基础训练篇（19）
We are all busy talking about and 1. (use) the Internet, but how many of us know 2. history of the Internet?
Many people are 3. (surprise) when they find that the Internet was not set up in the 1960s.At that time, computers were large 4. expensive. Computer networks didn’t work well. If one computer in the network broke 5. , then the whole network stopped. So a new network system had to be set up. It should be good enough to be used by many different computers. If part of the network was working, information could be sent 6. another part. In this way the computer network system would keep on 7. (work) all the time.
The Internet was only used by the government in the 1960s, but in the early 1970s, universities, hospitals and banks were allowed to use it too. However, computers were still very expensive and the Internet was difficult to use. 8. the start of 1990s, computers became cheaper and easier to use. Scientists had also developed software that made “surfing” the Internet more 9. (convenience).
Today it is easy to get online and it is said that millions of people use the Internet every day. 10. (send) emails is more and more popular among students.
The Internet has now become one of the most important parts of people’s life.
Every year there are hundreds of earthquakes in different parts of the world. In Sept.1923, Tokyo and Yokohama were both destroyed by an earthquake and the fires that followed it. They had to be completely rebuilt. One of the most serious earthquakes was in China’s Shanxi Province in 1556. It killed almost one million people.
We measure an earthquake’s strength on the Richter scale. The Richter scale was introduced in 1935 in Southern California in the USA. It measures earthquakes on a scale of one to ten. Any earthquake measuring five or more is usually serious.
The earth’s crust (地壳) is made up of layers of rock called plates. As these plates move, they sometimes crash against each other, causing the crust to quake. In cities such as Tokyo, where small quakes happen quite often, many modern buildings are designed to be flexible so when the earth moves, they move with it.
Earthquakes can also break up gas or oil pipes. This can cause fires to break out, which can do as much damage as the earthquake itself.
Another effect of earthquakes is tsunamis (海啸). These are huge waves created by earthquakes beneath the sea. They can be many meters high and cause great damage to coastal towns and cities.
China, Japan, Russia and the USA have the highest occurrence (发生) of earthquakes in the world.
| Knowing about （1）.__________ |
|
| Two serious earthquakes in (2).__________ |
An earthquake and the following fire (3).__________ both Tokyo and Yokohama in Sept. 1923. |
| In 1556, a very serious earthquake (4)._________ in China’s Shanxi Province. |
|
| The way to (5)._________ an earthquake’s strength |
People can measure an earthquake’s strength on the Richter scale of one to ten, (6)._________ in 1935 in the USA. If an earthquake measures five or more, it’s usually serious. |
| The (7)._______ of earthquakes |
As the plates, which form the earth’s (8)._______, move, they sometimes crash against each other, causing the crust to quake. |
| Some (9)._____ of earthquakes |
If earthquakes break up gas or oil pipes, (10)._______ will happen, which can do as much damage as the earthquake itself. |
| Tsunami is another effect of earthquakes. |
请仔细阅读下列文章，并根据所读内容在文章后的表格中的空格内填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上，每空只填一个单词。
When difficult people expresses themselves orally, they generally want at least two things: they’ve been heard and they’ve been understood. As a good communicator should be a good listener, five steps are advocated toward good listening.
The first step is cooperating. How does a difficult person know that you’re listening and understanding? In fact, it’s through the way you look and sound while he is talking. You may help him to fully express his thoughts and feelings. You do this by nodding your head in agreement, making certain sounds of understanding.
When the person begins to repeat what’s been said, it’s a signal of step two: turning back. It means that you repeat back some words he is using, sending a clear signal that you’ve listening carefully and that you think what he is saying is important.
Having heard what he has to say, the next step is clarifying. At this point, you start to gather information about what is being communicated. Ask same open-ended questions, which will allow you to figure out what intention he is hoping to satisfy.
The fourth step is to summarize what you’ve heard. This allows you to make sure that both you and the difficult person the same page. When you do this, two things happen. First, if you’ve missed something, he can fill in the details. Second you’ve shown that you’re making an effort to understand completely. This increases possibility of gaining cooperation from him.
Having listened carefully, you’ve now arrived at the point of confirming with the person that he feels satisfied that his thoughts have been fully voiced. Ask if he feels understood.
Then enough sincere listening, questioning, and remembering are brought together, understanding is usually achieved and a difficult person becomes less difficult and more cooperative.
| Listen to understand |
|
| Reason |
Difficult people hope they have been heard and |
| ◆ ◆Repeat some ◆Collect information about the person’s expressions and find his ◆Give a ◆Confirm that the person gains |
|
| Result |
A difficult person will be |
| You may unlock the doors to difficult people’s minds after you listen and understand. |
认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：每个空格只填1个单词。请将答案写在答题纸相应题号的横线上。
Cheating is common in various kinds of exams in college. Students don’t feel shame to cheat in exams. They know that if caught cheating in an exam, the punishment will not be serious. This leads to frequent cheating in exams.
At the University of Nevada, after students photographed test questions with their cellphone cameras, transmitted them to classmates outside the exam room and got the answers back in text messages, the university put in place a new monitoring system.
With their electronic tools, students these days find it easier to cheat. So college officials find themselves in a new game of cat and mouse, trying to gain an advantage over would-be cheats this exam season with a range of strategies—cutting off Internet access from laptops, or demanding the surrender of cellphones before tests.
Mr. Dapremont said technology had made cheating easier, but added that plagiarism（剽窃）in writing papers was probably a bigger problem because students can easily lift other people’s writings off the Internet.
Still, some students said they thought cheating these days was more a product of an attitude, not the tool at hand. Pressure to succeed sometimes clouds everything and makes people do things that they shouldn’t do. Students today feel more pressure to do well in order to graduate from school and secure a job.
Whatever the reasons for cheating, college officials say the battle against it is wearing them out. First, people who cheat in exams will lose interest in studying. Second, they believe studying isn’t meaningful. Even though they don’t do anything, they can still pass. Third, people who cheat in exams will influence others. Plenty of hardworking people will see that their results are lower than people who cheat in exams. Thus, we must prevent cheating in exams. We reduce the opportunities for cheating in exams.
The vast majority of Americans still believe that honesty is an important part of the American character. For that reason, there are numerous watchdog committees at all level of society. Although signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past, could that because we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty?
Many educators feel that as students gain confidence in themselves and their abilities, they are less likely to cheat. Surprisingly, some efforts to prevent cheating may actually encourage cheating—a person may feel “ they don’t trust me anyway”, and be tempted to “ beat the system”. Distrust can be contagious（可传染的）. But, so can trust.
Title: Cheating in exams in college
| Facts |
◇ Cheating in exams is common in college. ◇ Students don’t take cheating in exams as 1 behaviour. |
| Means of cheating and plagiarism |
◇ Use 2 . ◇ Surf the Internet. |
| 3 for cheating |
◇ Cheats are not 4 seriously. ◇ The latest technology makes it 5 for students to cheat. ◇ Heavy pressure makes students want to do well so as to ensure 56 and a job. |
| 7 of cheating |
◇ People will become 8 in studying. ◇ People will believe studying doesn’t make 9 . ◇ People cheating in exams will influence others negatively. |
| Solution |
Educators and students should 10 each other. |
请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。
Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they’re always coming in for criticism. Their critics seem to offend them because they have a talent for self-promotion and because they have so much money to throw around. ‘It’s unfair,’ they say, ‘that this entirely unproductive industry (if we can call it that) should absorb millions of pounds each year. It only goes to show how much profit the big companies are making. Why don’t they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, it’s the consumer who pays…’
The poor old consumer! He’d have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn’t create mass markets for products. It is precisely because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods comes largely from the advertisements we read. Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc., from an advertisement.
Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway rules while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a dull wall or a newspaper full of disasters.
We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not survive without this source of revenue(收益). The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programmes is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price!
Another thing we mustn’t forget is the ‘small ads.’ which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a greatly useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the ‘hatch, match and dispatch’ column but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or ‘agony’ column（读者来信专栏）. No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature. It’s the best advertisement for advertising there is!
| Topic |
Advertising or not? |
| 1 of criticism |
having a talent for self-promotion 2 so much money making the price of goods 3 |
| With ads |
Consumer goods are not so 4 . People 5 a great deal of knowledge from ads. Ads provide us with some 6 to new products or remind us of the old ones. A cheerful, witty ad makes our life more 7 . |
| Without ads |
Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could hardly 8 . We pay 9 for our daily paper or cannot enjoy so many broadcast programmes. It will not be so 10 if people want to find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death. |
任务型阅读（共10题；每题1分，满分10分）
There are some very good things about open education. This way of teaching allows the students to develop their own interests in many subjects. Open education allows students to be responsible for their own education. Some students do badly in traditional classrooms. The open classroom may allow them to enjoy learning. Some students will be happier in an open education school. They will not have to worry about grades or rules.
But many students will not do well in an open classroom. For some students, there are too few rules. These students will do little in school. They will not make good use of open education. Because open education is so different from traditional education, these students may have a problem of getting used to making so many choices. For many students it is important to have some rules in the classroom. They worry about the rules even when there are no rules. Even a few rules will help this kind of students. The last point about open education is that some traditional teachers do not like it. Many teachers do not believe in open education. Teachers who want to have an open classroom may have many problems at their school.
You now know what open education is. Some of its good points and bad points have been explained. You may have your own opinion about open education. The writer thinks that open education is a good idea, but only in theory. In actual fact, it may not work very well in a real class or school. The writer believes that most students, but of course not all students, want some structure in their classes. They want and need to have some rules. In some cases, they must be made to study some subjects. Many students are pleased to find subjects they have to study interesting. They would not study those subjects if they did not have to.
Title: Open 1._____________
| Definition |
Open education is a way of teaching which allows students to learn what they are 2.___________ in without many rules. |
| 4.__________ |
◆Open education enables students to realize they are learning for 3. ___________, not for others. ◆In open classrooms, many students don’t need to be afraid of grades or rules. ◆Some students find 5. ________ happiness in open classrooms compared with traditional classrooms. |
| Disadvantages |
◆Many students cannot prove themselves as good in open classrooms as in traditional classrooms. ◆There are so many 6. _________ for students to make that they can’t use open education properly. ◆Some teachers are not in 7. _________ of such way of teaching. |
| The writer’s 8. __________ to open education |
◆Open education is just theoretical, but in a 9._________ class or school it is not so good. ◆10. _________ of the students want some structure in their classes. |
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