Ronald Hoffman born in 1937 is Polish-born American organic chemist and Nobel laureate(桂冠). As a theoretical chemist, Hoffmann studied energy levels in chemical bonds during chemical reactions. He put computers to use to solve his problems and, despite the complexity of his research, was able to explain his theories and discoveries to the non-specialist. For his work he was awarded the 1981 Nobel Prize in chemistry, which he shared with Fukui Kenichi.
Born in Poland, Hoffmann settled in New York City as a child and became a United States citizen. He received his undergraduate degree in premedical studies from Columbia College in 1958. He attended Harvard University, where he received his PhD. degree in chemical physics in 1962. He joined the faculty of Cornell University in the mid-1960s and remained there throughout his career.
Hoffmann and Nobel laureate chemist Robert Burns Woodward developed rules, based on quantum mechanics, to determine how energy levels in atomic electron orbits influence how a chemical reaction takes place. These simple rules, known as the Woodward-Hoffmann rules, allowed chemists to predict reaction results and was quickly accepted and put to use in a wide variety of situations.
Hoffmann later turned his research to a variety of problems related to discovering the molecular structure of inorganic and organometallic compounds. Hoffmann is also known for what is called the Isolobal Analogy, which is yet another discovery linking all areas of chemistry. It is useful in predicting the behavior of new molecules based on the orbit structure of the components used to form them.
Aided by computers, Hoffmann was able to generate a vast amount of data to support his ideas. Unlike the scientific papers of many chemists, Hoffmann's publications contain little raw data but instead are filled with diagrams and pictures to explain his results. His drawings of shaded balloons to indicate eigenvectors, a unit used in mathematics, are now the accepted scientific notation for illustrating this value.
What can be inferred from the above passage about Hoffman?
| A．He left his homeland when he got the Nobel Prize. |
| B．He went to the United States to gain his Nobel Prize. |
| C．He might find the Unites States a better place to learn chemistry. |
| D．His family may have settled in the United States. |
How did Hoffman make his research popular?
| A．He applied some computer skills to help explain his ideas. |
| B．He established a special computer system to help. |
| C．He drew some forms explaining his ideas. |
| D．He did series of experiments to prove his ideas. |
The underlined word “generate” in this passage might most probably mean “______”.
A. bring in B. break down
B. move away D. keep secret
Why was Ronald Hoffman awarded the 1981 Nobel Prize for chemistry?
| A．He established rules to predict chemical reactions . |
| B．He succeeded applying computer science to chemistry research. |
| C．He shared what he had achieved with another scientist named Fukui Kenichi. |
| D．He succeeded in both chemistry and computer researches. |
| Introduction: Speaking English is not only about using proper grammar. To use English effectively, you need to understand the culture in which it is spoken. Here are a number of important tips to remember when speaking English in the United States. |
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| General Points to Remember Most Americans only speak English. While it is true that more and more Americans speak Spanish, most Americans only speak English. Don't expect them to understand your native language. Americans have difficulty understanding foreign accents. Many Americans are not used to foreign accents. This requires patience from both of you! |
Conversation Tips Speak about location. Talk about work. Americans commonly ask "What do you do?" It's not considered impolite（as in some countries）and is a popular topic of discussion between strangers. Talk about sports. Be careful when expressing ideas about race, religion or other sensitive topics. |
| Addressing People Use last names with people you do not know. Always use “Ms.” when addressing women. Many Americans prefer first names. Americans prefer informal greetings and using first names or nicknames when speaking with colleagues and acquaintances. |
Public Behavior Always shake hands. Look your partner in the eye. Don't hold hands: Same sex friends do not usually hold hands or put their arms around each other in public in the United States. |
"When speaking to a stranger, ask them where they are from and then make a connection with that place”can be used as a supporting sentence to _____.
| A．talk about sports | B．address people |
| C．talk about work | D．speak about location |
If you are introduced to a woman called Pearl S. Buck, how should you address her usually?
| A．What are you doing, Madam Buck? |
| B．How do you do, Ms. Buck? |
| C．How are you doing, Mrs. Pearl? |
| D．How are you, Miss Pearl S.? |
The underlined word “acquaintance” in the table may probably mean______.
| A．things that are precious |
| B．foreigners that you can talk to |
| C．persons who you are familiar with |
| D．languages that you can speak |
We can infer from the text that ______.
| A．smoking is allowed in public in the modern United States |
| B．different sex friends should hold hands during the first meeting |
| C．when you speak to others, it's polite not to look into their eyes |
| D．Americans shake hands when greeting the same sex friends |
I went through a training program and became a literacy volunteer last surnmen The training
I received, though excellent, did not tell me how it was to work with a real student, however. When I began to discover what other people's lives were like because they could not read, I realized the true importance of reading.
My first student Marie was a 44-year-old single mother of three. In the first lesson, I found out she walked two miles to the nearest supermarket twice a week because she didn't know which bus to take. When I told her I would get her a bus schedule, she told me it would not help because she could not read it. She said she also had difficulty once she got to the supermarket,because she couldn't always remember what she needed. Since she did not know words, she could not write out a shopping list. Also, she could only recognize items by sight, so if the product had a different label, she would not recognize it as the product she wanted.
As we worked together, learning how to read built Marie's self-confidence,which encouraged her to continue her studies. She began to make rapid progress and was even able to take the bus to the supermarketelt. After this successful trip, she reported how self-confident she felt. At the end of the program, she began helping her youngest son,Tony, a shy first grader with his reading. She sat with him before he went to sleep and together they would read bedtime stories. When his eyes became wide with excitement as she read, pride was written all over her face. As she described this experience, I was proud of myself as well. I found that helping Marie to build her self-confidence was more rewarding than anything I had ever done before.
As a literacy volunteer, I learned a great deal about teaching and helping others. In fact, I may have learned more from the experience than Marie did.What did the author do last summer?
| A．She worked in the supermarket |
| B．She helped someone to learn to read |
| C．She gave single mothers the help they needed |
| D．She went to a training program to help a literacy volunteer |
Why didn’t Marie go to the supermarket by bus at first?
| A．Because she liked to walk to the supermarket |
| B．Because she lived far away from the bus stop |
| C．Because she couldn’t afford the bus ticket |
| D．Because she couldn’t find the right bus |
How did Marie use to find the goods she wanted in the supermarket?
| A．She knew where the goods were in the supermarket |
| B．She asked others to take her to the right place |
| C．She managed to find the goods by their looks |
| D．She remembered the names of the goods |
What did the writer think of her work as a literacy volunteer?
| A．Interesting | B．Meaningful |
| C．Tiring | D．Touching |
“How can I learn English well?” This is a question many students ask. In my opinion, the most effective way is to learn lessons by heart. If you can recite the text and write it out, you’ve learned it fairly well. And if you can tell, in your own words, what the lesson says you’re a very successful learner indeed. Your English will be quite perfect.This is a difficult task. However, if you try to learn by heart only part of each lesson, you’ll find it not half so hard as you might have thought. Learning this way, you will make rapid progress. Of course, writing is also necessary. It helps you a lot on our way to success in English. Equally important is to feel the language. You should be able to laugh at jokes and be shocked at bad news. When using English, try to forget your mother tongue. Instead of helping you, your own language gets in your way. So, never try to see English through translation.In the writer’s opinion, the most effective way in learning English is ____.
| A．to practise speaking, writing and feeling it |
| B．to forget your own native language |
| C．to translate everything into his own language |
| D．to memorize the English words and grammatical rules |
“Instead of helping you, your own language gets in your way.”This sentence means that memorizing your own language can ________.
| A．help you to study English well | B．stop you mastering English |
| C．make English easy to learn | D．help you notice mistakes |
Equally important is to feel the language. “to feel the language” here means________.
| A．to get a knowledge of English by touching |
| B．to be able to read and write English |
| C．to translate English into your own by imagining |
| D．to be able to experience the rich sensation of the language |
All right! Enough cookies,cola, and chips! It seems that junk food is all that the children want to eat these days.Television controls their tastes.The kids see well-known personalities eating potato chips, candy and other processed food, and they want to be like their heroes.How do they do it?They eat the same food. I wish there were more characters like old Popeye（大力水手）, the sailor, who ate spinach（菠菜） and not French fries.
Now I don't expect my children to eat healthy food because I like brown rice, beans, and fresh vegetables. I'm glad to cook traditional meals of meat and potatoes for them. I really can't be too upset with the kids because most adults aren't careful about what they eat. The other night, my wife and I went to a party where there was plenty to drink but very little for us to eat. They served hot dogs and hamburgers. I can't eat hot dogs, with all those preservatives（防腐剂）, and hamburgers are filled with chemicals so that they look better. Besides the meat, they had sugar-filled cookies and cake, and of course, chips. I don't want the world to change because of me, but I think people should realize that there are alternatives(选择) to eating meat. They always tell me that I probably don't get my essential(必要的) proteins. I feel better than ever and I'm sure that it's because I'm a vegetarian(素食主义者). I would really like to see more television advertisements which show the benefits of good, healthy, natural food. According to the passage, it seems that ______.
| A．canned food is the only one that the kids enjoy most. |
| B．the children like to have fried chicken only. |
| C．the kids prefer to have cold drinks, not junk food |
| D．the children like nothing better than junk food: cookies and chips |
which of the following is NOT true?
| A．Television influences children’s food choice |
| B．The author is not single and he eats meats |
| C．Though the author is a vegetarian, he feels very healthy |
| D．It is certain that beans and spinach are not junk food |
The writer is a vegetarian, so people doubt very much _____.
| A．why he goes to the party | B．whether he gets enough proteins |
| C．whether he allows his children to eat meat | D．whether he is healthy and strong |
People in the United States honour their parents with two special days: Mother’s Day, on the second Sunday in May, and Father’s Day, on the third Sunday in June.These days are set aside to show love and respect for parents. They raise their children and educate them to be responsible citizens. They give love and care.These two days make us think about the changing roles of mothers and fathers. More mothers are now working outside home. More fathers must help with the children care.
These two special days are celebrated in many different ways. On Mother’s Day, people wear carnations(康乃馨). A red one symbolizes（象征） a living mother, while a white one shows the mother is dead. Many people attend religious services to honour parents. It is also a day when people whose parents are dead visit cemetery ( 墓地). On these days, families get together at home, as well as in restaurants. They often have outdoor barbecues for Father’s Day. These are days of fun and good feelings and memories.
Another tradition is to give cards and gifts. Children make them in school. Many people make their own presents. These are valued more than the ones bought in stores. It is not the value of the gift that is important, but it is the thought that counts. Greeting card stores, florists, candy makers, bakeries, telephone companies and other stores do a lot of business during these holidays.Which of the following is NOT a reason for parents show love and respect for parents?
| A．Parents bring up children |
| B．Parents give love and care to children |
| C．Parents educate children to be good persons |
| D．Parents pass away before children grow up |
Which do you think is true about “carnation” mentioned in paragraph 2?
| A．It has only two kinds of colours |
| B．It refers to the special clothes people wear on Mother’s Day or Father’Day |
| C．It’s a kind of flower showing love and best wishes. |
| D．People can wear carnations only on the second Sunday in May |
What can we learn from the passage?
| A．Mother’s Day and Father’s Day are both in May |
| B．Fewer women worked outside the home in the past |
| C．Not all the children respect their parents |
| D．Fathers are not as important as mothers |
What do you think the underlined word “florists”do?
| A．They sell flowers |
| B．They offer enough room for having family parties |
| C．They sell special clothes for Mother’s day |
| D．They make bread or pastry(点心) |
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