The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and groups. These meanings have also changed over time. This change is no more evident than in Western society today, when notions of health and health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways.
For much of recent Western history, health has been viewed in the physical sense only. That is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine. Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms.
In the late 1940s the World Health Organization challenged this physically and medically oriented (导向的) view of health. They stated that health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease (WHO, 1946). Health and the person were seen more holistically (mind / body / spirit) and not just in physical terms.
The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasizing the importance of the lifestyle and behaviour of the individual. Specific behaviours which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits, were targeted. Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but also health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviours and lifestyles. While this individualistic healthy lifestyle approach to health worked for some (the wealthy members of society), it was of little benefit to people experiencing poverty, unemployment, underemployment or who had little control over the conditions of their daily life.
During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyle factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social, economic and environmental contexts in which people live. This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health.
At the Ottawa Conference in 1986, a charter was developed which outlined new directions for health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of health. This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, remains as the backbone of health action today. In exploring the scope of health promotion it states that:
Good health is a major resource for social, economic and personal development and an important dimension (尺度) of the quality of life. Political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural and biological factors can all favour health or be harmful to it. (WHO, 1986)
From the passage, we can infer that _________.

A．good health means not having any illness

B．health has different meanings for different people in different periods

C．health has always been viewed in terms of the social, economic and environmental contexts in which people live

D．health has always been considered a major resource for social, economic and personal development and an important dimension of quality of life

In the late 1940s, if you ___________, that meant you were healthy. 

A．were strong enough

B．were strong, optimistic and happy

C．had enough money

D．had a good lifestyle

        of society benefited most from the healthy lifestyle approach to health. 

A．Rich people	B．Poor people
C．Old people	D．Young people

The socio-ecological view of health includes the following broad areas EXCEPT ________.

A．the social contexts

B．the environmental contexts

C．the economic contexts

D．the area of personal development

This passage mainly tells us that                 .  

A．wealth is health

B．health means different things in different periods

C．it’s getting harder to be healthy

D．people should change their understanding of health over time