Pushy parents and teachers who “hothouse” the under-5s risk causing damage to the children’s long term development, a leading education expert said.
Lilian Katz, Professor of Education at the University of Illinois, said that four-year-olds engaged in reading and writing went on to perform worse academically than those engaged in imaginative learning. They scored higher in tests at the age of 5, but children whose first year at school was stimulating outstripped them four years later.
The findings suggest that the government's structured approach to early years' learning could be storing up problems for children. They also raise serious questions about the plan for all children to be able to read by the age of 6.
In many countries formal teaching does not start until children are 6 or 7 and have improved their social and manual skills. Children start learning to read and write at 6 in the United States, France and Germany, and at 7 in Finland and Sweden.
Professor Katz said that in many schools the courses were "boring children to tears". Much academic teaching required children to learn by memorizing pieces of information out of context, she said. Teaching in reception class should instead allow children to develop their intellect by exploring their environments and asking questions.
"Research suggests the benefits of formal academic instruction for four- and five-year-olds seem to be promising when they are tested early, but considerably less so in the long term. When these children are followed over a period of three or more years, those who had early experience in more intellectually engaging curricula were more likely to do well in school than their peers, who had received early academic instruction." She advocates teaching children through first-hand experience and play, in mixed-aged classes. This can include puppet shows, drawing or running a pretend shop in the classroom.
According to the passage, those who “hothouse” the under-5s would probably _________.

A．prefer a lot of interaction and stimulation while teaching

B．teach in a lively way to motivate kids’ interest

C．push the kids to memorize pieces of information

D．care about the kids’ physical development

What does the underlined word “ outstripped” in Paragraph 2 mean?

A．did better than	B．looked down upon
C．caught up with	D．performed worse than

According to Lilian Katz, the government’s structured approach to early-years learning __.

A．is necessary for improving children’s reading and writing ability

B．needs to be improved to develop children’s academic ability

C．will cause problems to children in their future learning

D．has more advantages than disadvantages

The message the author wants to deliver through the passage is that formal teaching _____.

A．can start at different times in different countries.

B．should not be started too early

C．is best carried out in Finland and Sweden

D．should include teaching children social and manual skills

Which of the following is NOT the opinion of Lilian Katz?

A．Children should be taught through first-hand experience.

B．Learning in a mixed-age class is good for children.

C．Running a shop can help children get good marks.

D．Puppet shows and drawing are useful in teaching children.