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更新 2022-09-03
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NOT all memories are sweet. Some people spend all their lives trying to forget bad experiences. Violence and traffic accidents can leave people with terrible physical and emotional scars. Often they relive experiences in nightmares.
Now American researchers think they are close to developing a pill, which will help people forget bad memories. The pill is designed to be taken immediately after a frightening experience. They hope it might reduce, or possibly wipe out the effect of painful memories.
In November, experts tested a drug on people in the US and France. The drug stops the body releasing chemicals that fix memories in the brain, So far the research has suggested that only the emotional effects of memories may be reduced, not that the memories are wiped out. They are not sure to what degree people's memories are affected.
The research has caused a great deal of argument. Some think it is a bad idea, while others support it.
Supporters say it could lead to pills that prevent or treat soldiers' troubling memories after war. They say that there are many people who suffer from terrible memories.
“Some memories can ruin people's lives. They come back to you when you don't want to have them in a daydream or nightmare. They usually come with very painful emotions,” said Roger Pitman, a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.“This could relieve a lot of that suffering.”
But those who are against the research say that maybe the pills can change people's memories and changing memories is very dangerous because memories give us our identity. They also help us all avoid the mistakes of the past.
“All of us can think of bad events in our lives that were terrible at the time but make us who we are. I'm not sure we want to wipe those memories out,” said Rebecca Dresser ,a medical ethicist.
The passage is mainly about .

A．a new medical invention

B．a new research on the pill

C．a way of wiping out painful memories

D．an argument about the research on the pill

We can infer from the passage that .

A．experts are not sure about the effects of the pills.

B．the pill will certainly stop people's emotional memories

C．taking the pill will do harm to people's physical health

D．the pill has already been produced and used by the public in America

Which of the following does Rebecca Dresser agree with in the last paragraph?

A．some memories can ruin people's lives.

B．people want to get rid of bad memories.

C．experiencing bad events makes us different from others.

D．the pill will reduce people's sufferings from bad memories.

You may probably read the passage in

A．a guidebook	B．a textbook
C．a medical magazine	D．a science fiction

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相关试题

　　Transportation and communication networks bring people together. Yet sometimes people themselves create barriers(障碍) to transportation and communication.
　　In some countries, laws stop people from moving freely from place to place. Over the centuries, many groups of people have been denied the freedom to travel because of their race, religion, or nationality. In the Middle Ages, for example, Jews were often forbidden to move about freely within certain cities. South Africa's government used to require black Africans to carry passes when they travel within the country. Some governments require all citizens to carry identification papers and to report to government officials when ever they move.
　　Countries set up customs posts at their borders. Foreign travelers must go through a customs inspection before they are allowed to travel in the country. Usually travelers have to carry special papers such as passports and visa. Some countries even limit the number of visitors to their country each year. Others allow tourists to visit only certain areas of the country, or they may require that travelers be with an official guide at all times during their stay.
　　Many of those barriers to travel also act as barriers to communication. When two governments disagree with each other on important matters, they usually do not want their citizens to exchange news of ideas freely. Countries often try to keep military or industrial information secret.
　　Today, people have the ability to travel, to communicate, and to transport goods more quickly and easily than ever before. Natural barriers that were difficult or dangerous to cross a hundred years ago can now be crossed easily. The barriers that people themselves make are not so easy to overcome. But in spite of all the different kinds of barriers, people continue to enjoy the travel and the exchange of goods and ideas.
　53.The examples in Paragraph 2 are used to tell the readers that _____.
　　A. people have been allowed to travel freely within the country.
　　B. People have not been permitted to travel freely for various reasons.
　　C. Travelers have to carry special papers such as passports and visas.
　　D. Customs posts are necessary at the borders of the countries.
　　54.Some governments limit the freedom of communication because _____.
　　A. they intend to keep their national secrets unknown to others.
　　B. they think such freedom will lead to wars.
　　C. they often disagree with each other on important matters.
　　D. they want to show their authority over communication.
　　55.We may learn from the passage that _____.
　　A. people do not care about the removal of barriers between countries.
　　B. people can not remove the obstacles made by themselves.
　　C. man-made barriers are sometimes harder to overcome than natural ones.
　　D. barriers should be taken for granted as they always exist.
　56.Which of the following can serve as the best title of the passage?
　　A. Barriers Made by People　　　　　　　 B. Functions of Communication
　　C. Restrictions on Transportation　　　　D. Progress of Human Society

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　　Even though he has been caught, the former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein is still causing trouble. His arrest has thrown up as many questions as it has answers. Top of the list is what should happen to Saddam now, closely followed by calls for information from him about Iraq's weapons of mass destruction(大规模杀伤性武器). He is currently being held by American troops at a secret place. The US says he will stand trial(审判) for his cruel actions during his years in power. This is likely to take place at a court set up two weeks ago by the US-backed Iraqi Governing Council(伊拉克临管会). The council's president Abdul Azizal-Hakim has warned Saddam could be executed(处死) if found guilty by the court. And the US supports this.“I think he ought to receive the worst punishment for what he has done to his people,”said US President George W. Bush, without directly stating that Saddam should be put to death. However, many nations, including Saddam's long time enemy Iran, believe he would receive a fairer trial in an international court. Even Britain, America's closest supporter, said it would not take part in any trial that could lead to Saddam's execution. The UN Security Council(联合国安理会) has yet to make its position clear. But UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan did say that“the UN does not support a death penalty.”Besides waiting for a trial of Saddam, the world wants to see if the US and Britain can find the banned weapons they gave as the reason for the war in Iraq. Asked if Saddam's capture could lead to a breakthrough in the hunt for the weapons of mass destruction, British Prime Minister Tony Blair said,“there's obvious possibility there. But I think we should carry on what we're doing in Iraq”.
50.After the arrest(逮捕) of Saddam, people are most concerned with the question that _____.
　A.whether there are weapons of mass destruction in Iraq B.where he is held now
　C.how he will be punished D.none of the above
51.Which of the following is not true?
　A.Saddam will be punished for his cruel actions. B.An international court will be set up.
　　C.UN does not support a death penalty.
　　D.Many nations think it is not fair to have the trial in the court set up by the US-backed Iraqi Governing Council.
52.Tony Blair's words implies that _____.
　A.he is not sure whether they can find the weapons B.Britain will not take part in trial
　C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B

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　　If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like“Shakespeare”,“Samuel Johnson”and“Webster”but none of these men had any effect at all compared with a man who didn't even speak English---William the Conqueror.
　　Before 1066, in the land we now call Great Britain lived people belonging to two major language groups. In the west-central region lived the Welsh, who spoke a Celtic language, and in north lived the Scots, whose language, though not the same as Welsh, was also Celtic. In the rest of the country lived the Saxons, actually a mixture of Anglos-Saxons, and other Germanic and Nordic peoples, who spoke what we call Anglo-Saxon (or Old English), a Germanic Language. If this state of affairs had lasted, English today would be close to German.
　　But this state of affairs did not last. In 1066 the Normans led by William defeated the Saxons and began their rule over England. For about a century, French became the official language of England while Old English became the language of peasants. As a result, English words of polities and the law come from French rather than German. In some cases, modern English even shows a distinction(区别) between upper-class French and lower-class Anglo-Saxon in its words. We even have different words for some foods, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming, while the upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating.
　　When Americans visit Europe for the first time, they usually find Germany more“foreign”than France because the German they see on signs and advertisements seems much more different from English than French does. Few realize that the English language is actually Germanic in its beginning and that the French influences are all the result of one man's ambition.
46.The two major languages spoken in what is now called Great Britain before 1066 were _____.
　　A. Welsh and Scottish　　　　　　　　　　B. Nordic and Germanic
　　C. Celtic and Old English　　　　　　　　D. Anglo-Saxon and Germanic
　　47.Which of the following groups of words are, by inference, rooted in French?
　　A. president , lawyer, beef　　　　　　　 B. president , bread, water
　　C. bread , field, sheep　　　　　　　　　 D. folk , field, cow
48.Why does France appear less foreign than Germany to Americans on their first visit to Europe?
　　A. Most advertisements in France appear in English.
　　B. they know little of the history of the English language.
　　C. Many French words are similar to English ones.
　　D. They know French better than German.
49.What is the subject discussed in the text?
　　A. The history of Great Britain. B. The similarity of Great Britain.
　　C. The rule of England by William the Conqueror. D. The French influences on the English language.

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II 阅读理解（共25小题。第一节每小题2分，第二节每小题1分；满分45分）
第一节阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（ A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
　　The Opera house in Santa Fe. New Mexico is one of the most beautiful ones in the United States. It is small and open, with one roof over the stage where singers perform and another roof over part of the audience. This opera house in the mountain is one of the best in the country, which may seem surprising because performances are only given during seven weeks in the summer, and because Santa Fe is a very small city.
　　One reason why the Santa Fe Opera is so good is that it attracts many excellent young singers. They all hope to sing in famous opera houses like Metropolitan in New York someday, and they work hard to become well-known during the summer. The musicians and directors are experts who come from the best orchestras(管弦乐队) and operas in the country during their vacations. They enjoy working there because they like to live in Santa Fe, which is near both the mountains and the desert. It is very beautiful there in the summer.
　　The state government of New Mexico advertises the Santa Fe Opera in newspapers all over the country, and a great many tourists come to New Mexico because of the opera. Still, most of the audience does come from Santa Fe and other nearby cities, and all the seats in the theater are sold for every show.
　　There is only one thing that some people do not like about the Santa Fe Opera, and that is the cold weather. Because the theater is open, performances cannot start before it gets dark at nine o'clock in the evening, and then the mountain air becomes very cool. Sometimes people complain about the cold air, but because the operas are good, these people come back again---wearing warm coats.
　　41.This passage mainly introduces _____.
　　A. a mountain city　B. young musicians C. an opera house　D. the tourism in Santa Fe
　　42.Young singers come to perform in Santa Fe Opera because _____.
　　A. the music quality is high　　　　　　 B. they enjoy the climate there
　　C. they want to be famous　　　　　　　　D. they like the scenery there
　43.It seems surprising that Santa Fe becomes famous because _____.
　　A. it is only a very small place B. it is between the mountain and desert
　　C. all the seats are old for every show D. musicians there are from the best orchestras
　44.From the passage, we can learn that _____.
　A. the opera house is open without any roofs B. musicians always spend vacations in Santa Fe
　C. the government advertises to attract more musicians
　　D. performances are held in Santa Fe only after sunset
　45.The underlined word“advertise”in Paragraph 3 means _____.
　　A. forces others to read　 B. cheats people to come C. supports　D. praises

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Every country has its different customs when visiting other people's homes for a dinner party. It's important to know these before visiting a foreign country, so that you can avoid making embarrassing mistakes. Three people from different countries explain how to behave at a dinner party there.
Masako, Japan
The first thing to remember when visiting a Japanese home for dinner is that you should always dress correctly, as if going to the office. Casual wear is not appropriate. When you meet someone in Japan you should always bow. A deep bow is suitable for someone older or senior to you, while a short bow is suitable for younger people or your peers. Remember to take off your shoes when you enter the house. Always take a gift when you visit a Japanese home. Your host will expect it. It is important to arrive on time, and certainly not more than five minutes late. Don't sit down at the table until your host tells you where to sit. When you have finished eating and drinking, return your chopsticks to the chopstick rest, and do not finish your glass. If you do so, your host will pour more into the glass.
Mamadou, Senegal
Don't be surprised if there are only men or only women at your table when you go out to dinner in Senegal. Men and women sometimes eat separately in nay country. Wait until your host tells you where to sit. We normally sit on the floor to eat. First, everyone washes their hands in a washing basin. When the food comes it will be placed in front of you, and at first you will be offered food from the dishes by your host. Later you can serve yourself from the dishes, but make sure you do not lean over the food. Take food from the part of the bowl closest to you. Try a little of everything. It is polite to do so. Please make sure your feet do not touch the mat on which the food is placed.
Luis, Spain
Spanish dinner parties are great fun. We often start late in the evening and don't get up to leave until the small hours of the morning. I think you will enjoy going out to dinner in Spain. Firstly, never arrive on time. Fifteen or twenty minutes late is normal. Shake hands with your host, smile and look him in the eye. If he offers you a cup of coffee, be sure to accept it. Not to do so would be to reject your host' s kindness. A gift is not necessary, but will be welcomed. Food is served on individual plates, western-style, and is eaten with a knife and fork. Keep your hands where others can see them during the meal, but don' t put your elbows on the table. When you have finished, put your knife and fork at an angle on the plate. Try to finish your food if you can!
72. What is the purpose of the writer in writing this passage?
A. To introduce some customs in foreign countries.
B. To tell stories about three people at dinner parties.
C. To avoid making embarrassing mistakes when dining abroad.
D. To show the importance of cultural awareness when travelling abroad.
73. From Masako's explanation, we can know that in Japan _________.
A. young people bow not so deeply as older or senior people
B. old people don't have to bow to young people
C. young people do not bow deeply to those of the same age
D. all people should bow deeply to each other when they meet
74. Which of the following should a guest in Senegal do when the food is served?
A. Wait until the host asks him/her to eat. B. Don't eat until the host helps him/her.
C. Help himself/herself to anything he likes. D. Eat up the food from the closest plate.
75. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The Japanese sit on the floor and eat in front of a mat.
B. The Senegalese sit on the floor and eat at a table.
C. The Spanish sit at a table and eat with chopsticks.
D. The Japanese sit at a table and eat with chopsticks.

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