It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the commercial (商业的) world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction. Pay has always been the biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job. For some industrial scientists, however, the attractions of academia (学术界) outweigh any financial (金钱的) considerations.
Helen Lee took a 70％cut in salary when she moved from a senior post in Abbott Laboratories to a medical department at the University of Cambridge. Her main reason for returning to academia mid-career was to take advantage of the greater freedom to choose research questions. Some areas of inquiry have few prospects (前景) of a commercial return, and Lee’s is one of them.
The influence of a salary cut is probably less serious for a scientist in the early stages of a career. Guy Grant, now a research associate at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics at the University of Cambridge, spent two years working for a medicine company before returning to university as a post doctoral researcher. He took a 30% salary cut but felt it worthwhile for the greater intellectual chances.
Higher up the ladder, where a pay cut is usually more important, the demand for scientists with a wealth of experience in industry is forcing universities to make the change to academia more attractive, according to Lee. Industrial scientists tend to receive training that academics do not, such as how to build a multidisciplinary team, manage budgets and negotiate contracts. They are also well placed to bring something extra to the teaching side of an academic role that will help students get a job when they graduate, says Lee, perhaps experience in manufacturing practice or product development. “Only a small number of undergraduates will continue in an academic career. So someone leaving university who already has the skills needed to work in an industrial lab has far more potential (潜力) in the job market than someone who has spent all their time on a narrow research project.” By “a one-way street” in Paragraph 1, the author means ______.
| A．university researchers know little about the commercial world |
| B．few university professors are willing to do industrial research |
| C．few industrial scientists would leave to work in a university |
| D．there is little exchange between industry and academia |
The underlined word “deterrent” most probably refers to “something that ______”.
| A．helps to move the traffic | B．attracts people’s attention |
| C．brings someone a financial burden | D．keeps someone from taking action |
What was Helen Lee’s major consideration when she changed her job in the middle of her career?
| A．Less work hours. |
| B．More freedom to choose research fields. |
| C．Better prospects of a commercial return. |
| D．Her preference for the lifestyle on campus. |
What can industrial scientists do when they come to teach in a university?
| A．Make its research more practical. |
| B．Develop its students’ potential in research. |
| C．Help it to obtain financial support from industry. |
| D．Increase its graduates’ competitiveness in the job market. |
Informal conversation is an important part of any business relationship．Before you start a discussion，however，make sure you understand which topics are suitable and which are considered taboo（禁忌）in a particular culture. Latin Americans enjoy sharing information about their local history, art and customs．You may expect questions about your family，and be sure to show pictures of your children．You may feel free to ask similar questions of your Latin American friends．The French think of conversation as an art form，and they enjoy the value of lively discussions as well as disagreements. For them，arguments can be interesting and they can cover pretty much or any topic ---- as long as they occur in are respectful and intelligent manner．
In the United States，business people like to discuss a wide range of topics，including opinions about work，family，hobbies，and politics. In Japan，China，and Korea，however，people are much more private．They do not share much about their thoughts，feelings，or emotions because they feel that doing so might take away from the harmonious business relationship they’re trying to build．Middle Easterners are also private about their personal lives and family matters．It is considered rude，for example，to ask a businessman from Saudi Arabia about his wife or children．
As a general rule，it’s best not to talk about politics or religion with your business friends．This can get you into trouble，even in the United States，where people hold different religious views．In addition，discussing one’s salary is usually considered unsuitable．Sports is typically a friendly subject in most parts of the world，although be careful not to criticize national sport．Instead，be friendly and praise your host’s team．The author considers politics and religion ___________.
| A．cheerful topics |
| B．taboo |
| C．rude topics |
| D．topics that can never be talked about |
Which is typically a friendly topic in most places according to the author？
| A．Sports． | B．Children． |
| C．Personal feelings． | D．Families． |
Why are people from Asia more private in their conversation with others？
| A．They don’t want to talk much with others． |
| B．They don’t want to have their good relationship with others harmed by informal conversation。 |
| C．They are afraid to argue with their colleagues． |
| D．They want to keep their feelings to themselves． |
What shouldn’t you do when talking about sports with colleagues from another country？
| A．Praising your own country’s sports． |
| B．Criticizing your own country’s sports． |
| C．Praising the sports of your colleagues’ country． |
| D．Criticizing the sports of your colleagues’ country． |
Some scientists say that animals in the ocean are increasingly threatened by noise pollution caused by human beings. The noise that affect sea creatures comes from a number of human activities. It is caused mainly by industrial underwater explosions, ocean drilling, and ship engines. Such noises are added to natural sounds. These sounds include the breaking of ice fields, underwater earthquakes, and sounds made by animals themselves.
Decibels（分贝）measured in water are different from those measured on land. A noise of one hundred and twenty decibels on land causes pain to human ears. In water, a decibel level of one hundred and ninety-five would have the same effect.
Some scientists have proposed setting a noise limit of one hundred and twenty decibels in oceans. They have observed that noises at that level can frighten and confuse whales.
A team of American and Canadian scientists discovered that loud noises can seriously injure some animals. The research team found that powerful underwater explosions were causing whales in the area to lose their hearing. This seriously affected the whales’ ability to exchange information and find their way. Some of the whales even died. The explosions had caused their ears to bleed and become infected.
Many researchers whose work depends on ocean sounds object to a limit of one hundred and twenty decibels. They say such a limit would mean an end to important industrial and scientific research.
Scientists do not know how much and what kinds of noises are harmful to ocean animals. However, many scientists suspect that noise is a greater danger than they believed. They want to prevent noises from harming creatures in the ocean.According to the passage, which of the following is increasingly dangerous to sea creatures?
| A．The man-made noises. |
| B．The noises made by themselves. |
| C．The sound of earthquakes. |
| D．The sound of the ice-breaking. |
As to the influence of noises on whales, which of the following statements is true?
| A．They are deaf to noises. |
| B．Noises at a certain level may hurt them. |
| C．They are easily confused by noises. |
| D．Noises will limit their ability to reproduce. |
We can know from the passage that many scientists think that the noise limit of one hundred twenty decibels would______.
| A．prevent them from doing their research work |
| B．benefit them a lot in their research work |
| C．do good to their health |
| D．increase the industrial output |
According to the passage, what will scientists most probably do in the future?
| A．They will try their best to decrease noise. |
| B．They will work hard to cut down noise pollution. |
| C．They will study the effect of different noises. |
| D．They will protect animals from harmful noises. |
Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people，but I also explain that there's a big difference between “being a writer” and writing．In most cases these people are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter. “You've got to want to write, ”I say to them, “not want to be a writer”．
The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded. When I left a 20-year career in the U.S. Coat Guard to become a freelance writer, I had no hope at all．What I did have was a friend who found me a room in a New York apartment building．It didn't even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom．I immediately bought a used typewriter and felt like a real writer．
After a year or so．However, I still hadn't gotten a break and began to doubt myself．It was so hard to sell a story that I hardly made enough to eat．But I knew I wanted to write，l had dreamed about it for years．I wasn't going to be one of those people who die wondering, what if? I would keep putting my dream to the test—even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure．This is the shadow land of hope，and anyone with a dream must learn to live there．The purpose of the passage is to ．
| A．warn young people of the hardships that a successful writer has to experience |
| B．advise young people to give up their idea of becoming a professional writer |
| C．show young people it's unrealistic for a writer to seek wealth and fame |
| D．encourage young people to be a writer over a long period of time |
What can be concluded from the passage?
| A．Real writers often find their work interesting and rewarding． |
| B．A writer's success depends on luck rather than on effort． |
| C．Famous writers usually live in poverty． |
| D．The chances for a writer to become successful are little． |
Why did the author begin to doubt himself after the first year of his writing career?
| A．He wasn't able to produce a single book． |
| B．He hadn't seen a change for the better． |
| C．He wasn't able to have a rest for a whole year． |
| D．He found his dream would never come true． |
“…people who die wondering，what if?” refers to “those ”．
| A．who think too much of the dark side of life |
| B．who regret giving up their career halfway |
| C．who think a lot without making a decision |
| D．who are full of imagination even upon death |
“shadow land” in the last sentence means ．
| A．the wonderland one often dreams about |
| B．the bright future that one is looking forward to |
| C．the state of uncertainty before one's final goal is reached |
| D．a world that exists only in one's imagination |
Teeth are important．Strong，healthy teeth help you chew foods that help you grow．They help you speak clearly．And，they help you look your best．Here are some tips for you to take care of your teeth．
1．Brush your teeth in the right way．
Brush your teeth at least twice a day—after breakfast and lunch or after sweet snacks，too．
Brush all of your teeth，not just the front ones，Spend time brushing teeth along the sides and back of your mouth．Brush away from your gums，too．
Spend at least three minutes each time you brush．Play a song you like to help pass the time．Get a new toothbrush every three months．When you buy your toothbrush，be sure it has soft bristles．
2．Learn how to floss your teeth．
Flossing is a very important way to keep your teeth healthy．Food may hide in places where a toothbrush cannot get to，like the space between two teeth．Flossing can help get rid of it．Carefully move floss between two teeth．Up and down．You’ll need to floss your teeth at least once a day．
3．Have good eating habits．
You need to be careful about what you eat and drink. Eating sugar is a major of tooth decay．Eating sugar before you go to bed can make things even worse，eat lots of fruit and vegetables and drink water instead of soda．The passage is mainly about ．
| A．teeth are important. |
| B．how to brush and floss your teeth |
| C．how to form good eating habits |
| D．how to take care of your teeth |
The underlined word “tips” in this passage means ．
| A．money given to the waiter for personal services |
| B．piece of advice on how to do something |
| C．light blow, tap |
| D．thin end of something |
Which is NOT mentioned in this passage？
| A．Flossing your teeth． | B．Having good eating habits． |
| C．Brushing your teeth． | D．Going to see the dentist． |
Which of the following statements is NOT true according to this article？
| A．We should brush our teeth at least twice a day． |
| B．Flossing can help to get rid of the food hidden between two teeth． |
| C．One of the major causes of tooth decay is eating sugar． |
| D．We don’t have to brush our teeth if we eat a lot of fruit and vegetables． |
When you walk along a street in a big city in the United States， you may see clocks in most stores. Radio announcers give the correct time during the day. People there think that it is important to know the time. Most Americans have watches. They want to do certain things at certain times. They do not want to be late. Not all people all over the world value time. Suppose you visit a certain country in South America. You would find that people living there do not like to rush. If you had an appointment（约会）with someone， he would probably be late. He would not care for arriving on time. In some countries in South America， even the radio programs may not begin right on time， nor do the radio announcers think it important to announce the right time. Many people regard a clock as a machine. It seems to them that a person who does everything on time is controlled（控制）by a machine. They do not want a clock or any machine to have that much power over their lives.There are clocks in most stores in the US cities because ______.
| A．people in the stores want to sell these clocks |
| B．people think it important to know the time |
| C．bosses want to make their stores beautiful |
| D．they needn't wear watches when they are away from home |
The underlined word “rush” in the passage most probably means ______.
| A．“run” | B．“race” | C．“move” | D．“hurry” |
If you had an appointment with someone in some place in South America,he might not arrive on time，and this is because ______.
| A．he didn't have a watch with him |
| B．he didn't think it important to arrive on time |
| C．he forgot to have a look at a watch or a clock |
| D．he didn't like an appointment with someone |
In some countries in South America ______.
| A．the radio programs many start a bit early or late |
| B．the radio announcers do think it important to announce the exact time |
| C．many people think a clock has much power |
| D．most people do not want to be controlled by others |
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