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| A. There are few statues in the Middle East. B. Art is a good means for people to know about religions. C. Artists express their feelings and opinions in their works. D. People know more about our culture through learning art history. E. Art is more objective than history itself. |
A study of art history might be a good way to learn more about a culture than is possible to learn in general history classes. Most typical history courses concentrate on politics, economics and war. But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people, but also religious beliefs, emotions, and psychology.
In history books, objective information about the political life of a country is presented; that is, facts about politics are given, but opinions are not expressed. Art, on the other hand, is subjective: it reflects emotions and opinions. The great Spanish painter Francisco Goya was perhaps the first truly “political” artist. In his well-known painting The Third of May 1808, he criticized the Spanish government for its misuse of power over people. Over a hundred years later, symbolic images were used in Pablo Picasso’s Guernica to express the horror of war. Meanwhile, on another continent, the powerful paintings of Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro Siqueiros – as well as the works of Alfredo Ramos Martins – depicted these Mexican artists’ deep anger and sadness about social problems.
In the same way, art can reflect a culture’s religious beliefs. For hundreds of years in Europe, religious art was almost the only type of art that existed. Churches and other religious buildings were filled with paintings that depicted people and stories from the Bible. Although most people couldn’t read, they could still understand biblical stories in the pictures on church walls.
By contrast, one of the main characteristics of art in the Middle East was (and still is) its absence of human and animal images. This reflects the Islamic belief that statues are unholy. That’s why no figures can be found in or around places of interest in these regions.
Tom : Hi, Cathy. ___1__
Cathy: I have to finish my project on the history of the Internet. What about you?
Tom : 2 If it’s fine, we’ll go camping. Would you like to join us? Cathy: I’d like to, but the deadline for my project is next Monday.
Tom : What a pity! 3
Cathy: Yes, please. Can you suggest any good reference books?
Tom : You may want to read Origins of the Internet and The Digital Future.
Cathy: I’m reading the two books. 4
Tom : Go to the Science Museum website, and you’ll find lots of up-to-date information.
Cathy: Good idea. Thanks for your help.
Tom : 5
| A．Never mind. | B．Don’t mention it. |
| C．Any other suggestions? | D．Will you come next time? |
E.it depends on the weather F.Anything I can do for you G.What are you up to this weekeed?
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.
Sociologists have long recognised that organisations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members. Once their size goes beyond this figure, the organizations are getting less flexible. So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting from failures of communication.
One solution to this problem would, of course, be to structure large organisations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group. By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other, larger organizations can be built up. However, merely having groups of, say, 150 will never of itself be a complete solution to the problems of the organization. Something else is needed: the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships. To allow free flow of information, they have to be able to communicate with each other in a casual way. Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.
The importance of this was drawn to my attention two years ago by the case of a TV station. Whether by chance or by design, it so happened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the station. The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for no apparent reason, the work seemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.
It was some time before they work out what the problem was. It turn out that, when the architects were designing the new building, they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it. And with that, they accidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the whole organization. What had apparently been happening was that, as people gathered informally over their sandwiches in the coffee room, useful information was casually being exchanged.
(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.)What size of an organization may lead to communication failures?
What are the two solutions to the communication problem within a large organization?
After the TV station moved into new accommodation, its operation ___________________________.
From the case of the TV station, we can conclude it is ____________________________________ that make(s) an organization more successful.
How would you like to wear the same underwear (内衣裤) for weeks? Owing to the work that has gone into developing intelligent materials, this may not be as1as it sounds. Self-cleaning clothes have now been created, and these new materials provide2resistance to dirt as well as water. As a result, they require much less cleaning than traditional materials.
The creation of self-cleaning clothes provides an example of how nature helps scientists develop better products. This self-cleaning nature is known as the "lotus effect". The name comes, of course, from the lotus leaves, which are famous for growing in muddy lakes and rivers while remaining almost3clean. By observing nature, scientists are4the qualities of the lotus leaves to the materials they have engineered. Because of this, some remarkable new products have been5. Among them are special windows that are resistant to dirt and water. A special6on these windows not only prevents dirt from sticking to their surfaces, but also allows dust to be easily washed off by the rain. In fact, these new windows have already been7to some cars. Even when traveling at high speed through rain, these cars never have to use their windshield wipers (雨刮器).
Although we have already seen some practical applications, even more dramatic8will be made in the future, and they will, perhaps, change our world completely. Undoubtedly, technology is an important development, and it will have an even bigger9on our lives.
如果你努力，我相信你一定会成功的。 (bound)
If you work hard, I believe _______________________________________. 能认识你我真是非常荣幸。
____________________________________________ to know you. 就英语的语法而言，它不仅仅是一些规则。
___________________________________________, it is more than rules. 走了将近一个小时， 我渴望好好睡一觉。(desire)
Having been walking for nearly an hour, I ____________________ a good sleep. 她住在屋顶是红色的房子里。 在那片区非常显眼，你一定找得着的。(stick)
She lives in a house ________________________. It __________________ in that area and you can’t miss it.．
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___1___ People use money to buy food, furniture, books, bicycles and hundreds of other things they need or want. When they work, they usually get paid in money.
Most of the money today is made of metal or paper. ___2 __ One of the first kinds of money was shells.
Shells were not the only things used as money. In China, cloth and knives were used. In the Philippine Islands, rice was used as money for a long time. Elephant tusks, monkey tails and salt were used as money in parts of Africa.
The first metal coins were made in China. They were round and had a square hole in the centre. ___3___
Different countries have used different metals and designs for their money.___4___ Sweden and Russia used copper (铜) to make their money. Later some countries began to make coins of gold and silver.
But even gold and silver were inconvenient if you had to buy something expensive. Again the Chinese thought of a way to improve money. ___5___ The first paper money looked more like a note from one person to another than the paper money used today.
Money has had an interesting history from the days of shell money until today.
| A．The first coins in England were made of tin (锡). |
| B．But people used to use all kinds of things as money. |
| C．No one knows for certain when people began to use money. |
| D．People strung (串连) them together and carried them from place to place. |
E. Money, as we know, is all made of paper.
F. They began to use paper money.
G. Today anyone will accept money in exchange for goods and services.
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