Culture means any human behavior that is learned in human society. All of the meaningful parts of a culture are passed on to different generations through tradition or social learning. Culture exists in agricultural as well as industrialized societies.
Culture is necessary for the survival and existence of human beings as human beings. Practically everything humans know, think, value, feel, and do is learned through taking part in a sociocultural system. Here is one of the cases of children growing up apart from human society. In the province of Midnapore in India, the director of a children’s home was told by local villagers that there were “ghost” in the forest. Upon looking into the case, the director found that two children, one about eight years old and the other about six years old, appeared to have been living a pack of wolves in the forest.
In his diary, the director describes his first view of Kamala (as the older child was named) and Amala ( the name given to the younger child):
Kamala was a terrible-looking being, the head, a big ball of something covering the shoulders. Their eyes were bright and sharp, unlike human eyes. They were very fond of raw meat and raw milk. Gradually, as they got stronger, they began going on all fours, and afterwards began to run on all fours, just like squirrels.
Children learn human language in the same way they learn other kinds of human behavior——by taking part in a cultural community.
| A．From this viewpoint, all human groups have a culture. |
| B．Close at its heels there came another terrible creature exactly like the first, but smaller in size. |
| C．Human beings can only develop human abilities by the local people. |
| D．This statement is well supported by some well-written cases. |
E. These children were the ghosts described by the local people.
F. Culture refers only to the high art and classical music of a particular society.
G. They learn a certain human languages as well as certain kinds of human behavior through their membership in a certain cultural community.
Even if you think that your parents are mean-spirited at times，loving your parents is a normal and fulfilling part of life. You love them for the fact that they created you, raised you, and are in part a source of who you are. Here are some ways to love your parents. A gentle “good morning” and “I love you” will warm a coldest heart. Remember that they brought you into this world. Without your parents，you might still wander at an unknown corner in an unknown world.
Respect them more and cherish these moments. You can use these moments to learn from them. It’s OK to get angry but angry actions don’t help you or your parents. Act calmly, cool off, journal about your feelings, or talk to a friend.
Obey their requests. It will make your attitude better and earn you more respect from them. It may seem like you are going through hell when you don’t get what you want. However, you had better remember they keep a roof over your head when it’s cold, raining, snowing, or too hot. Understand that parents are human beings and make mistakes. . Since you can forgive your friends, why not forgive your parents?
Keep company with them. Do things with your parents like watching TV, or go somewhere with them. . Listen to their old stories and learn from them. You will find they are your teachers in this way or another.
Some people simply may not be able to love their parents. . Seek help if you are being abused in any way. Parents do not have a right to harm you.
| A．There can be realistic reasons for this，family violence for example. |
| B．Anyway，spend as much time with them as you can. |
| C．Tell them you love them every morning. |
| D．Forgiveness is the key. |
E. Parents will in turn express their love to you.
F. After this, share your feelings with your parents.
G. Please remember parents are as important as friends.
Parents should help their children understand money. __So you may start talking about money when our child shows an interest in buying things, candy or toys , for example.
1.The basic function of money
Begin explaining the basic function of money by showing how people trade money for goods or services. It is important to show your child how money is traded for the things he wants to have. If he wants to have a toy, give him the money and let him hand the money to the cashier(收银员). _ When your child grows a bit older and understands the basic function of money, you can start explaining more complex ways of using money.
2. Money lessons
Approach money lessons with openness and honesty. If you must say no to a child’s request to spend money, explain,” You have enough toy trucks for now.” Or, if the request is for many different things, say, “you have to make a choice between this toy and that toy.”
3.
Begin at the grocery store. Pick out two similar brands of a product-a name-brand butter and a generic（无商标产品）,for example. You can show your child how to make choices between different brands of a product so that you can save money. If he chooses the cheaper brand, allow him to make another purchase（购买）with the money saved. Later, you may explain how the more expensive choice leaves less money for other purchases.
| A．Wise decisions |
| B．The value of money |
| C．Permit the child to choose between them. |
| D．Tell your child why he can --or cannot---have certain things |
E. Talk about how the money bought the thing after you leave the toy store.
F. The best time to teach a child any thing about money is when he shows an interest.
When it comes to the benefit of volunteering, a lot of people think it’s all about the warm feeling after helping someone.______ As is known, Charity work requires a wide variety of people to do a wide variety of things for everything to work. It means that there are some surprising benefits for volunteers. For example, volunteering:
★ Teaches you new skills
From helping making websites to teaching immigrant kids your native language, or to arranging events for charity, volunteering can really be almost anything. It means that when you get involved in charity work, a lot of the time you will face challenges.__ ____
★Can teach you what truly matters
It’s a great way to find new perspectives(视角）on life. When you've been at it for a while， you just might find yourself re-evaluating your advantages. ___ One of my friends went from wanting to be a lawyer to discovering a true passion for teaching.
★ ______
Maybe it’s not so surprising, but what might surprise you is how genuine these friends are. Some of my long term friends are people I’ve met through volunteering. I’m not the kind of guy that makes friends purely for connections, but sometimes it’s very convenient to have a broad network.
Summed up in one line: Volunteering helps you grow. ____ You meet a very wide variety of people you don’t have a lot in common with. You learn to get along with people involved in many different walks in life. You learn to know what you are to do. So if you’ve ever considered volunteering, what are you waiting for?
| A．Helps you make new friends. |
| B．Can help improve social skills |
| C．You might even decide on a completely new path to take in life. |
| D．As it turns out, that’s far from the only benefit. |
E. Volunteering helps you look outside yourself and your problems.
F. Through overcoming the challenges, you learn completely new skills.
G. Not only as a person, but it helps you develop your skill set as well.
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The relationship between parents and teachers is important in the development of a child. The good communication between them is communication that says ,“ I care about my child, and I value school.” The best way a parent can show how much he or she values learning is by sending a prepared child to school every day. Once a child gets behind in class, catching up can be difficult.
Parents and teachers are partners in student development. A school community is built on relationships established(确立)among children, teachers, and children’s families.
Here are tips for creating a positive relationship with your child’s teacher.
Meet with your child’s teacher in the fall. __ —his or her special needs, outside activities, health, and home study habits.
Look for the positive. ____ . Share with your child’s teacher something you particularly appreciated regarding the teacher’s role in the academic and /or social development of your child.
Let the teacher know that you want to support the work that is being done in class. Ask for suggestions for expanding school activities into home activities.
___ You can send a note of thanks when something special takes place in the classroom and your child is involved.
Be willing to participate in or set up a conference when you or your child’s teacher feel a special meeting is needed, such as
•___
•Your child seems to be deeply upset about something that happened at school.
| A．When a child is absent from school, important lessons may be missed |
| B．Phone your child’s teacher if necessary |
| C．The teachers need to feel appreciated for the job they do. |
| D．This is a good time for the teacher to learn more about your child |
E. Express your appreciation to the teacher
F. The beginning of every term is very important
G. There is a dramatic drop in your child’s grades
Kids with special needs refer to any kid who might need extra help because of a medical, emotional, or learning problem. For example, kids who can not walk need wheelchairs. They not only need equipment that helps them get around, but they might need to have ramps (坡道) or elevators available. _______
Kids with an illness would have special needs, too. _______ Kids with sight problems might need Braille books to read. Kids with hearing problems might need hearing aids.
______ It might be harder to do normal things—like learning to read or just getting around the school. The good news is that parents, doctors, nurses, teachers, and others can help. The goal is to help kids be as independent as possible.
Other kids also can be a big help. How? By being a friend. Kids who use a wheelchair or have lots of health problems want friends just as you do. But meeting people and making friends can be difficult. _______ Be sure to tell a teacher if you see someone being bullied (欺辱）or teased.
______ Being friendly to kids with special needs is one of the best ways to be helpful. As you get to know them, they may help you understand what it's like to be in their shoes. And you'll be helping fill a very special need, one that everybody has—the need for good friends.
| A．Some kids might laugh at or make fun of them. |
| B．It is good manners to offer help to kids with special needs. |
| C．Life can be challenging for a kid with special needs. |
| D．They also might need to get a special bus to school. |
E. They might need medicine or other help as they go about their daily activities.
F. Also, try to be helpful if you know someone with special needs.
G. Someone could have trouble with anxiety, but you wouldn't know it unless told about it.
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