The history of English Coins
English coins have developed and changed over time. In the early 1600s' coins were made using the hammer struck method. Hammered coins or cast coins where the primary way coins were made and thus limited the number of coins that may be placed into circulation (流通). Hammered coins were made as far back as the first millennium BC with continued in use until the 1500s to the 1700s. English coins underwent a change in about 1663.
Hammered English coins were made using a blank quantity of metal that was the required weight and placing it between two dies. A die is a mold (模子) that allows the metal to get cut to a certain size and shape.The metal die contained an image that when hammered without delay would mold the image on each side of the coin. The unit was customarily place on a log or other firm surface which was known as a pile. One person held the die while a second person struck it.
There were several issues with this kind of coin making. For one thing, it was extremely slow and work in depth. Comparatively few coins might be made and placed into circulation. A second problem was that hammered coins had many irregularities. When several coins were placed together in a container and shaken about they were damaged as well. That is why older English coins might have chips(缺口) and rough edges.
During the 17th century hammered coins were replaced with milled (轧有花边的) coins. While France was the first country to start producing coins that were made entirely by machine, Britain wasn't far behind. Britain, in fact, began to manufacture coins on a trial basis in the mid1500s, but it wasn't until the end of 1662 that English coins were made completely by machine.
The screw press (螺旋压力机) was the first machine to produce coins as an alternative to hammered coins. Leonardo da Vinci was the person who invented the screw press in the 15th century. It was powered by a water mill. Early on efforts were made to protect the coins by edging. You'll see that Englishmade coins have milled edges.
Milled English coins were much more standard in size and shape as well. The speed at which milled coins could be created allowed the coin circulation to grow and a greater number of coin types to be developed.
English coins were used in this country during the royally period. Hammered coins were produced and used up through the end of the 18th century and were given out across the colonies. English coins went through quite a lot of changes as can be seen in old coins that have been started in the US over time.

____of English coins	Time & Major Events
Hammered coins	◆The hammer struck method used to make coins has a history dating back to the first millennium BC. ◆At least two people are needed to carry out the work, with one ___the die and the other striking it. ◆___： ◆The number of coins made and placed into circulation this way was ___. ◆Older English coins were quite ___，with many having chips and rough edges. ◆Such coins were placed into circulation across the colonies and ___ in use through the end of the 18th century.
Milled coins	During the 15th century	◆Leonardo da Vinci ___the screw press, the 1st machine to produce coins.
In the mid1500s	Britain ___manufacturing coins.
In the 17th century	◆France became the first country to start producing coins made entirely by machine，___ by Britain, whose machinemade coins were featured by milled edges, but were more regular in size and shape. ◆The coin circulation began to grow. ◆Milled coins appeared as a(n) ___ to hammered coins.