men, women suffering from hair loss usually have thinning hair all over their heads rather than only in one area. If there is not enough hair somewhere else on the head that can be taken to fill in the gaps, a transplant cannot be performed.
• Minoxidil
Found in Rogaine, an over-the-counter (OTC) product, this is a medicine that lowers blood pressure. But it can also slow down or stop hair loss, says Dimakos. This option may work for some women, but it is important to consult your physician before taking any type of medication.
| The truth about hair loss in women |
||
| What (71) hair loss? |
(72) factor |
A large (73) of hair loss is due to a family history of the condition. |
| Health condition and stress |
A thyroid dysfunction, stress, pregnancy hormones and low levels of estrogen and iron all lead to hair loss. |
|
| Side effects of medicines |
Some medicines lead to hair loss. |
|
| Chemical hair products |
Over-use of such products may cause hair to (74) . |
|
| Women’s ignorance |
About 25 percent of their hair is lost before women (75) there is a problem. |
|
| How can you prevent hair loss? |
Visit the doctor. |
Doctors may help you (76) it early and treat hair loss in time. |
| Adopt a healthy (77) . |
Avoid smoking and take vitamin B12. Avoid hair dyes or extensions. |
|
| Wear your hair properly. |
Avoid wearing hair in a ponytail or braid (78) . |
|
| How can you (79) hair loss? |
Hair transplants |
A transplant can be performed if there is enough hair somewhere else on the head that can be taken to fill in the gaps. |
| Minoxidil |
The medicine can slow down or stop hair loss if (80) properly. |
认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：每个空格只填1个单词。请将答案写在答题卡相应题号的横线上。
The standard of living of any country means the average person's share of the goods and services which the country produces. A country’s standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its ability to produce wealth. "Wealth" in this sense is not money, for we do not live on money but on things that money can buy, “goods” such as food and clothing, and "services" such as transport and entertainment.
A country's ability to produce wealth depends upon many factors, most of which have an effect on one another. Wealth depends to a very large degree upon a country's natural resources, such as coal, gold, and other minerals, water supply and so on. Some regions of the world are well supplied with coal and minerals, and have a fertile (肥沃的)soil and a favorable climate; other regions possess perhaps only one of these things, and some regions possess none of them. The USA is one of the wealthiest regions of the world because she has vast natural resources within her borders(边疆), her soil is fertile, and her climate is of great variety. The Sahara Desert, on the other hand, is one of the least wealthy.
Next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to use. Sound and stable (稳定的)political conditions, and freedom from foreign invasion(侵略), enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily, and to produce more wealth than another country equally well served by nature but less well ordered.
Another important factor is the technical efficiency(效能) of a country's people. Old countries that have, through many centuries, trained up numerous(无数的) skilled craftsmen and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely unskilled.
Wealth also produces wealth. As a country becomes wealthier, its people have a large margin(富余)for saving, and can put their savings(储蓄) into factories and machines which will help workers to turn out more goods in their working day.
| Title |
People's (1)_____ standard |
| Meaning |
The average share of the goods and services for people (2) _____ by the country. |
| Some factors that (3) _____ the standard of living of any country |
▲ Wealth depends (4) _____ upon a country's natural resources such as coal, gold, other minerals, water supply and a fertile soil and a favorable climate ▲ Next to natural resources comes the ability to turn (5) _____ resources to use. ▲ The (6) _____ efficiency of a country's people is another important factor |
| The comparison between the USA and the Sahara Desert |
▲ The USA has vast natural resources, her soil is fertile, and it has (7) _____ climate ▲ The Sahara Desert, on the other hand, is one of the (8) _____ |
| The (9) _____ of wealth |
▲ Wealth also produces wealth. ▲ Wealthy people can put their savings into factories and machines which will help workers to (10) _____ out more goods in their working day. |
Made In The USA: An Export Boom
In his State of the Union address two years ago, President Obama argued that in order to recover from the economic recession, one of the few things the U．S. needed to do was to export more goods around the world. That night, the president unveiled a new goal: to double U．S. exports over the next five years. It would be an increase that the president said would “support two million jobs in America.”
Most economists dismissed the promise at the time as something unrealistic, but two years later, the U．S. is on pace to meet that goal. American exports are up 34 percent since the president gave that speech, and the number continues to rise.
Competitive In A Global Market
Marlin Steel, a metal working business in Baltimore, makes parts that ship all across the world.“We export to 36 countries，” owner Drew Greenblatt tells All Things Considered Host Guy Raz.“We're working around the clock, and we're growing.”
It's not just advanced manufacturing exports on the rise, but pork, cattle and all kinds of agricultural exports are up as well. Even American craft beer has found an export market.
Flying Dog CEO Jim Caruso says that increasingly, people all over the world are trying the beer from the Maryland－based brewery. Caruso says，“Even in those top beer－producing countries, a competitive American product is finding a market.”
Services Are Exports, Too
Another place exports are coming from is New York City—in particular, the 30th floor of a Manhattan skyscraper on 5th Avenue and 52nd Street. That's where the consulting firm Kurt Solomon lies. It doesn't actually produce a product for export; it provides management advice and strategy.
“Four out of every five Americans is now employed in the service industry，” the nation's top trade official, Ron Kirk says, “Services are a significant part of our exports, and make up about a quarter of our exported goods.” These services can include everything from legal consulting, finance, information technology and even engineering.
And There Are Other Factors
So why has there been an increase of more than 30 percent for exports in almost everything? Part of the increase, at least for the manufacturing side, is due to better technology, says Tyler Cowen, an economist.“A lot of it is being driven by smart machines，” he tells Raz，“The U．S. has high wage rates, which is a disadvantage, but if machines are doing a lot of the work, that doesn't matter.”
China factors a lot in America's export economy, too.“Wages in China have been going up as the country becomes more productive. Thus China is losing the cheap labor advantage it has held for some time.” Cowen says.
Will Jobs Grow, too?
“Companies have become more productive by dismissing workers and lowering costs.”Cowen says.“So I don't view exporting as a way of creating a very large number of jobs, but it will create more profits.”
So not every business or worker is necessarily benefiting from the export boom in the U．S., and Cowen says that could ultimately lead to a polarization(两极) of economic outcomes.
Made In the USA: An Export Boom
| Outline |
Details |
|
| The purpose of increasing exports |
*To help America make a (1)______ from the economic recession *To help raise the nation's (2)______ rate |
|
| The current situation |
*American exports have risen (3)______ thirty－four percent up to now *There has been an increase in exports in everything *The export boom does not necessarily (4)______ every business or worker |
|
| (5)______ contributing to the export boom |
(6)______products |
Even in those top beer－producing countries, people try craft beer from Flying Dog, a brewery (7)______ in Maryland |
| Various products |
A variety of products are provided around the world，services (8)______ for 25% |
|
| Lower costs |
*(9)______ take the place of labor, helping companies reduce wages *China, who used to take (10)______ of cheap labor, has given way to America in exports to some extent because of its increasing production |
[1] The health of our children and young people matters to us, and it matters to them. We should help them understand what makes and keeps them healthy and what to do when they have worries, are not feeling so good, or are simply ill.
[2] While health promotion, the process of enabling people to manage and improve their own health, plays a key role. a key significant and early point of private contact with health services for a teenager is their GP. While GPs continue to improve in terms of their confidence and ability to make a child patient feel comfortable, it is not yet a guaranteed good experience for teenagers—they may not always while talking to a doctor and some express feeling embarrassed while seeking advice from their GP
[3] Thus, two changes are required Firstly, better professional development. GPs do have some training in child development but it is not enough After all, learning how to talk to 12-18 year olds, and even more importantly, how to listen to what they have to say and encourage them to speak up; and to be confident that they understand what is said to them before they leave, takes time Secondly, we can include young people as the "teachers" here to help GPs learn how to interact effectively with their younger patients. GPs would benefit from feedback about their manners, the quality and simplicity of their communication and their way of explaining treatments and next steps - going beyond theory to learning by doing.
[4] In addition. children and young people are those with the time and energy to put into making our communities healthy. As enthusiastic learners, teenagers contribute through voluntary activities far more than adults and are deeply interested in the health services. And in doing so they are able to educate themselves in ways which can change lives.What's the author's purpose of writing this passage? (no more than 15 words )
Fill in the blank in Paragraph 2 with proper words. (no more than 3 words)
What's the meaning of the underlined word "interact" in Paragraph 3? (no more than 3 words)
Complete the following statement according to Paragraph 4. (no more than 5 words)
Young people can make contributions to the health services by_______ ____.Du you think teenagers should participate in the health services? State your reasons.(no more than 20 words)
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