Where is it possible to drive from Rome to Moscow, Madrid, Paris, Vienna, and Stockholm without going to Europe? The answer is in the state of Maine!
Throughout the United States there are many towns and cities that have been named after not only European cities but other countries as well, such as China, Poland, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Just how many New World place names are recycled from the Old World names has never been tallied, but one researcher found forty-one Londons, fifty-six Berlins, twenty-four Dublins, thirty-two Athenses, and twenty-seven Moscows, among others!
Reasons for European place names differ. Some were in memory of settlers’ former homes, others in honor of historic events. Founded in 1818 by John Coffee, Robert Beaty, John D. Carroll, and John Read, Athens is one of the oldest incorporated cities in the State of Alabama. The town was first called Athenson, and the name was then shortened to Athens, after the ancient city in Greece. More interestingly, some names were given by mistake. For instance, the people of Moscow, Kansas, wanted their city to follow the name of the explorer Moscoso. They shortened his name to Mosco, and an official in Washington, thinking the Kansans couldn't spell, added a ‘W’.Which of the following is true according to the passage?
| A．In the state of Maine there are many different European cities. |
| B．You can drive to many European cities from the state of Maine. |
| C．All the settlers in the state of Maine came from Europe. |
| D．The state of Maine has many cities named after European cities. |
The word “tallied” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to ________.
| A．built | B．believed | C．added | D．visited |
What might have made the official in Washington change Mosco into Moscow?
| A．Moscow was a world-famous city name. |
| B．He thought Moscoso would prefer Moscow. |
| C．He believed Moscow was a far better name. |
| D．He thought Kansans couldn't spell very well and made a mistake. |
The best title for the passage is ________.
| A．The Story of Moscow, Kansas |
| B．American Cities and Their Names |
| C．Interesting Names |
| D．Old World Place Names in America |
Suppose you're in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention to your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble.
Realisation will probably set in seconds after you've clicked "send". You freeze in horrors and burn with shame.
What to do? Here are four common email accidents, and how to recover.
Clicking " send " too soon
Don't waste your time trying to find out if the receivers has read it yet. Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored.
Writing the wrong time
The sooner you notice, the better. Respond quickly and briefly, apologizing for your mistake. Keep the tone measured: don't handle it too lightly, as people can be offered, especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture(I.e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names).
Clicking " reply all " unintentionally
You accidentally reveal(透露)to entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner, or what holiday you'd like to take. In this instance, the best solution is to send a quick, light-hearted apology to explain your awkwardness. But it can quickly rise to something worse, when everyone starts hitting "reply all" to join in a long and unpleasant conversation. In this instance, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down.
Sending an offensive message to it ' s subject
The most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger. You write an unkind message about someone, intending to send it to a friend, but accidentally send it to the person you're discussing. In that case, ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry. Explain your frustrations calmly and sensibly-see it as an opportunity tic hear up any difficulties you may have with this person.
36. After realizing an email accident, you are likely to feel _______.
| A． |
curious |
B． |
tired |
C． |
awful |
D． |
funny |
37. If you have written the wrong name in an email, it is best to ________.
| A． |
apologise in a serious manner |
| B． |
tell the receiver to ignore the error |
| C． |
learn to write the name correctly |
| D． |
send a short notice to everyone |
38. What should you do when an unpleasant conversation is started by your "reply all" email?
| A． |
Try offering other choices. |
| B． |
Avoid further involvement. |
| C． |
Meet other staff members. |
| D． |
Make a light-hearted apology. |
39. How should you deal with the problem caused by an offensive email?
| A． |
By promising not to offend the receiver again. |
| B． |
By seeking support from the receiver's friends. |
| C． |
By asking the receiver to control his anger. |
| D． |
By talking to the receiver face to face. |
40. What is the passage mainly about?
| A． |
Defining email errors. |
| B． |
Reducing email mistakes. |
| C． |
Handling email accidents. |
| D． |
Improving email writing. |
Old Problem, New Approaches
While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life, global warning will continue for some decades after CO 2emissions（排放）peak. So even if emission were to begin decrease today, we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.
When it comes to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why in part at least, the US National Climate Assessment says that: " there is no 'one-size fit all' adaptation." Nevertheless, there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.
Around the world people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poor countries, Floods have some more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that server as floating libraries, schools, and health clinics, and are equipment with solar panels and other communication facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connecticity（连体） to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staff people how to make floating gardens fish ponds prevent starvation during the wet season.
Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poor countries, Fllods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mobammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries, schoods, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating conmetivity（连接） to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.
Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang. Nophel lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers(冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel's inspiration come from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves. Nophel calculates that he has stored about 200, 000m 3 of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norhel's ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.
Increasing Earth's reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.
In Peni, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear, But the World Bank has included the project on its of '100 ideas to save the planet".
More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allows him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this-either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense, But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we've lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it's a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.
Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in the way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.
65. The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies .
| A． |
adaptation is an ever-changing process |
| B． |
the cost of adaptation varies with time |
| C． |
global warming affects adaptation forms |
| D． |
adaptation to climate change is challenging |
66. What is special with regard to Rezwan's project?
| A． |
The project receives government support. |
| B． |
Different organizations work with each other. |
| C． |
His organization makes the best of a bad situation. |
| D． |
The project connects flooded roads and highways. |
67. What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming?
| A． |
Storing ice for future use. |
| B． |
Protecting the glaciers from melting. |
| C． |
Changing the irrigation time. |
| D． |
Postponing the melting of the glaciers. |
68. What do we learn from the Peru example?
| A． |
White paint is usually safe for buildings. |
| B． |
The global warming tread cannot be stopped. |
| C． |
This country is heating up too quickly. |
| D． |
Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming. |
69. According to the author, polluting industries should .
| A． |
adapt to carbon pollution |
| B． |
plant highly profitable crops |
| C． |
leave carbon emission alone |
| D． |
fight against carbon pollution |
70. What's the author's preferred solution to global warming?
| A． |
setting up a new standard. |
| B． |
Reducing carbon emission. |
| C． |
Adapting to climate change. |
| D． |
Monitoring polluting industries. |
A new commodity brings about a highly profitable,fast-growing industry, urging antitrust（反垄断）regulators to step in to check those who control its flow. A century ago ,the resource in question was oil. Now similar concerns ares being raised by the giants（巨头）that deal in data, the oil of the digital age. The most valuable firms are Google, Amazon, Facebook and Microsoft. All look unstoppable.
Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up. But size alone is not a crime. The giants' success has benefited consumers. Few want to live without search engines or a quick delivery, Far from charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free (users pay, in effect, by handing over yet more data). And the appearance of new-born giants suggests that newcomers can make waves, too.
But there is cause for concern. The internet has made data abundant, all-present and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition. Google initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better. But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies. Internet companies' control of data gives them enormous power. So they have a "God's eye view" of activities in their own markets and beyond.
This nature of data makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful. Breaking up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves: in time, one of them would become great again. A rethink is required-and as a new approach starts to become apparent, two ideas stand out.
The first is that antitrust authorities need to move form the industrial age into the 21st century. When considering a merger(兼并), for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms' data assets(资产) when assessing the impact of deals. The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a new-born threat. When this takes place, especially when a new-born company has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags.
The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of on-line services have over data and give more to those who supply them.Companies could be forced to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make from it. Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data, with users' consent.
Restarting antitrust for the information age will not be easy But if governments don't wants a data economy by a few giants, they must act soon.
61.Why is there a call to break up giants?
| A． |
They have controlled the data market |
| B． |
They collect enormous private data |
| C． |
They no longer provide free services |
| D． |
They dismissed some new-born giants |
62.What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate?
| A． |
Data giants' technology is very expensive |
| B． |
Google's idea is popular among data firms |
| C． |
Data can strengthen giants' controlling position |
| D． |
Data can be turned into new services or products |
63.By paying attention to firms' data assets, antitrust regulators could .
| A． |
kill a new threat |
| B． |
avoid the size trap |
| C． |
favour bigger firms |
| D． |
charge higher prices |
64.What is the purpose of loosening the giants' control of data?
| A． |
Big companies could relieve data security pressure. |
| B． |
Governments could relieve their financial pressure. |
| C． |
Consumers could better protect their privacy. |
| D． |
Small companies could get more opportunities. |
Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother's voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning（胎教）, birds could rule the roost. As recently reported in The Auk: Ornithological Adrances, some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化). New-born chicks can then imitate their mom's call within a few days of entering the world.
This educational method was first z observed in 2012 by Sonia Kieindorfer,a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia,and her colleagues. Femake Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their errs, when the errs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers-around that served as their regular "feed me!" call.
To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.
It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms. And the more frequently mothers had called to their errs, the more similar were the babies' begging calls. In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom's voice were rewarded with the most food.
This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological(神经系统的) strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn." As a parent, do you invest in quality children, or do you invest in children that are in need?" Kleindorfer asks." Our results suggest that they might be going for quality."
58.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means" ".
| A． |
be the worst |
B． |
be the best |
| C． |
be the as bad |
D． |
be just as good |
59.What are Kleindorfer's findings based on?
| A． |
Similarities between the calls moms and chicks. |
| B． |
The observation of fairy wrens across Australia. |
| C． |
The data collected from Queensland's locals. |
| D． |
Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds. |
60.Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which .
| A． |
can receive quality signals |
B． |
are in need of training |
| C． |
fit the environment better |
D． |
make the loudest call |
CHRONOLOGICA
--The Unbelievable Years that Defined History
DID YOU KNOW…
-
In 105AD paper was invented in China?
When Columbus discovered the New World?
The British Museum opened in 1759?
CHRONOLOGICA is a fascinating journey through time, from the foundation of Rome to the creation of the internet. Along the way are tales of kings and queens, hot air balloons…and monkeys in space.
Travel through 100 of the most unbelievable years in world history and learn why being a Roman Emperor wasn't always as good as it sounds, how the Hundred Years' War didn't actually last for 100 years and why Spencer Perceval holds a rather unfortunate record.
CHRONOLOGICA is an informative and entertaining tour into history, beautifully illustrated and full of unbelievable facts. While CHRONOLOGICA tells the stories of famous people in history such as Thomas Edison and Alexander the Great, this book also gives ab account of the lives of lesser-known individuals including the explorer Mungo Park and sculptor Gutzon Borglum.
This complete but brief historical collection is certain to entertain readers young and old,and guaranteed to present even the biggest history lover with something new!
56.What is CHRONOLOGICA according to the next?
| A． |
A biography. |
B． |
A travel guide. |
| C． |
A history book. |
D． |
A science fiction. |
57.How does the writer recommend CHRONOLOGICA to readers?
| A． |
By giving details of its collection. |
B． |
By introducing some of its contents. |
| C． |
By telling stories at the beginning. |
D． |
By comparing it with other books. |
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