Centuries ago, a group of people left India. No one really knows . Over time, they journeyed west to Europe, where most have ever since. These people called themselves the Roma. Europeans, thinking they came from Egypt, called them “gypsies ( 吉普赛人)
Many people think of gypsies as groups of people. They are associated with colorful clothing, fortune telling and music. But this is not the real of Roma culture.
In fact, not all Roma are . Those in Western Europe have historically moved from place to place. But others who in Eastern Europe built homes and stayed in one place. Roma culture among regions. But most speak both the language of the people and their own language, Romany.
For centuries, Roma practiced trades. Some were horse traders or musicians. Others made things out of metal or wood. But today, Roma may be found in any .
Each Roma settlement developed its own style, combining local music with Roma traditions. These styles often sound to the music of the surrounding culture. However, most Roma music some characteristics, including the timing of the notes and the harmonies. Roma music has also affected the music of other . Roma influences have shaped European folk and classical music and even some American styles.
Like people of many cultures, the Roma love to tell . Their conversations often include brief references tales that the entire settlement knows. But they also tell long stories during the evenings or while working. Some stories are funny, others Roma traditions.
Over the years, the Roma have many challenges. Their neighbors did not them and even accused them of being thieves. Today, many face poverty, prejudice and other problems. Nevertheless, the Roma people are proud of their history and their rich culture.
A．when B．why C．where D．how
A．died B．visited C．left D．lived
A．So B．Or C．But D．Then
A．wandering B．challenging C．encouraging D．inspiring
A．life B．article C．picture D．attitude
A．farmers B．travelers C．musicians D．tailors
A．begged B．learned C．toured D．settled
A．varies B．spreads C．changes D．divides
A．Indian B．Traveling C．surrounding D．Egyptian
A．traditional B．illegal C．international D．fair
A．occasion B．profession C．village D．town
A．cultural B．social C．agricultural D．musical
A．strange B．different C．similar D．natural
A．shares B．spares C．speaks D．seeks
A．tribes B．cultures C．groups D．religions
A．lies B．fortunes C．gossips D．stories
A．at B．in C．for D．to
A．write down B．get away C．take in D．pass down
A．faced B．overcome C．fought D．welcomed
A．fear B．help C．accept D．support
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Dear Seth,
You are only three years old, and at this point in your life you can not read, much less understand what I’m going to tell you in this letter. But I’ve been thinking a lot about the life that you have _ you, about my life so far as I on what I’ve learned, and about my role as a dad in trying to prepare you for the that you will face in the coming years.
Be thankful. You are at a wonderful of life. You still have many wonderful stages of life, but they are not without costs and . I hope to help you along your path by sharing some of the best of __ I’ve learned. As with any advice, take it with a grain of . What works for me not work for you.
Life can be cruel. There will be people in your life won’t be very nice. They’ll laugh at you because you’re different, or for no good . They might try to bully you hurt you.
There’s not much you can do about these people except __ to deal with them, and learn to choose friends who are kind to you, who _ _ care about you and who make you feel good about yourself. When you find friends like this,_ __ them, treasure them, spend time with them, be kind to them and love them.
There will be __ when you meet with disappointment instead of success. Life won’t always _ _ the way you want. This is just another thing you’ll have to learn to deal with. But instead of letting these things get you down, push on, _ disappointment and learn to persevere and to pursue your dreams _ pitfalls. Learn to turn negatives into positives, and you will do much better in _ _. You will also face heartbreak and abandonment by those you love. I hope you don’t have to face this too much, but it happens. Again, there is not much you can do but to heal, and to move on with your life. Let these pains become stepping stones to better things in life, and learn to use them to make you .
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第一节：完形填空（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）（命题人：吉喆）
阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从41—60各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中,选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Dear Laura,
I just heard you tell an old story of gift giving and unselfish love in your program. You doubted that such unselfish love would happen in today’s world. Well, I’m here to give you .
I wanted to do something very for my fifteen-year-old son, who has always been the perfect child. He all summer to earn enough money to buy a used motorcycle. Then, he spent hours and hours on it it looked almost new. I was so of him that I bought him the shiniest helmet and a riding outfit.
I could wait for him to open up his gift. In fact, I barely slept the night before. Upon awakening, I went to the kitchen to the coffee, tea, and morning goodies. In the living room was a beautiful keyboard with a :“To my wonderful mother, all my love, your son.”
I was so . It had been a long-standing joke in our family that I wanted a piano so that I could lessons. “Learn to play the piano, and I’ll get you one” was my husband’s .
I stood there shocked, crying a river, asking myself how my son could this expensive gift.
Of course, the awoke, and my son was thrilled(激动的)with my reaction. Many kisses were , and I immediately wanted him to my gift.
As he saw the helmet and outfit, the look on his face was not what I was expecting. Then I 57 that he has sold the motorcycle to get me the keyboard.
Of course I was the proudest mother on that day, and my feet never hit the ground for a month.
So I wanted you to know, that kind of love still and lives even in the ever-changing world of me, me, me!
I thought you’d love to this story.
Yours,
Hilary
P.S. The next day, my husband and I bought him a new “used” already shiny motorcycle.
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Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining (留住) customers. It sounds simple and achievable. But, , words of wisdom are soon forgotten. Once companies have attracted customers they often the second half of the story. In the excitement of beating off the competition, negotiating prices, securing orders, and delivering the product, managers tend to become carried away. They forget what they regard as the boring side of business— that the customer remains a customer.
to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 per cent of its customers every years. In constantly changing , this is not surprising. What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any idea how many customers they have lost.
Only now are organizations beginning to wake up to those lost opportunities and calculate the implications. Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big in its performance. Research in the US found that a five per cent decrease in the number of defecting (流失的) customers led to increases of between 25 and 85 per cent.
In the US, Domino’s Pizza estimates that a regular customer is worth more than $5,000 over ten years. A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).
The logic behind cultivating customer is impossible to deny. “In practice most companies’ marketing effort is focused on getting customers, with little attention paid to them”, says Adrian Payne of Cornfield University’ School of Management. “Research suggests that there is a close relationship between retaining customers and making profits. customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers. Furthermore, they tend to be less price , and may provide free word-of-mouth advertising. Retaining customers also makes it for competitors to enter a market or increase their share of a market.
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I met Mrs. Neidl in the ninth grade on a stage-design team for a play and she was one of the directors. Almost instantly I loved her. She had an unpleasant voice and a direct way of speaking, she was encouraging and inspiring. For some reason, she was impressed with my work and me.
Mrs. Neidl would ask me for my . She wanted to know how I thought we should things. At first I had no idea how to answer because I knew about stage design! But I slowly began to respond to her . It was cause and effect: She believed I had opinions, so I began to them. She trusted me to complete things, so I completed them perfectly. She loved how I was, so I began to show up to paint more and more. She believed in me, so I began to believe in myself.
Mrs. Neidl's that year was, "Try it. We can always paint over it !"I began to take . I had been so afraid of failing but suddenly there was no failing-----only things to be upon. I learned to dip my brush into the paint and create something.
The shy, quiet freshman achieved success that year. I was in the program as "Student Art Assistant" because of the time and effort I'd put in. It was that year that I I wanted to spend the rest of my life doing stage design.
Being on that stage-design team Mrs. Neidl changed me completely. Not only was I stronger and more competent than I had thought, but I also a strong interest and a world I hadn't known existed. She taught me not to what people think I should do: She taught me to take chances and not be . Mrs. Neidl was my comforter when I was upset. Her in me has inspired me to do things that I never imagined .
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完形填空：共20题 每题2分 共40分
With his leg lame(瘸的)and his teeth uneven, the boy almost thought of himself as the most unfortunate child in the world. He played with his classmates, and when asked to answer questions, he always his head without a word.
One spring, his father brought home some saplings(树苗). of his children would plant a sapling and he promised, "Whoever his sapling best shall get a favorite gift." The boy certainly wanted to get the gift. seeing his brothers and sisters watering the trees, an idea him: he hoped the tree he planted would die soon. So after watering it once or twice, he never it. A few days later, he was to find it not only didn't die, but also grew some fresh . Compared with those of his brothers and sisters, his appeared greener. His father kept his , bought the little boy a gift and said he would surely become an outstanding when he grew up.
From then on, the little boy slowly became and confident. One night, he suddenly his biology teacher once said that plants grow at night. Why not go to see his tree? When he came to the courtyard, he found his father was working near his tree with a ladle(长柄勺). All of a sudden, he : his father had been secretly his small tree! He returned to his room, tears his eyes.
Decades passed. The little boy didn't become a botanist. he was elected President of the United States. His name was Franklin Roosevelt is the best nourishment (滋养品)of life. it is just a bucket of water, it can make the tree of life grow well.
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