高中英语试题

Before the 1830s，most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America， usually ﹩8 to ﹩10 a year． Today ﹩8 or ﹩10 seems a small amount of money， but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens． Accordingly， newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades． In addition， most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience． They were dull and visually forbidding． But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that．

The trend， then， was toward the "penny paper"﹣a term referring to papers made widely available to the public． It meant any inexpensive newspaper； perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street．

This development did not take place overnight． It had been possible（but not easy）to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830，but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer's office to purchase a copy． Street sales were almost unknown． However， within a few years， street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities． At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny﹣usually two or three cents was charged﹣and some of the older well﹣known papers charged five or six cents． But the phrase "penny paper " caught the public's fancy， and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny．

This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well． Some of the early ventures（企业）were immediate failures． Publishers already in business， people who were owners of successful papers， had little desire to change the tradition． It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling．

（1）Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s？ 　 　

A．	Academic．
B．	Unattractive．
C．	Inexpensive．
D．	Confidential．

（2）What did street sales mean to newspapers？ 　　

A．	They would be priced higher．
B．	They would disappear from cities．
C．	They could have more readers．
D．	They could regain public trust．

（3）Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at？ 　 　

A．	Local politicians．
B．	Common people．
C．	Young publishers．
D．	Rich businessmen．

（4）What can we say about the birth of the penny paper？ 　　

A．	It was a difficult process．
B．	It was a temporary success．
C．	It was a robbery of the poor．
D．	It was a disaster for printers．

For Western designers， China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative．

"It's no secret that China has always been a source（来源）of inspiration for designers，" says Amanda Hill， chief creative officer at A+E Networks， a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion（时尚）shows．

Earlier this year， the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China﹣inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art， with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics（美学）on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries． The exhibition had record attendance， showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences．

"China is impossible to overlook，" says Hill． "Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world， which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion ﹣ they are central to its movement． "Of course， not only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China﹣some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese．" Vera Wang， Alexander Wang， Jason Wu are taking onGalliano， Albaz， Marc Jacobs﹣and beating them hands down in design and sales，" adds Hill．

For Hill， it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion． "The most famous designers are Chinese， so are the models， and so are the consumers，" she says． "China is no longer just another market； in many senses it has become the market． If you talk about fashion today， you are talking about China﹣its influences， its direction， its breathtaking clothes， and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways．"

（1）What can we learn about the exhibition in New York？ 　 　

A．	It promoted the sales of artworks．
B．	It attracted a large number of visitors．
C．	It showed ancient Chinese clothes．
D．	It aimed to introduce Chinese models．

（2）What does Hill say about Chinese women？ 　　

A．	They are setting the fashion．
B．	They start many fashion campaigns．
C．	They admire super models．
D．	They do business all over the world．

（3）What do the underlined words"taking on" in paragraph 4 mean？ 　　

A．	learning from
B．	looking down on
C．	working with
D．	competing against

（4）What can be a suitable title for the text？ 　　

A．	Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B．	A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C．	Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D．	Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends

OPENINGS AND PREVIEWS

Animals Out of Paper

Yolo！Productions and the Great Griffon present the play by Rajiv Joseph，in which an origami（折纸术）artist invites a teenage talent and his teacher into her studio． Merri Milwe directs． In previews． Opens Feb.12．（West Park Presbyterian Church，165 W.86th St.212﹣868﹣4444．）

The Audience

Helen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan，about Queen Elizabeth II of the UK and her private meetings with twelve Prime Ministers in the course of sixty years． Stephen Daldry directs． Also starring Dylan Baker and Judith Ivey． Previews begin Feb.14．（Schoenfeld，236 W.45th St.212﹣239﹣6200．）

Hamilton

Lin﹣Manuel Miranda wrote this musical about Alexander Hamilton，in which the birth of America is presented as an immigrant story． Thomas Kail directs． In previews． Opens Feb.17．（Public，425 Lafayette St.212﹣967﹣7555．）

On the Twentieth Century

Kristin Chenoweth and Peter Gallagher star in the musical comedy by Betty Comden and Adolph Green，about a Broadway producer who tries to win a movie star's love during a cross﹣country train journey． Scott Ellis directs，for Roundabout Theatre Company． Previews begin Feb.12．（American Airlines Theatre，227 W.42nd St.212﹣719﹣1300．）

（1）What is the play by Rajiv Joseph probably about？ 　　

A．	A type of art．
B．	A teenager's studio．
C．	A great teacher．
D．	A group of animals．

（2）Who is the director of The Audience？ 　　

A．	Helen Mirren．
B．	Peter Morgan．
C．	Dylan Baker．
D．	Stephen Daldry．

（3）Which play will you go to if you are interested in American history？ 　　

A．	Animals Out of Paper．
B．	The Audience．
C．	Hamilton．
D．	On the Twentieth Century．

假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文．文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处．每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改．

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词．

删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉．

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词．

注意：1．每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

2．只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分．

I became interesting in playing football thanks to a small accident． One afternoon where I was in primary school， I was walking by the school playground． Suddenly football fell just in front of me but almost hit me． I stopped the ball and kicked it hardly back to the playground． To everyone′s surprising， the ball went into the net． All the football player on the playground cheered loudly， say that I had a talent for football． From now on， I started to play my football with classmates after school． I am a good player now．

The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland． While they are rare north of 88°，there is evidence（1） 　 　they range all the way across the Arctic， and as far south as James Bay in Canada． It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been（2） 　 　（poor） studied； however， biologists calculate that there are about 20，000﹣25，000 polar bears worldwide．

Modern methods（3） 　 　 tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid﹣1980s，and are expensive（4） 　 　 （perform） consistently over a large area． In recent years some Inuit people in Nunayut（5） 　 　 （report） increases in bear sightings around human settlements， leading to a（6） 　 　 （believe） that populations are increasing． Scientists have responded by （7） 　 　 （note） that hungry bears may be congregating（聚集） around human settlements， leading to the illusion（错觉） that populations are（8） 　 　 （high） than they actually are． Of（9） 　 　 nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations， three are declining， six（10） 　 　 （be） stable， one is increasing， and nine lack enough data．

During the rosy years of elementary school（小学）， I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes， which allowed me to keep my high social status． I was the queen of the playground． Then came my tweens and teens， and mean girls and cool kids． They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes， breaking rules and playing jokes on others， among whom I soon found myself．

Popularity is a well﹣explored subject in social psychology． Mitch Prinstein， a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories： the likable and the status seekers． The likables' plays﹣well﹣with﹣others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships， jump﹣start interpersonal skills and， when tapped early， are employed ever after in life and work． Then there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence： status born of power and even dishonorable behavior．

Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed， Dr． Prinstein's studies show unpleasant consequences． Those who were highest in status in high school， as well as those least liked in elementary school， are "most likely to engage（从事）in dangerous and risky behavior．"

In one study， Dr． Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents， scoring the least liked， the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys（调查研究）． "We found that the least well﹣liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates． But so had those who were high in status． It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment， high status has just the opposite effect on us．"

Dr． Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date﹣sharing， kindness， openness ﹣ carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others．

In analyzing his and other research，Dr． Prinstein came to another conclusion： Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes， but it is also responsible for those outcomes， too． "Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage， " he said．

（1）What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school？ 　 　

A． Unkind．

B． Lonely．

C． Generous．

D． Cool．

（2）What is the second paragraph mainly about？ 　 　

A． The classification of the popular．

B． The characteristics of adolescents．

C． The importance of interpersonal skills．

D． The causes of dishonorable behavior．

（3）What did Dr． Prinstein's study find about the most liked kids？ 　 　

A． They appeared to be aggressive．

B． They tended to be more adaptable．

C． They enjoyed the highest status．

D． They performed well academically．

（4）What is the best title for the text？ 　 　

A． Be Nice﹣You Won't Finish Last

B． The Higher the Status， the Better

C． Be the Best﹣You Can Make It

D． More Self﹣Control， Less Aggressiveness

As data and identity theft becomes more and more common， the market is growing for biometric（生物测量）technologies﹣like fingerprint scans﹣to keep others out of private e﹣spaces． At present， these technologies are still expensive， though．

Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low﹣cost device（装置）that gets around this problem： a smart keyboard． This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence（节奏）with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key． The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses． These patterns are unique to each person． Thus， the keyboard can determine people's identities， and by extension， whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to﹣regardless of whether someone gets the password right．

It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with． Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently．

In a study describing the technology， the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word "touch"four times using the smart keyboard． Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed， with very low error rates． The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive， plastic﹣like parts． The team hopes to make it to market in the near future．

（1）Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard？ 　 　

A． To reduce pressure on keys．

B． To improve accuracy in typing．

C． To replace the password system．

D． To cut the cost of e﹣space protection．

（2）What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？ 　 　

A． Computers are much easier to operate．

B． Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast．

C． Typing patterns vary from person to person．

D． Data security measures are guaranteed．

（3）What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？ 　 　

A．It'll be environment﹣friendly．

B．It'll reach consumers soon．

C．It'll be made of plastics．

D．It'll help speed up typing．

（4）Where is this text most likely from？ 　 　

A．A diary．

B．A guidebook．

C．A novel．

D．A magazine．

For Canaan Elementary's second grade in Patchogue， N．Y．，today is speech day ，and right now it's Chris Palaez's turn． The 8﹣year﹣old is the joker of the class． With shining dark eyes， he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking．

But he's nervous．"I'm here to tell you today why you should …should…"Chris trips on the"﹣ld，"a pronunciation difficulty for many non﹣native English speakers． His teacher ，Thomas Whaley ，is next to him， whispering support．"…Vote for …me …"Except for some stumbles， Chris is doing amazingly well． When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion ，Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him．

A son of immigrants， Chris started learning English a little over three years ago． Whaley recalls（回想起）how at the beginning of the year，when called upon to read，Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom．

Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience． What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes． "It takes a lot for any student，" Whaley explains，"especially for a student who is learning English as their new language，to feel confident enough to say，'I don't know，but I want to know．'"

Whaley got the idea of this second﹣grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president． The answer broke his heart． Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public． He wants these kids to learn to boast（夸耀）about themselves．

"Boasting about yourself，and your best qualities，" Whaley says，"is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident．"

（1）What made Chris nervous？ 　 　

A． Telling a story．

B． Making a speech．

C． Taking a test．

D． Answering a question．

（2）What does the underlined word "stumbles" in paragraph 2 refer to？ 　 　

A． Improper pauses．

B． Bad manners．

C． Spelling mistakes．

D． Silly jokes．

（3）We can infer that the purpose of Whaley's project is to 　 　．

A． help students see their own strengths

B． assess students' public speaking skills

C． prepare students for their future jobs

D． inspire students' love for politics

（4）Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher？ 　 C 　

A． Humorous．

B． Ambitious．

C． Caring．

D． Demanding．

Need a Job This Summer？

The provincial government and its partners offer many programs to help students find summer jobs． The deadlines and what you need to apply depend on the program．

Not a student？ Go to the government website to learn about programs and online tools available to help people under 30 build skills， find a job or start businesses all year round．

Jobs for Youth

If you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province， you could be eligible（符合条件）for this program， Which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training．

Who is eligible： Youth 15﹣18 years old in select communities（社区）．

Summer Company

Summer Company provides students with hands﹣on business training and awards of up to ＄3，000 to start and run their own summer businesses．

Who is eligible： Students aged 15﹣29， returning to school in the fall．

Stewardship Youth Ranger Program

You could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer．

Who is eligible： Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire， but not turning 18 before December 31 this year．

Summer Employment Opportunities（机会）

Through the Summer Employment Opportunities program， students are hired each year in a variety of summer positions across the Provincial Public Service， its related agencies and community groups．

Who is eligible： Students aged 15 or older． Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability．

（1）What is special about Summer Company？ 　 　

A． It requires no training before employment．

B． It provides awards for running new businesses．

C． It allows one to work in the natural environment．

D． It offers more summer job opportunities．

（2）What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program？ 　 　

A．15﹣18．

B．15﹣24．

C．15﹣29．

D．16﹣17．

（3）Which program favors the disabled？ 　 　

A． Jobs for Youth．

B． Summer Company．

C． Stewardship Youth Ranger Program．

D． Summer Employment Opportunities．

下面短文中有10处语言错误．请在有错误的地方增加、删减或修改某个单词．

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写上该加的词．

删除：把多余的词用斜线（/）划掉．

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写上修改后的词．

注意：1．每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

2．只允许修改10处，多着（从第11处起）不计分．

When I was a very young children，my father created a regular practice I remember well years late．Every time he arrived home at end of the day，we'd greet her at the door．He would ask who we was and pretend not to knowing us，Then he and my mother would have had a drink while she prepared dinner and they would talk about his day and hers．While they chat，my father would lift my sister and me up to sit in the top of the fridge．It was both excited and frightening to be up there！

My sister and I thought he was so cool for putting us there．

A．	Get involved in student activities
B．	Your voice is actually super important
C．	There is a significant increase of opportunities
D．	Stay in active communication with your friends
E．	Get smart about the people who you spend your time with
F．	Your major does not matter as much in your first of college

Five Things Nobody Told Me about College

As I type this，I am in my university dorm room．A year ago，when I was awaiting to hear the results of my college applications，I often went to websites for some type of insider look on what college would be like．However，there's only so much that prep books，websites，and older friends can teach．Here are the top 5things nobody told me about college：

（61） 　 　

Nobody entering a university knows exactly what they want to study．If they tell you otherwise，they're lying and will probably change what they want to purse within the first quarter of attendance．During my first quarter at University of California，Riverside （UCR），I thought that I wanted to study Political Science with its focus on International Affairs，so that's what I applied for．However，once I worked with statewide and local government，I realized that a better fit for me would be Public Policy，and now I am in the process of changing my area．

（62） 　 　

In college，there are so many good chances for you to meet your expectations．However，there is a very important difference between wanting to do something and applying for something．In order for you to take advantage of the conferences，research，internships（实习），and fellowships that your university offers，apply!Step into your academic advisor's office，introduce yourself，and begin making the valuable connections that are necessary to help during the rest of your college career．Great things happen when you step out of your comfort zone，and you would be surprised on how many chances exist if you just ask．

（63） 　 　

College is where you meet your birdesmaids，neighbors，and potential bosses．The relationships you develop now will probably be linked to the ones you value later，so he wise about the people who you invest yourself in．You are only one person，and you do not have time to waste on people who would rather cause drama or mess up with your purpose．Surround yourself with uplifting individuals who challenge you to be better while loving you for who you are，and be patient to the people who are the complete opposite of that description．

（64） 　 　

As a first﹣year，I was afraid to make any noise towards campus issues that I noticed．It was not until I became involved in student government that I gained the confidence to handle projects that I created with the help of ASUCR Office of the President．During my first quarter，I spoke directly to the Chancellor（校长），asking him for support towards my initiavives（提议），met with the Vive Chancellors，and coorerated with my teaching assistances to begin my undergraduate research protect．Nothing good will happen when you are silent．

（65） 　 　

At my high school，there were about only four active club and organizations that students could be a part of．Imagine my surprise when I stepped foot onto UCR's capus，where over 400organizations exist，ranging from political organizations to karate club．You are not paying all or your tuition（学费）to merely go to class，study，pass tests and graduate．Make something worthy out of your experience．Create that you will want to tell your grandchildren one day．It all begins here，by signing up to join an organization．

Two things changed my life：my mother and a white plastic bike basket．I have thought long and hard about it and it's true．I would be a different person if my mom hadn't turned a silly bicycle accessory into a life lesson I carry with me today．

My mother and father were united in their way of raising children，but it mostly fell to my mother to actually carry it out．Looking back，I honestly don't know how she did it．Managing the family budget must have been a very hard task．，but she made it look effortless．If we complained about not having what another kid did，we'd hear something like，"I don't care what so﹣and﹣so got for his birthday，you are not getting a TV in your room a car for your birthday a lsvish sweet 16party．"We had to earn our allowance（零用钱） by doing chores around the house．I can stil l remember how long it took to polish the legs of our coffee table．My brothers can no doubt remember hours spent cleaning the house．Like the two little girls growing up at the White House，we made our own beds （no one left the house unitil that was done）and picked up after ourselves．We had to keep track of our belongings，and if something was lost，it was not replaced．

It was summer and，one day，my mother drove me to the bike shop to get a tire fixed﹣﹣﹣and there it was in the window，White，shiny，plastic and decorated with flowers，the basket winked at me and I knew﹣﹣﹣﹣I knew﹣﹣﹣I had to have it．

"It's beautiful，"my mother said when I pointed it out to her，"What a neat basket．"

I tried to hold off at first，I played it cool for a short while．But then Iguess I couldn't atand it any longer："Mon，please can I please，please get it？I'll do extra chores for as long as you say，I'll do anything，but I need that basket，I love that basket．Please，Mom．Please？"

I was desperate．

"You know，"she said，gently rubbing my back while we both stared at what I believes was the coolest thing ever，"If you save up you could buy this yourself．"

"By the time I make enough it'll bu gone!"

"Maybe Roger here could hold it for you，"she smiled at Roger，the bike guy．

"He can't hold it for that long，Mom．Someone else will buy it．Please，Mom，Please？"

"There might be another way，"she said．

And so our paying plan unfolded．My mother bought the beautiful basket and put it safely in some hiding place I could't find．Each week I eagerly counted my growing saving increased by extra work here and there （washing the car，helping my mother make dinner，delivering or collevting things on my bike that already looked nakedwithout the basket in front）．And then，weeks later，I counted，re﹣counted and jumped for joy．Oh，happy day!I made it!I finally had the exact amount we'd agreed upon…．

Days later the unthinkable happened．A neighborhood girl I'd played with millions of times appeared with the exact same basket fixted to her shiny，new bike that already had all the bells and whistles．I rode hard and fast home to tell my mother about this disaster．This horrible turn of events．

And then came the lesson．I've taken with me through my life："Honey，Your basket is extra﹣special，"Mom said，gently wiping away my hot tears．"Your basket is special because you paid for it yourself．"

55．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs？ 　 　

A．	The children enjoyed doing housework．
B．	The author came from s well﹣off family
C．	The mother raised her children in an unusual way
D．	The children were fond of the US president's daughters．

56．When the author saw the basket in the window，she 　 　．

A．	fell in love with it
B．	stared at her mother
C．	recognized it at once
D．	went up to the bike guy

57．Why did the author say many"please"to her mother？ 　 　

A．	She longed to do extra work．
B．	She was eager to have the basket．
C．	She felt tired after standing too long．
D．	She wanted to be polite to her mother．

58．By using"naked"（Paragraph 12），the author seems to stress that the basket was 　 　

A．	something she could afford
B．	something important to her
C．	something impossible to get
D．	something she could do without

59．To the author，it seemed to be a horrible turn of events that 　 　

A．	something spoiled her paying plan
B．	the basket cost more than she had saved
C．	a neighborhood girl had bought a new bike
D．	someone else had got a basket of the same kind

60．What is the life lesson the author learned from her mother？ 　 　

A．	Save money for a rainy day
B．	Good advice is beyond all price．
C．	Earn your bread with your sweat
D．	God helps those who help themselves．

A scientist working at her lab bench and a six﹣old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common．After all，the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world，and the baby is，well，just playing…right？Perhaps，but some developmental psychologists （心理学家）have argued that this"play"is more like a scientific investigation than one might think．

Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table．Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge，it falls in the ground﹣﹣﹣and，in the process，it brings out important evidence about how physical objects interact（相互作用）； bowls of rice do not float in mid﹣are，but require support to remain stable．It is likely that babies are not born knowing this basic fact of the universe；nor are they ever clearly taught it．Instead，babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact．Though their ranges and tools differ，the baby's investigation and the scientist's experiment appear to share the same aim（to learn about the natural world ），overall approach （gathering direct evidence from the world），and logic （are my observations what I expected？）．

Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way﹣﹣﹣that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means．For example，it may only be through repeated experiments，evidence gathering，and finally overturning a theory，that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has，for example，unlike the child，Mommy actually doesn't like Dove chocolate．

Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn，but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists．Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike？Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort﹣﹣﹣the desire to explore，explain，and understand our world﹣﹣﹣is simply something that comes from our babyhood．Perhaps evolution provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds，and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children．The same cognitive systems that make young children feel good about feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists．As some psychologists put it，"It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children．"

50．According to some developmental psychologists， 　 　

A．	a baby's play is nothing more than a game．
B．	scientific research into babies； games is possible
C．	the nature of babies'play has been thoroughly investigated
D．	a baby's play is somehow similar to a scientist's experiment

51．We learn from Paragraph 2 that 　 　

A．	scientists and babies seem to observe the world differently
B．	scientists and babies often interact with each other
C．	babies are born with the knowledge of object support
D．	babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do

52．Children may learn the rules of language by 　 　

A．	exploring the physical world
B．	investigating human psychology
C．	repeating their own experiments
D．	observing their parents'behaviors

53．What is the main idea of the last paragraph？ 　 　

A．	The world may be more clearly explained through children's play．
B．	Studying babies'play may lead to a better understanding of science．
C．	Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists．
D．	One's drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows．

54．What is the author's tone when he discusses the connection between scientists'research and babies'play？ 　 　

A．	Convincing．	B．	Confused．
C．	Confident．	D．	Cautious．

46．Suppose you are doing research on children's relationship skills，you may want to read 　 　．

A．	Circle Time for Young Children
B．	Children with School Problems：A Phsysician's Manual
C．	Education and Disaddvantaged Children and Young People
D．	Build It，Make It，Do It，Play It!Guides for Children and Teens

47．Which book would you recommend to someone interested in children's mental imanges？ 　 　

A．	Connecting Animals and Children in Early Childhood．
B．	Songs in Their Heads：Music and Its Meaning in children's Lives．
C．	Big Ideas for Little Kids：Teaching Philosophy Through children's Literature．
D．	Young Children as Artists：Art and Design in the Early Years and Key Stage 1．

48．How many books published in 2015  are found in this search？ 　 　

A．	9．	B．	90．
C．	118．	D．	290．

49．Children with School Problems：A Phsysician's Manual is most likely intended for 　 　．

A．	educators	B．	librarians
C．	doctors	D．	artists．

"Did you hear what happened to Adam Last Friday？"Lindsey whipers to Tori．

With her eyes shining，Tori brags，"You bet I did，Sean told me two days ago．"

Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about？It just happens to be yours truly，Adam Freedmam，I can tell you that what they are saying is （a） not nice and （b） not even true．Still，Lindsey and Tori aren't very different from most students here at Linton Higt School，including me．Many of our conversations are gossip（闲话）．I have noticed three effects of gossip：it can hurt people，it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction，and it can cause social pressures in a group．

An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about．Usually，gossip spreads information about a topic﹣breakups，trouble at home，even dropping out﹣that a person would rather keep secret．The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is，the juicier the gossip it makes．Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie．People often think of gossipers as harmless，but cruel lies can cause pain．

If we know that gossip can be harmful，then why do so many of us do it？Tht answer lies in another effect of gossip：the satisfaction it gives us．Sharing the latest rumor（传言）can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don't．Similarly，hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the"in group．"In other words，gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority（优越感）．

Gossip also can have a third effect：it strengthens unwritten，unspoken rules about how people should act．Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group．Translated into high school terms，this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said，then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention．The do's and don'ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook．

The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation．The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news，thing about why you want to gossip and what effects your"juicy story"might have．

41．The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passahe to 　 　．

A．	introduce a topic
B．	present an argument
C．	describe the characters
D．	clarify his writing purpose

42．An important negative effects of gossip is that it 　 　．

A．	breaks up relationships
B．	embarrasses the listener
C．	spreads information around
D．	causes unpleasant experiences

43．In the author's opinion，many people like to gossip because it 　 　．

A．	gives them a feeling of pleasure
B．	helps them to make more friends
C．	makes them better at telling stories
D．	enables them to meet important people

44．Professor David Wilson thinks that gossip can 　 　．

A．	provide students with written rules
B．	help people watch their own behaviors
C．	force school to impove student handbooks
D．	attract the police's attention to group behaviors

45．What advice does the author give in the passage？ 　 　

A．	Never become a gossiper
B．	Stay away from gossipers
C．	Don't let gossip turn into lies
D．	Think twice before you gossip．