Celebrating sleep
World Sleep Day, observed on 21 March, was created to bring attention to the growing number of sleep problems worldwide. Sleep is a natural part of human life, but many people in the modern world ignore its importance. As a result, sleep problems are increasingly common.
In 2002, scientists at the University of Athens in Greece conducted a survey of over 35,000 people in 10 countries around the world, including China, Belgium and South Africa. Of the people that responded to the survey, 24 percent said that they did not sleep well, and based on their responses, 31.6 percent were diagnosed with insomnia (失眠) and another 17.5 percent were diagnosed with borderline insomnia. In addition, 30.7 percent of survey respondents reported visiting a doctor for help with sleep problems and 11.6 percent said that they felt very sleepy during the day.
Overall, the survey found that many people suffer from the effects of poor quality sleep, some examples of which are being unable to fall asleep and waking up in the middle of the night. The main factors causing these problems are pressure from school or work and a fast pace of life, but noise pollution and light pollution also interfere with sleep and contribute to poor quality sleep. The survey’s findings are particularly troubling because large numbers of people were found to have difficulty sleeping at night. The short-term effects of this are tiredness and trouble concentrating. If this happens for a long time, the risk of gaining weight and having a heart attack may increase.
There are many things you can do to improve the quality of your sleep. First, you should have regular sleep habits. Try to go to bed and wake up around the same time each day. You also need to make your bedroom a cool, dark, quiet place to sleep so that heat, light and noise do not disturb you. At night, you should also avoid things that contain caffeine, such as chocolate, coffee, tea and many soft drinks, as caffeine may keep you from sleeping.
Getting a good night’s sleep is important for everyone. By following the advice above, you can rest better at night and work better during the day.
根据短文内容，完成下列表格。
| Topic |
Content |
| World Sleep Day |
Owing to |
| Responses of the survey |
Of 35,000 people in 10 countries in the world, there were 24% of the people 31.6 % were diagnosed with insomnia and another 17.5% were on the edge of insomnia. The 30.7 % reported |
| Under Poor quality sleep also Feeling tired and sleepy, people have difficulty It is likely that sleepless people easily put on weight and have a heart attack. |
|
| Have regular sleep habits. Make your bedroom cool, dark and quiet. Avoid things |
_______ _______ _______ _______ _______
_______ _______ _______ _______ _______
请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每空格1个单词。
For years, the automobile industry has been testing vehicles that use hydrogen as fuel. Now, people across the United States have had a chance to see and even drive cars that get power from hydrogen fuel cells (燃料电池).
But the hydrogen fuel cell is not a new idea. The fuel cell was first invented by Sir William Grove of Britain in 1839. Since then, many different designs, have been invented. There is one place where fuel cells are a proven technology: in space. The American space agency used fuel cells in its Apollo spaceships in the twentieth century.
The most useful fuel cell for transportation purposes is the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane, or P.E.M. fuel cell. It is simple and can operate at temperatures of sixty to eighty degrees Celsius. That is much lower than other fuel cell designs. A P.E.M. fuel cell has two sides divided by a thin membrane (膜). Hydrogen gas is forced through one side where it comes in contact with a reactive material containing the metal platinum(铂). The membrane separates the electrons(电子) from the protons(质子) in the hydrogen atoms. The protons pass through it to the other side of the fuel cell. But the electrons are captured to do work; like powering a motor. Oxygen from the air is forced into the other side of the fuel cell. There, the gas meets the protons that have passed through the membrane. They combine to form water and heat. A single fuel cell does not produce a lot of electricity. But when many fuel cells are combined, they can produce enough electricity to power a vehicle. The product of the chemical reaction that powers fuel cells is water. This makes fuel cells a very clean technology.
Hydrogen fuel cell cars have been slow to develop because of many technical problems that have to be solved. For example, it is unclear how long the membranes in P.E.M. fuel cells will last. Also, fuel cells need water for their chemical reactions. They must be designed to start easily at low temperatures and in dry climates. And smaller, less costly fuel cells must be designed before they can truly take the place of gasoline engines. Now more models of fuel cell vehicles are being tested than ever before. The threat of climate change and the high cost of oil have increased interest in these vehicles that do not cause pollution.
| Title |
More Models of Hydrogen Cars Being Tested |
| The progress of hydrogen fuel cell |
· ·Designed ·Used in Apollo spaceships in the twentieth century. |
| Operating principle of P.E.M. |
·It has two sides divided by a thin membrane. ·Hydrogen gas from one side ·The electrons are ·The protons pass through the fuel cell to the other side. ·Oxygen from the air is ·The gas meets the protons，and then water and heat are |
| Reasons for slow of hydrogen fuel cell cars |
·There are many technical problems ·The durability of the membranes in P.E.M. fuel cells is not clear. ·They have to start easily at ·They must be smaller and less costly before |
任务型阅读（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。
At the beginning of the twentieth century, many people thought that the American family was falling apart. A century later, we know that this was not the case. However, although the family is still alive in the United States, its size and shape were very different 100 years ago.
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, there were mainly two types of families in the United States: the extended and the nuclear. The extended family usually includes grandparents, parents, and children living under the same roof. The nuclear family consists of only parents and children.
Today there are many different kinds of families. Some people live in “traditional” families, that is, a stay-home mother, a working father, and their own biological children. Others live in two-paycheck families, single-parent families, adoptive or foster, families, blended families (where men and women who were married before marry again and combine the children from previous marriages into the new families)，child less families, and so on.
What caused the structure of the family to change? In the early 1900s the birthrate began to fall and the divorce rate began to rise. Women were suddenly choosing to go to college and take jobs outside the home. In the 1930s and 1940s, many families faced serious financial, or money problems during the Great Depression, when many people lost their jobs. During World War II(1939-1945)，5 million women were left alone to take care of their homes and their children. Because many men were at war, thousands of these "war widows" had to go to work outside their home.
During the next ten years, the situation changed. There were fewer divorces, and people married at a younger age and had more children than the previous generation. It was unusual for a mother to work outside the home during the years when her children were growing tip. Families began leaving cities and moving into single-family homes in the suburbs. The traditional family seemed to be returning.
In the years between 1960s and 1990s, there were many important changes in the structure of the family. From the 1960s to the early 1970s, the divorce rate doubled and the birthrate fell by half. The number of single-parent families tripled, and the number of couples living together without being married doubled again. In fact, the single-parent household, once unusual, has replaced the "traditional" family as the typical family in the States. If we can judge from history, however, this will probably change again in the twenty-first century.
The Changes of the American Family
任务型读写(共10小题；每空1分, 满分10分)
阅读下列短文, 根据所读内容在文章后的表格中填入恰当的单词。注意：表格中的每个空格只填1个单词。
Being on bad terms with your neighbors can make your life frustrating day after day. But taking the time to establish a good relationship with your neighbors has a good many benefits. The community will be friendlier, the neighborhood safer, and the area a nicer place to live in. ’There are some suggestions t0 develop a good relationship with your neighbors.
Whether you're new in the neighborhood or new residents who have just moved into your block, introduce yourself. Say hello, offer a welcoming gift and share or ask about the local area.
Sometimes, you can remedy (补救) problems before they even start; for example, if you do a lot of yard work, let them know in advance and mention that if it's getting too loud, they shouldn't hesitate to let you know.
Be aware of the shared walls, if you and your neighbors share adjacent (相邻的) living spaces. and try to put noisy household appliances such as washing machines and tumble dryers away from the shared walls.
Keep your pet dog on a leash (皮带) if it has a habit of running rampant on your neighbors’ lawns, especially if they have a pet cat or a pet dog of their own, and ensure to clean up after it.
When you park your vehicle, be sure not to block anyone's access, or make them have to pull out of a very tight spot. Don't slam (砰地关上) your car doors late at night.
Weed your garden in a regular way, because the presence of weeds in your yard is not only unsightly but can also spread to your neighbor's yard.
Really good neighbors watch out for each other. They offer to help, especially on matters that impact the larger neighborhood and look for opportunities to communicate. Great neighbors make for great neighborhoods.
| Topic：To be a good neighbor |
|
| Importance of |
★ Being on ★ A good relationship with neighbors has numerous benefits, |
| Steps to develop a good relationship with your neighbors |
★ Introduce yourself when you are in a new place. ★ Care about others and 1et them know they can point out your problems without any ★ Be ★ Make ★ When you park your car late at night, ★ Weed your garden |
| Conclusions |
★ Good neighbors have a(n) ★ Great neighbors |
1.当你和以英语为母语的人士面对面交流时，不要害怕犯语法错误。(native English speakers, grammatical )
2．正是孩子们要求父母给他们更多的时间来做自己喜欢做的事。(request, 强调句)
3．尽管我们学过“even if”,但我们发现运用它还很难。(even if，it做形式宾语 )
4．当朋友生气时,你应劝劝她并好好相处。(calm down, get along )
5．这位老人苦于失去记忆因而无法记录下自己的经历。(suffer from, set down, because of)
6． 我到达伦敦时，碰巧下雨。(happen)
阅读下面短文并回答问题，然后将答案写到答题卡相应的位置上（请注意问题后的字数要求）。
〔1〕Secondhand smoke is a byproduct of cigarette, cigar or pipe smoking．Secondhand smoke occurs when tobacco burns or when smokers exhale, and it is inhaled involuntarily by non-smokers．
〔2〕Secondhand smoke___________________．The first is called side stream smoke, which is the smoke released from the burning end of a cigarette or cigar, or from tobacco burning in the bowl of a pipe．The second is called mainstream smoke, which is exhaled by a smoker．
〔3〕When nonsmokers are exposed to secondhand smoke, they inhale many of the same cancer-causing chemicals that smokers inhale．According to the U．S．Surgeon General, cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 chemical compounds, including more than 50 cancer-causing chemicals, and at least 250 chemicals that are either toxic or carcinogenic．
〔4〕Both side stream and mainstream smoke are dangerous to nonsmokers．Side stream smoke is generated at lower temperatures and under different conditions than mainstream smoke．As a result, it contains higher concentrations of many of the toxins found in cigarette smoke．
〔5〕Secondhand smoke has been designated as a known human carcinogen by the U．S．Environmental Protection Agency, the National Toxicology Program, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer．Secondhand smoke also is listed as an occupational carcinogen by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health．
〔6〕According to the 2006 report by the U．S．Surgeon General, there is no risk-free level of exposure to secondhand smoke: even small amounts of secondhand smoke exposure can be harmful to people’s health．Separating smokers from nonsmokers, cleaning the air, and ventilating buildings can help．However, they cannot eliminate the exposure of nonsmokers to secondhand smoke．What is the main idea of the text? （no more than 10 words）
Which sentence in the text is closest in meaning to the following one?
In whatever way, people can’t get rid of the risk of nonsmokers to secondhand smoke completely．
_______________________________________________________________________Fill in the blank in Paragraph 2 with proper words．（no more than 8 words）
_______________________________________________________________________Name at least three ways that will help reduce the harm of secondhand smoke．（no more than 12 words）
_________________________________________________________________________Translate the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 into Chinese．
______________________________________________________
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