TrashcollectionisaproblemforCu

更新 2022-09-04
科目英语
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Trash collection is a problem for Curitiba． First， the city has only one landfill．Second， its garbage trucks do not fit on some of the streets in the city's low﹣income （低收入） neighborhoods．Curitiba knew the solution lay in getting everyone involved （参加）．

In 1989， the city started a recycling program called Garbage That Is Not Garbage． The city set up a central recycling center for sorting （把…分类） recyclable materials， food﹣based and waste．

Colorful cartoon characters were symbols of different kinds of recyclable materials， which could help children get to know the importance of recycling． Collection bins were the same colors as the cartoons， reinforcing （加强） the message．People made money by picking up the trash at these bins and taking it to the center for processing． Today， Curitiba claims to have the highest recycling rate of any city in the world．

Cambio Verde，the Green Exchange program，and Compra do Lixo，the Buying of Garbage program，are successful recycling programs in Curitiba． They get low﹣income residents （居民） to join in the city's recycling program by having them transport trash from neighborhoods that are hard for garbage trucks to reach．

Depending on what they deliver，people exchange their trash for cash，food and services．Their way of life is improved， and the city is better able to manage its trash． These programs are one way Curitiba has gotten creative as a green city． It shows how involving everyone can make green living possible．

Trading in on Trash
Paragraph	Main idea	Supporting details
One	（1）_____ 　Curitiba's trash collection problem	There is only one landfill in Curitiba．（2）　　cannot reach every corner of the city．
Two	Actions and influences of Garbage That Is Not Garbage	A central recycling center（3）　　by the government． Kids understood the importance of recycling better． Curitiba's recycling rate is pretty high．
Three	Cambio Verde's and Compra do Lixo's ways of involving low﹣income residents	They make low﹣income residents（4）　____from their neighborhoods to certain places．
Four	Results of recycling programs and conclusion	People's way of life is improved． Curitiba can manage its trash better． Everyone（5）____ 　in making green living possible．

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With the development of modern technology， digital devices（数码设备） have been seen everywhere． People often check what is （1）h　　 in the world on the Internet， keep in touch with friends through emails， or even start to read e﹣books．（2）H　　， many people still prefer paper books to e﹣books because they think that brains work （3）b　　 when reading paper books．

Now， some scientists have come up with some （4）d　　 ideas． They believe how brains work is not greatly affected by the way people read， but depends on the following factors（因素）． They （5）i　　 the type and content of reading materials， the （6）p　　 of reading． etc． When people read for entertainment， like news about star families or （7）f　　 stories， reading paper books or e﹣books makes no difference． When people read to gain （8）k　　 about science， reading paper books is more helpful． Brains need longer to deal with harder problems． Usually， taking notes by （9）h　　 on paper books takes longer than typing（打字） notes out on digital devices． So it's （10）e　　for you to remember key points when you read paper books． Next time， when you read e﹣books about science， just remember to slow down and give your brain more time．

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After crossing the river， Dorothy and her friends came to a poppy flower field， with many other colourful flowers next to it．

"How b（1）　　!" Dorothy said．

"When I have brains， I will probably like them better，" the Scarecrow said．

"If I had a heart， I would love them．" added the Tin Woodman．

"I always liked flowers．" the Lion said．"But there are n（2）　　 in the forest so bright as these．"

Soon they found t（3）　　 in the middle of poppies． It is known that when there are many of these flowers together， their strong smell will make anyone breathing it fall asleep， even sleep forever． But Dorothy didn't k（4）　　 this． Soon Dorothy's eyes grew so h（5）　　 that she felt she had to sleep． Dorothy fell among the poppies， fast asleep．

"The smell is k（6）　　 us all． If we leave her here， she will die，" said the Lion． "I can h （7）　　 keep my eyes open， and the dog Toto is asleep already．"

"Run fast and get out of here，" said the Scarecrow to the Lion， "We can carry the little girl， but you are too heavy．"

The Lion ran as fast as possible but he fell asleep b（8）　　he was out of the field． Luckily， the Scarecrow and the Tin Woodman were not troubled by the smell． They made a chair with their hands and carried Dorothy t（9）　　the flowers to the grass far enough from the poppy field． The Tin Woodman built a truck and pulled the Lion with the Scarecrow． The sweet fresh air w（10）　　 Dorothy， Toto and the Lion． Soon they continued their journey．

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Beyond its influence on health， not getting enough sleep can lead to car accidents or other mistakes． Here are what sleep researchers have found about how to sleep．

How much sleep do we actually need？

It is known that all of us naturally need no less than eight hours of sleep per night． When we sleep below six hours per 24， we're at an increased risk of health problems． Some of us think we can make up any of those hours lost during the week on the weekends． Sadly，there is no storage system for sleep in the brain．

Can we train ourselves to need less sleep？

As a study in 1964， a 17﹣year﹣old boy named Randy Gardner stayed awake for 264 hours． How many people could do anything close to that without dying？

When you are reading this， you might say you usually get six hours of sleep and feel just fine． Sleep experts often compare people without enough sleep to drunk drivers： They don't get behind the wheel thinking they're probably going to kill someone．

Can we drink coffee instead of sleeping？

Coffee can keep us awake． Remember， too much coffee may throw off our sleep and energy cycles． So limit coffee and avoid caffeine for four to six hours before bedtime．

Does a sense of purpose connect to sleep quality？

A new research suggests a kind of strong connection between purpose in life and sleep． People who have a greater sense of purpose usually have better physical and mental health， which in turn explains their higher﹣quality sleep． Perhaps developing a sense of purpose in life could be as useful at improving sleep as the healthy habits above．

How to sleep
Introduction	Not getting enough sleep can influence our health and（1）　　many mistakes．
Findings from（2）　　researchers	How much sleep do we actually need？	●Eight hours of sleep a night is （3）　　for all of us． ●Sleeping less than six hours a day can（4　　the risk of health problems． ●It is （5）　　to make up the lost sleeping hours during the workweek．
	Can we train ourselves to need less sleep？	●People without enough sleep would insist that they were （6）　　， but weren't doing well at all．
	Can we drink coffee instead of sleeping？	●Using coffee instead of sleeping might lead to sleep（7）　　． ●Drink proper amount of coffee at proper（8）　time　．
	Does a sense of purpose connect to sleep quality？	●A sense of purpose in life is closely（9）　　with sleep quality． ●People with a greater sense of purpose may sleep （10）　　．

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One afternoon a few months after Tom and I were married． Max walked into the dining room， where I was looking through my old photos．

These months I was learning to let Max come （1）　　on his own． If I moved too quickly， he ran away． If I was（2）　　， we often ended up playing， laughing， and recently， even sitting together on the sofa with a book．

"Who' s that？" he pointed to one photo．

"My mom． I suppose she is your（3）　　Sylvia．"

"Cool． Who is that to me？"

"That was my grandfather． He died a few months ago．"

"Hmm． Too bad he had to die．"

Death is always a painful（4）　　，especially for a seven﹣year﹣old child who'd lost his mother only two years before． I secretly put away the pictures of（5）　　relatives．

He began to finger through the photos． "Who is that to me？

Under his finger I could see my own face． I should have known the answer to his（6）　　question． But I said， "I'm your（7）　　mom． I' m sorry that your first mom died．"

"What should I call you？" he asked．

Mom， I wanted to cry． I held back．

"You can call me Mom or Betsy．（8）　　feels OK for you．"

I waited， expecting a pronouncement of my new（9）　　．

"Sweet，" he said， walking out of the room．

For a couple of days afterward， Max （10）　　a new title for me． "Can we go bowling？" "Can I watch TV？" he'd ask， and then（11）　　the questions by mouthing the word Mom． Mom was always（12）　　．

One weekend， he suddenly said， "I notice I don't call you Mom．"

"I noticed that too．"

"（13）　　 I say Betsy， I mean Mom． Moms die， you know． I think it's maybe（14）　　 if you' re just Betsy．"

Tears（眼泪） were filling my eyes．

"Hey， Betsy？"

"Yeah，" I said， taking pleasure in the new （15）　　of my old name．

（1）A． down	B． near	C． close	D． back
（2）A． kind	B． patient	C． helpful	D． confident
（3）A． grandmother	B． mother	C． aunt	D． cousin
（4）A． subject	B． speech	C． message	D． sign
（5）A． dead	B． boring	C． unknown	D． strict
（6）A． simple	B． proper	C． stupid	D． funny
（7）A． natural	B． past	C． only	D． second
（8）A． Whoever	B． Whatever	C． That	D． Anybody
（9）A． position	B． name	C． title	D． call
（10）A． worked out	B． turned out	C． carried out	D． tried out
（11）A． answer	B． follow	C． confirm	D． raise
（12）A． alive	B． wise	C． silent	D． lost
（13）A． Until	B． Before	C． When	D． Unless
（14）A． politer	B． safer	C． sadder	D． riskier
（15）A． pronunciation	B． announcement	C． voice	D． sound

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Over 2，000 years ago， in China，there lived a boy called Confucius． When he was o（1）　　three， his father died． His mother was very poor． In those days people had to pay to go to school and his mother did not have enough m（2）　　 to send him．

As Confucius grew up he wanted to learn things． So he d（3）　　 to teach himself．Unfortunately he was a strange﹣looking boy． The other children pointed and made fun of him． They called him names and laughed at him． Confucius got very upset， but he was a kind gentle boy and did not fight b（4）　　．

Confucius did not play with other children． He went off to talk to holy men in the temple and learned from them． He t（5）　　 to artists and musicians and learned from them． If he tried to do something difficult， he kept trying over and over again u（6）　　 he learned how to do it． In this way the boy taught himself to read and w（7）　　 and learned lots of interesting things． Confucius grew up to be a very c（8）　　 man．

When he was a man， Confucius became the ruler of the city of Changtu． People were very h（9）　　 when he was their leader． He used his abilities and skills in a w（10）　　 way．

People sometimes call him the greatest man who ever lived． We still remember many of his sayings today．

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