Communication Principles（2009．江苏)
How you see yourself can make a great difference in how you communicate．“Every individual exists in a continually changing world of experience of which he（or she）is the center”．Many communication scholars and social scientists believe that people are products of how others treat them and of the messages others send them．But every day we experience the centrality of our selves in communication．A student．for instance，may describe a conflict with a teacher as unfair treatment：“I know my teacher doesn’t like the fact that I don’t agree with his opinions．and that’s why he gave me such a poor grade in that class．”The teacher might say the opposite．Each person may believe that he is correct and that the other person’s view is wrong．
The concept of serf originates in communication．Through verbal and nonverbal symbols, a child learns to accept roles in response to the expectations of others．You establish self-image。The sort of person you believe you are，by how others think of you．Positive，negative，and neutral messages that you receive from others all play a role in determining who you are．Communication itself is probably best understood as a dialogue process．Our understanding of communication comes from our interactions with other people．In a more obvious way．communication involves others in the sense that a competent communicator considers what the other person needs and expects when selecting messages to share．So，the communication begins with the self，as defined largely by others，and involves others，as defined largely by the self．
Communication Occurs almost every minute of your life．If you are not communicating with yourself（thinking，planning，reacting to the world around you），you are observing others and drawing inferences from their behavior．Even if the other person did not intend a message for you．you gather observations and draw specific conclusions．A person yawns and you believe that person is bored with your message．A second person looks away from you and you conclude that person is not listening to you．A third person smiles（perhaps because of a memory of a joke he heard recently） and you believe that he is attracted to you．We are continually picking up meanings from others’ behaviors and we are constantly providing behaviors that have communicative value for them．
More often than not，you may have hurt someone accidentally and you may have tried to explain that you did not mean that. You may have told the other person that you were sorry for your statement．You may have made a joke out of your rude statement．Nonetheless，your comment remains both in the mind of the other person and in your own mind．You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others．Communication cannot be reversed（倒退），nor can it be repeated．When you tried to re—create the atmosphere，the conversation，and the setting，nothing seemed right．Your second experience with a similar setting and person made far different results．
| Paragraph outline |
Supporting Details |
| Communication begins with the self |
●People are somewhat products of others’ treatment and messages． ●we are always |
| Communication |
●Experiences of others help children learn to accept roles． ●Messages from others help you ●Needs and |
| Communication everywhere |
●We are communicating with ourselves by thinking，planning and reacting to the outside world． ●We are always ●We are constantly collecting meanings from others’ ●We are constantly |
| Communication cannot be reversed nor repeated |
●You may explain what you have done，but you cannot ●Yon may redo the conversation，but you |
A conversation is not a business meeting at work or with your family. It is a personal or informal talk that takes place in the restaurant, in a car or walking on the street on your way to work.
It can make or break a relationship. It can make a career successful. It can make new friends. It can just brighten up another person’s life. It can change the world!
Here are some ways to make a conversation bring meaning to you and others.
Before starting a conversation, be clear about what you want to achieve. Knowing your purpose beforehand allows you to keep your conversation to the point and never get lost out of the way.
Start a topic that is very timely and appropriate. The starting point has to be depending on your relationship with the person you are talking to and the situation the person or both of you are going through. Starting the conversation with the right topic sets the tone that brings both sides at ease.
Come up with something that will make both of you interested. This allows the other person to be drawn more to speak up. Discovering common likes and dislikes opens up a bond (纽带) between two people.
Put yourself in the shoes of the other person. Think how the other person feels at that moment. Feeling how the other person feels helps you to be in his position.
One of the most difficult tasks to do in a conversation is really listening. Do not prepare for what to say while the other person is talking. Do not just keep quiet because you want to give the other person a time to talk. The proof that you really listen is to repeat your understanding of what was said in your own words.
After you have spoken, give the other person a time to talk. There are some people who like to talk about themselves. If you are one of them, try to be less selfish. A conversation is not a monologue (独角戏) or an interview.
Managing a conversation shows the kind of person you are. You do not have to wait for the other person to lead the discussion. You can do this. No matter who you are, if you lead a talk, you make a difference.
| How to make meaningful conversations |
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| Passage outline |
Supporting details |
| A conversation is a personal or informal talk taking place in the |
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| What can a conversation do? |
It can change the world by |
| How can you make a conversation |
Talk with a purpose. Knowing your purpose in |
| Choose a good |
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| Find common interests. Discovering common likes and dislikes opens up a bond between two people, allowing the other person to be drawn more to speak up. |
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| Put yourself in the shoes of the other person. Feeling how the other person feels can |
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| Allow your listener to |
第一节：语法填空（共10小题，每小题1.5分，满分15分）
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当内容（不多于3个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
A group of frogs were traveling through the woods, and two of them fell into a deep pit. When the other frogs saw_____ deep the pit was, they told the two frogs that they were as good as
_____ (die). The two frogs ignored the comments and tried to jump up out of the pit with all their might. The other frogs kept telling them to stop. Finally, one of the frogs heard what the other frogs
________ (say) and gave up, so he died.
The other frog went on ______ (jump) as hard as he could to get out. Once again, the other frogs cried at him and told him to stop and just allow
____ to die, but he jumped even
______ (hard) and finally made himself out. When he was out, the other frog explained to them that something was wrong with his hearing. He thought they were encouraging him
_____ whole time.
There is power of life and death in the tongue. An _______ (encourage) word to someone
_____ is down can lift him or her up and help them make it
_____ the day, while bad words can rob another of the spirit to go on in difficult times. Be careful of what you say.
请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。请将答案写在答题卷上相应题号的横线上。
You want to be confident and feel confident, but what if you're starting with little or no confidence? True self-confidence isn't an overnight acquisition. It takes dedication to realize you are a good human being that is worthy of respect and love.
Recognize your insecurities
What does that voice in the back of your mind say? Why do you feel uncomfortable or ashamed of yourself? This could be anything from regrets to friends at school or negative experience. Whatever is making you feel unworthy, or ashamed, identify it, give it a name, and write it down. You can also tear these written pieces to start feeling positive on those points.
Get rid of insecurities gradually
Each day you should weaken it. There's no quick fix. Get to the root of the problem; focus on it and understand that you need to resolve each issue before you can move on. Check if it is an old past emotion and if it is really still relevant or applicable in your life today. And that does not mean you have to get rid of whatever makes you feel bad (many times, you simply can't). You need to learn to accept yourself, your past, your circumstances as they are, without necessarily thinking of them as “bad”.
Identify your successes
Everyone is good at something, so discover the things at which you do extremely well, then focus on your talents. Give yourself permission to be proud of them. Give yourself credit for your successes. Inferiority (自卑) is a state of mind in which you've declared yourself a victim. Do not allow yourself to be victimized.
Be Positive
Avoid self-pity, or the pity and sympathy of others. Never allow others to make you feel inferior—they can only do so if you let them. If you continue to dislike and look down upon yourself, others are going to do and believe likewise. Instead, speak in a positive way about yourself, about your future, and about your progress. Do not be afraid to show your strengths and qualities to others. By doing so, you strengthen those ideas in your mind and encourage your growth in a positive direction.
Apply “facial feedback theory”
Studies surrounding what’s called the "facial feedback theory" suggest that the expressions on your face can actually encourage your brain to express certain emotions. So look in the mirror and smile every day, and you might feel happier with yourself and more confident in the long run.
Help others
When you know you’re of help to the people around you, and are making a positive difference in other people’s lives (even if it's just being kinder to the person who serves you coffee in the morning), you'll know that you are a positive force in the world—which will boost yourself confidence.
Now, dear friends, will you let confidence keep you company? Be confident, and accomplishing your goals will be just around the corner.
Title: The ways to become confident
| Specific ways |
Supporting details |
| Recognizing insecurities |
Find out what forget it and feel positive. |
| Find out the |
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| Identifying successes |
Find out your talents, take |
| Being positive |
Speak Don’t make yourself |
| Applying “facial feedback theory” |
Look in the mirror and smile to gain more |
| Helping others |
Be |
| Conclusion Confidence helps people accomplish goals and become worthy to be |
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in the numbered blanks by using the information from the passage.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
A smart card is a card that is carried with either a microprocessor and a memory chip or only a memory chip that is not programmable. The microprocessor card can add, delete, and deal with the information on the card, while a memory-chip card can only do one thing.
Smart cards, unlike magnetic stripe cards, can do many different things and hold a lot of information. In this way, they do not need to get information from a faraway place when they are used.
Today, there are several kinds of smart cards, all of which are very popular in the market:
IC (Integrated Circuit) microprocessor cards: Microprocessor cards (chip cards) offer a larger memory and better security than the traditional magnetic stripe cards do. Chip cards can also hold data. These cards are used for many things. Thus, chips have been the main platform for cards that hold a secure digital identity. Some examples of these cards are: cards that hold money; cards that provide safe access to a network; cards that allow setting stop boxes on television to remain safe from privacy(隐私).
Optical memory cards: Optical memory cards look like cards with a piece of CD on the top. Optical memory cards can store up to 4MB of data. But once written, the data can not be changed or removed. Thus, this type of card is good for keeping records, such as medical files, driving records or travel histories. Today, these have no processors in them (although this is coming in the near future). While the cards are almost as cheap as chip cards, the cards readers are expensive.
| Title: |
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| Types |
Disadvantages |
Similarities |
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| IC chip cards |
A larger memory & better security; Hold data |
Not mentioned |
Large memory; Low cost of cards |
| Store much data; Good for doctors, drivers and travelers to keep records; Cost not much |
Data that can not be changed or removed; No processors; Expensive |
Good study habits will contribute to a successful academic future. Good study habits lead to good grades, and good grades lead to applications for better colleges and universities. This in turn will lead to a great career.
To be successful, the first thing you need to do is to take responsibility for your actions. You are the only one who can decide your own important things and how to use your time. Your actions today will decide what will happen tomorrow and even in the near future.
Your success rests in your own hands. Do not be influenced by others. Be a leader, not a follower. Do not allow your friends to tell you what is important. Keep friends who lead you towards your goals, not away from them.
The most important thing to learn to succeed in the classroom is to make full use of your time outside the classroom. Review your class notes and the proper chapters (章节) in your textbooks. Different people work better at different times. Some students work better in the morning, while some can study better in the afternoon, or at night. Nightly review of your notes is a great idea and will help you understand your lessons to a much greater degree. This review will save time in the long run. If you study in the morning, plan to study your hardest subjects first. If you prepare for your lessons in advance, you will be more relaxed in classes.
Set the more important things into your plan, have a to-do list and put the most important project first. Once this is done, move to the second most important project. Crossing off each project as you finish will give you a sense of achievement.
Choose a study place where you can be comfortable and pay attention to other things that help to improve your productivity (效率). For example, can you study well with soft music in the background?
Always challenge yourself. Do not be satisfied with your own school textbooks. Ask questions and do your own research. Share your knowledge and listen to others. When you share your knowledge, you help others increase their knowledge. As an unexpected result, when you help others, you learn more.
Always seek solutions to problems. If you have difficulty understanding something in the book, read it again. If you still cannot understand it, ask the teacher for help. Make sure to look for help immediately or you may fall behind.
When you put your best effort into you work, you are already a success! When you follow these study habits successfully, you will develop a sense of satisfaction. This will provide you with a strong feeling of pride because of your achievement. Your good grades will give you confidence for the future. These habits will contribute to a successful and happy future!
| Title |
The |
| Reason |
In order to have a great career in the future, we need to form good study habits, which |
| ·Be responsible for yourself and don’t be influenced by others. · ·Make ·Put the most important projects into your ·Choose to study in a ·Learn to ·Learn to turn to others for help and try to |
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| Conclusion |
·With these good study habits, you will develop a sense of satisfaction. ·With these habits, your good grades will make you feel ·With these habits, You will have a successful and happy future. |
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