Many women write to me perplexed(困惑的) about why they can't form close friendships.They try new approaches，put themselves in all the right places，see therapists，and read relevant selfhelp books.They consider themselves interesting，loyal，kind，and friendworthy people.But for reasons unknown to them，they have a tough time forming intimate relationships.Many admit to not having even one close friend.
A recent study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology offers some clues as to how both nature(personality) and nurture (experience) impact our friendships.Researchers at the University of Virginia and University of Toronto，Mississauga studied more than 7,000 American adults between the ages of 20 and 75 over a period of ten years，looking at the number of times these adults moved during childhood.Their study，like prior ones，showed a link between residential mobility and adult wellbeing：The more times participants moved as children，the poorer the quality of their adult social relationships.
But digging deeper，the researchers found that personality—specifically being introverted (内向的) or extroverted (外向的)—could either intensify or buffer (缓冲) the effect of moving to a new town or neighborhood during childhood.The negative impact of more moves during childhood was far greater for introverts compared to extroverts.
“Moving a lot makes it difficult for people to maintain longterm close relationships，” stated Dr.Shigehiro Oishi，the first author of the study，in a press release from the American Psychological Association，“This might not be a serious problem for outgoing people who can make friends quickly and easily.Less outgoing people have a harder time making new friends.”
Families often have to relocate—across town，across the country，or across the globe.Yet，in many cases，their kids and young adolescents haven't yet built up a bank of friendships.So the conventional wisdom is to try to minimize moves for the sake of your child，whenever possible，and to move at the end of the academic year.The passage is written mainly to ________.
| A．offer advice to women on how to form intimate relationships |
| B．explain how nature and nurture impact our friendships |
| C．explain how moves during childhood affect children |
| D．tell us how to help children make friends |
Which of the following is true according to the second paragraph?
| A．People who moved less during childhood have better social relationships. |
| B．The more people moved during childhood，the more friends they have. |
| C．The more people moved during childhood，the better they adjust to society. |
| D．There is no link between residential mobility and adult wellbeing. |
In order for children to maintain longterm close relationships，parents ________.
| A．should not relocate their homes |
| B．should relocate their homes within the town |
| C．had better move at the end of the school year |
| D．had better move when their children couldn't build up a bank of friendships |
We learn from the fourth paragraph that moves during childhood ________.
| A．have a bigger impact on an introverted person compared to extroverts |
| B．have no impact on an outgoing person |
| C．are a big problem for both introverts and extroverts |
| D．help children better adapt to a new environment |
We can infer from the passage that ________.
| A．our friendships are mainly affected by our nurture |
| B．we can move when children have made a lot of friends |
| C．the impact of moves will disappear when one reaches adulthood |
| D．there is some way to minimize the impact of moves during childhood on children |
Grown-ups know that people and objects are solid. At the movies, we know that if we reach out to touch Tom Cruise, all we will feel is air. But does a baby have this understanding?
To see whether babies know objects are solid, T. Bower designed a method for projecting an optical illusion of a hanging ball. His plan was to first give babies a real ball, one they could reach out and touch, and then to show them the illusion. If they knew that objects are solid and they reached out for the illusion and found empty air, they could be expected to show surprise in their faces and movements. All the 16- to 24-week-old babies tested were surprised when they reached for the illusion and found that the ball was not there.
Grown-ups also have a sense of object permanence, We know that if we put a box in a room and lock the door, the box will still be there when we come back. But does a baby realize that a ball that rolls under a chair does not disappear and go to never-never land?
Experiments done by Bower suggest that babies develop a sense of object permanence when they are about 18 weeks old. In his experiments, Bower used a toy train that went behind a screen. When 16-week-old and 22-week-old babies watched the toy train disappear behind the left side of the screen, they looked to the right, expecting it to reappear. If the experimenter took the train off the table and lifted the screen, all the babies seemed surprised not to see the train. This seems to show that all the babies had a sense of object permanence. But the second part of the experiment showed that this was not really the case. The researcher substituted a ball for the train when it went behind the screen. The 22-week-old babies seemed surprised and looked back to the left side for the train. But the 16-week-old babies did not seem to notice the switch. Thus, the 16-week-old babies seem to have a sense of “something permanence,” while the 22-week-old babies had a sense of object permanence related to a particular object. The passage is mainly about .
| A．babies’ understanding of objects | B．effects of experiments on babies |
| C．babies’ sense of sight | D．different tests on babies’ feelings |
In Paragraph 3, “object permanence” means that when out of sight, an object .
| A．still exists | B．keeps its shape | C．still stays solid | D．is beyond reach |
. What did Bower use in his experiments?
| A．A chair. | B．A screen. | C．A film. | D．A box. |
. Which of the following statements is true?
| A．The babies didn’t have a sense of direction. |
| B．The older babies preferred toy trains to balls. |
| C．The younger babies liked looking for missing objects. |
| D．The babies couldn’t tell a ball from its optical illusion. |
We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people think that craft no longer exists.
One of the ways these people wrongly support their view is by pointing to 100-year-old homes which are still solid, and arguing that it is the craftsmanship that is responsible for their durability. “Homes in those days were well-built,” they say. No doubt these homes were well-built, but what these people have done is mix up the quality of material used in the house with the quality of the craftsmanship.
Homes today could be built to last just as long as those old homes if people were willing or able to pay the price. For example, most people can no longer afford solid oak stairways, although they were once fairly common in older homes. Nor can they afford the high labor cost of employing a carpenter to build the stairway. Yet if someone can pay the high cost, there are still plenty of carpenters around able to make those stairways. And not only would these carpenters know how to build them, they would probably do a better job than carpenters of old.
One thing the modern carpenter has which enables him to do a better job is much more advanced tools. Such tools as laser beams and powerplanes help them lay out a house better and make more precision cuts on the wood. Also, it is not uncommon say more to find carpenters with college degrees and carpenters with a solid knowledge of mathematics, which would enable them to deal with more difficult house designs.
The problem of modern quality, then, really boils down to the problem of material, for the modern carpenter is just as able to produce craftsmanship as the carpenter of fifty years ago, but only if given proper material. Compared to the carpenters in the past, modern carpenters are .
| A．more successful | B．more learned |
| C．more imaginative | D．more hardworking |
What does the underlined work “they” (paragraph 2) refer to?
| A．Carpenters who are fond of oak stairways. |
| B．Carpenters who have college degrees. |
| C．People who think highly of carpenters of old. |
| D．People who think that modern material is of low quality. |
What does the third paragraph mainly discuss?
| A．People in the past preferred to use oak to build stairways. |
| B．It is now expensive to employ a carpenter. |
| C．Modern houses last as long as the old ones. |
| D．Good carpenters still exist in modern times. |
What would be the best title for the text?
| A．Is Craft Dead? | B．Craft, Back to Life? |
| C．History of Craftsmanship | D．Carpenters Today and Yesterday |
The "Occupy Wall Street" movement gained more support on Wednesday as unions and students joined in. With the protests developing from a group of young people's camping out near the New York Stock Exchange on September 17 to large-scale (大规模的) movements across the country and around the world, people can't help asking: What has led to "Occupy Wall Street?"
Three years after the severe economic crisis, the U.S. economy now is stuck again. Protesters are not satisfied with the present economic situation since unemployment rate is above 9 percent and economic growth has slowed. The housing market is still struggling for a recovery three years after the bubble (泡沫) burst. People are losing their houses even after they have paid a large amount of mortgage(抵押). It is getting difficult for young people to find jobs. People feared that a similar crisis like the one in 2008 may be already on its way.
It is Wall Street that possessed the most riches. It is Wall Street greed that, at least partly, led to the financial crisis in 2008. It was Wall Street's "fat cats" who take taxpayers' aid money as their own big bonus (奖金). With the growing economic crisis around the world, people realize that Wall Street is responsible for it. So they try to target people who created the crisis.
The majority of the protesters are young people under 30. Many of them are unemployed. Some are students with mountains of loans (贷款). Some are hard-working people about to lose their houses even if they have paid a large amount of mortgage. They are complaining that the hard-working middle class is getting poor, yet Wall Street stays wealthy.
William Cohan, author of Money and Power: How Goldman Sachs Came to Rule the world, wrote recently that Wall Street not only learned nothing from the 2008 crisis, they are also trying to kill all reforms that might "break this dangerous cycle in which bankers get very rich while the rest of working people suffer from their mistakes." . What is the main idea of the passage?
| A．The cause of the “Occupy Wall Street” movement. |
| B．The demand of the protesters of the “Occupy Wall Street” movement. |
| C．The popularity of the “Occupy Wall Street” movement. |
| D．The development of the “Occupy Wall Street” movement. |
. According to the second paragraph, what set off the “Occupy Wall Street” movement?
| A．The housing market. | B．The bad economic situation. |
| C．The mortgage | D．The high unemployment rate. |
. We can learn from the passage that Wall Street is the symbol of in the USA.
A. civilization B. power C. wealth D. fashionWe can infer that William Cohan .
| A．is the organizer of the “Occupy Wall Street” movement |
| B．lives on Wall Street |
| C．is against the “Occupy Wall Street” movement |
| D．approves of the “Occupy Wall Street” movement |
MAINE
by J. Courtney Sullivan, fiction, $26
The Kellehers are a big, disorderly family who sometimes seem to have only one thing in common: love for their beach house in Maine. Lie there with this novel and listen to a summer’s worth of secrets, quarrels, and misunderstandings.
WHAT I LEARNED WHEN I ALMOST DIED
by Chris Licht, nonfiction, $23
The energetic co-creator of MSNBC’s “Morning Joe” was unprepared for the pain, fear, and helplessness he felt after suffering a brain bleed. But as he detailed in this outspoken, thoughtful book, the lessons he took from the event surprised him the most.
FIRE AND RAIN
by David Browne, nonfiction, $26
This book transports you back to a year — the 1970 of Apollo 13, the first Earth Day — and the turning point of albums by the Beatles, James Taylor, and Crosby, Stills and Nash that provided the sound for a new decade. Rolling Stone contributing editor Browne artfully describes the creation of these classic songs.
LONG DRIVE HOME
by Will Allison, fiction, $22
A moment of anger has life-and-death consequences in this beautifully written novel. Being angry with a speeding teenage driver, Dad Glen Bauer makes a turn of his car in response, causing an accident in which the other driver dies. It’s a story about guilt, responsibility, and how mistrust can tear a loving family apart.
JESSICA LOST
by Bunny Crumpacker and J.S. Picariello, memoir (回忆录)，$25
Two authors — a woman who gave up a baby for adoption and the child herself — write alternating chapters in this memoir, which takes readers on a 50-year journey through their separate lives, their meeting, and their following relationship. Its account is both original and heartbreaking. Which of the following is TURE according to the text?
| A．MAINE talks about a loving happy family. |
| B．WHAT I LEARNED WHEN I ALMOST DIED is a novel. |
| C．JSSICA LOST is about a mother and her daughter. |
| D．LONG DRIVE HOME is written in the first person. |
. Which of the following may be favored by music lovers?
| A．MAINE. | B．FIRE AND RAIN. |
| C．LONG DRIVE HOME. | D．JESSICA LOST. |
The text is most probably a(n) _______.
| A．advertisement. | B．literary research report. |
| C．Collection of novels | D．book review |
It’s good to make mistakes, and here is why.
First of all, mistakes are a clear sign that you are trying new things. It’s always good to try new things because when you are trying new things you are growing. If you never try anything new, how can you improve? How can you expand? The simple answer is “You can’t”. Look around you. With very few exceptions, either everything you see in your physical world or every single detail of every single thing is the result of someone trying something new.
Another good thing about mistakes is this: When you are making mistakes, you are learning. Consider this: Edison failed 10,000 times before he perfected the light bulb. When asked how it felt to fail that many times, he said that he hadn’t failed 10,000 times, but rather had learned 10,000 things that didn’t work．
Finally, when you make a mistake you are much closer to success. Why?
Because when all is said and done, you will have tried some number of things before you succeeded. Every time you make a mistake you eliminate one of those things and are one step closer.
But this all doesn’t mean that you should go ahead without considering the consequences of a mistake. Quite the contrary, when you try something new you have to be willing to set some reasonable limits so that in the event that it doesn’t work out the way you want it to, you will be in a position to try again.
We all have limited resources in the form of time and money so don’t blow them all on one approach to a problem. Realize that it probably won’t be perfect the first time and allocate (分配) these resources appropriately so you can learn, make corrections, and try it again. Only by accepting and using your mistakes in this way can you make significant advances in your business and your career．
There is an old saying that goes, “If you’re not making mistakes, you’re not trying hard enough．”
So go forth and make mistakes. And learn. And grow. And prosper（成功）．From the second paragraph, we can conclude that _______．
| A．mistakes are unnecessary for development |
| B．we are afraid of trying new things |
| C．it’s common for people to make mistakes |
| D．mistakes are better than not trying |
The underlined word “eliminate” means _______．
| A．avoid | B．Remove | C．accept | D．solve |
. According to the article, one thing you should pay attention to about making mistakes is ．
| A．avoiding making the same mistakes |
| B．accepting the punishment willingly |
| C．taking consequences into account |
| D．trying things out one by one |
. What would the writer probably suggest we say to ourselves when we make a mistake?
| A．Never mind, I can always try again． |
| B．I’d better stay out of trouble． |
| C．Ok! Now I can learn something． |
| D．Look at this mess. Anyone would be upset． |
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