Researchers in the psychology department at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) have discovered a major difference in the way men and women respond to stress.This difference may explain why men are more likely to suffer from stress related disorders.
Until now，psychological research has maintained that both men and women have the same “fightorflight” reaction to stress.In other words，individuals either react with aggressive behavior，such as verbal or physical conflict (“fight”)，or they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation (“flight”)．However，the UCLA research team found that men and women have quite different biological and behavioral responses to stress.While men often react to stress in the fightorflight response，women often have another kind of reaction which could be called “tend and befriend.” That is，they often react to stressful conditions by protecting and nurturing their young (“tend”)，and by looking for social contact and support from others—especially other females (“befriend”)．
Scientists have long known that in the fightorflight reaction to stress，an important role is played by certain hormones(激素) released by the body.The UCLA research team suggests that the female tendorbefriend response is also based on a hormone.This hormone，called oxytocin，has been studied in the context of childbirth，but now it is being studied for its role in the response of both men and women to stress.The principal investigator，Dr.Shelley E．Taylor，explained that “animals and people with high levels of oxytocin are calmer，more relaxed，more social，and less anxious.” While men also secrete(分泌) oxytocin，its effects are reduced by male hormones.
In terms of everyday behavior，the UCLA study found that women are far more likely than men to seek social contact when they are feeling stressed.They may phone relatives or friends，or ask directions if they are lost.
The study also showed how fathers and mothers responded differently when they came home to their family after a stressful day at work.The typical father wanted to be left alone to enjoy some peace and quiet.For a typical mother，coping with a bad day at work meant focusing her attention on her children and their needs.
The differences in responding to stress may explain the fact that women have lower frequency of stressrelated disorders such as high blood pressure or aggressive behavior.The tendandbefriend regulatory(调节的) system may protect women against stress，and this may explain why women on average live longer than men.The UCLA study shows that in response to stress，men are more likely than women to ______.
| A．turn to friends for help |
| B．solve a conflict calmly |
| C．find an escape from reality |
| D．seek comfort from children |
Which of the following is true about oxytocin according to the passage?
| A．Men have the same level of oxytocin as women do. |
| B．Oxytocin used to be studied in both men and women. |
| C．Both animals and people have high levels of oxytocin. |
| D．Oxytocin has more of an effect on women than on men. |
What can be learned from the passage?
| A．Male hormones help build up the body's resistance to stress. |
| B．In a family a mother cares more about children than a father does. |
| C．Biological differences lead to different behavioral responses to stress. |
| D．The UCLA study was designed to confirm previous research findings. |
Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
| A．How men and women get over stress |
| B．How men and women suffer from stress |
| C．How researchers overcome stress problems |
| D．How researchers handle stress related disorders |
I was working as an intern(实习生) at my University’s Museum of Natural history when I was an undergraduate in college. One day while working at the cash register in the gift shop, I saw an elderly couple come in with a little girl in a wheelchair.
As I looked closer at this girl, I saw that she was kind of perched(位于高处) on her chair. I then realized that she had no arms or legs, just a head, neck and upper body. She was wearing a little white dress with red dots.
As the couple wheeled her up to me I was looking down at the register. I turned my head toward the girl and gave her a wink(眨眼), As I took the money from her grandparents, I looked back at the girl, who was giving me a nicest, largest smile I had ever seen. All of a sudden her handicap was gone and all I saw was this beautiful girl, whose smile just melted me and almost instantly gave me a completely new sense of what life is all about. She took me away from a poor, unhappy college student and brought me into her world; a world of smiles, love and warmth.
That was 10 years ago. I’m a successful business person now and whenever I get down and think about the troubles of the world, I think about that little girl and the unforgettable lesson about life that she taught me.In the writer’s opinion, the little girl_________.
| A．had no influence on his life |
| B．sponsored him to do his business |
| C．had a cheerful spirit |
| D．told everyone how to live a good life |
What do we know about the writer?
| A．He ran a gift shop in the university |
| B．He looked down upon the girl because she had no arms and legs |
| C．He just graduated from university |
| D．He is successful in his business |
The underlined word “handicap” in Paragraph 3 probably means_________.
| A．disappointment | B．appearance |
| C．disability | D．impression |
When your pet has an emergency, first aid is not a substitute for veterinary treatment. However, before you are able to get your pet to a veterinarian（兽医）, knowing some basic first aid can help.
Bite Wounds
Approach the pet carefully to avoid getting bitten. Wear a mask for the animal and then check the wound. Clean the wound with large amounts of saline(盐水). If these are not available, then regular water may be used. Wrap large open wounds to keep them clean.
Bleeding
Apply firm, direct pressure over the bleeding area until the bleeding stops. Hold the pressure for at least 10 minutes. Avoid bandages that cut off circulation.
__________
Check to see if the animal is choking on a foreign object. If an animal is not breathing, place it on a firm surface with its left side up. Check for a heartbeat. If you hear a heartbeat but not breathing, close the animal’s mouth and breathe directly into its nose—not the mouth—until the chest expands. Repeat 12 to 15 times per minute.
Burns
Wash the burn immediately with large amounts of cool, running water. Apply an ice pack for 15—20 minutes. Do not place an ice pack directly on the skin. Wrap the pack in a light towel or other cover. If the animal has large quantities of dry chemicals on it skin, brush them off. Water may activate some dry chemicals.
Fractures (骨折)
Symptoms include pain, inability to use a limb (腿). Wear a mask for the pet and look for bleeding. If you can control bleeding without causing more injury, then do so. Watch for signs of shock. Don’t try to set the fractures by pulling the limb. Transport the pet to the veterinarian immediately, supporting the injured part as best as you can.The underlined word “substitute” in the first paragraph means something_________.
| A．that is necessary |
| B．that can replace other things |
| C．that is familiar with us |
| D．that can calm people |
What’s the suitable subtitle for the blank（空白处）?
| A．Cutting | B．Breathing Stops |
| C．Poisoning | D．Suffering Heart Problems |
If your pet is burned by chemicals, you should_________.
| A．wash away the chemicals with saline |
| B．put an ice pack directly on the skin |
| C．bind up the cut with a bandage |
| D．get rid of them before washing |
The passage is mainly about_________.
| A．doing pet first aid |
| B．treating sick pets |
| C．dealing with an emergency |
| D．working as a veterinarian |
There are various aspects that go into making a successful school, and success can be measured in various ways．Often, the teachers are praised for a school’s success and blamed for its failure．Yet, in order for a school to be effective, it must be a place where teaching and learning can easily take place, and that requires the hard work of more than just educators．Students must take learning into their own hands and feel as if what they are doing is as important as it actually is．This can only be done with the cooperation of every adult that is involved in the students’ life．Some of these individuals often go unnoticed, yet the role they play in the students’ lives is immeasurable．
In the school, administrative assistants greet students at the start of the day and answer a large quantity of questions．When an assistant remembers a student’s name or even something special about that student, it communicates to him that he is cared for．The assistant can also give that extra encouragement for a student to make better choices, especially when they are visiting the principal’s office．
Meanwhile, though cafeteria workers have a short space of time to interact with students, they can make a big difference as well．Beyond meeting nutritional needs, cafeteria workers may also on occasion meet the emotional needs of the students they serve．Students benefit from positive interaction with adults, and cafeteria workers may give that extra bit of encouragement that a child needs．
Custodians（管理员）are usually underappreciated for what they offer to schools．They have to be knowledgeable about everything from cleaning to fixing the most intricate（复杂的）tools．They get to school early in the morning before teachers arrive and lock up late at night after the last student has left from the after-school event．They also make sure teachers are equipped with the necessary items and prepare the rooms so that they are ready for learning．A great custodian also gives that kind word or extra smile to that student who needs it most．The purpose of the passage is to _______．
| A．emphasize the role teachers play in a school |
| B．highlight the contributions of other staff at school besides teachers． |
| C．tell us who make the greatest contributions to a school |
| D．explain what contributes to the success of a student |
If an assistant remembers a student’s name, the student will feel that _________．
| A．he is paid particular attention to |
| B．he is special |
| C．he has done something wrong |
| D．he has made progress in study |
Which of the following is TRUE about cafeteria workers?
| A．It’s enough for them to cook for the students． |
| B．It’s hard for them to interact with the students． |
| C．They have the most interaction with students at school． |
| D．They can also meet the emotional needs of the students． |
How does the author feel about the staff mentioned in the text?
| A．Disappointed． | B．Dissatisfied． |
| C．Appreciative． | D．Doubtful． |
If you’re looking for a cheery destination for your next vacation, consider these four spots and get ready to take notes on how to really live the good life．
Singapore
With one of the highest population densities（密度）in the world and residents known for being workaholics, it’s hard to imagine the city-state of Singapore having one of the happiest populations on earth．And yet in a recent survey, 95% of them said they were either very happy or quite happy．
They give their city high marks for cleanliness and safety—subways are pristine（洁净的）and unfailingly arrive on time, and police are seen as helpful and good at their jobs．What’s more, they feel they can count on their neighbours—all 5．1 million of them．
Arhus, Denmark
The residents of Arhus cheerfully part with 68% of their income in taxes, knowing that in return they will be guaranteed free healthcare, free daycare, and a top-notch（第一流的）education for their children．
An energetic city of 300,000 with a lively cultural scene and a diverse number of religions represented, the sense of equality（the range in incomes is narrow）, as well as easy access to the nearby sea and surrounding countryside, make Arhus seem more like a small town．
San Luis Obispo, CA
According to a 2008 Gallup-Healthways study, people who live in San Luis Obispo are more likely than residents of other U．S．cities to smile and experience joy and are less likely to experience pain or depression．About 64,000 of the 260,000 people in the greater metropolitan area（都市区）, located halfway between Los Angeles and San Francisco, volunteer at over 11,000 non-profit organizations．
Few journeys to work are longer than 10 minutes （one reason its members rank in the upper third for job satisfaction）, so “it’s easy to be involved,” resident Pierre Rademaker said．Business signs are unobtrusive（不显眼的）by law, fewer than 11% of residents smoke—the lower rate in the U．S．—there are lots of bike lanes, and the city’s plaza draws crowds of people for free concerts on summer Fridays．What’s not to love?
Monterrey, Mexico
The people of Monterrey don’t enjoy high household incomes or access to good healthcare．Instead, there’s a profound sense of gratitude for the new political freedom enjoyed since the oppressive Institutional Revolutionary Party lost power in 2000—the first time in nearly a century—as well as an emphasis on social life over work．
Another reason Monterrey residents may be so happy is their faith in God and family, and their ability to tough it out through bad times．
“We laugh at sickness, poverty and even death,” says Basanez, a political scientist who lives in Monterrey．“We even have a holiday to celebrate death．November 2, the Day of the Dead, is one of the biggest holidays of the year．”According to the passage, what do the residents in the four cities have in common?
| A．All the residents can make great fortunes by working hard． |
| B．The residents there are mostly educators． |
| C．All the residents enjoy enough material wealth． |
| D．The majority of the residents are satisfied with their current life． |
According to the passage, we can infer that _______．
| A．the people of Singapore expect their neighbours to come to their help when necessary |
| B．the people of Monterrey even observe one’s death on a special day of a year |
| C．the residents of Arhus happily pay 68% of their income for their children’s education fee |
| D．the people who live in San Luis Obispo have job satisfaction because they can enjoy good working conditions |
According to the passage which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
| A．The people of Monterrey didn’t enjoy political freedom until 2000． |
| B．The residents in Singapore feel happy because of its low population density． |
| C．The people of San Luis Obispo can enjoy free concerts in summer． |
| D．Arhus is handy to the seaside and countryside． |
What can we learn from the underlined part “the sense of equality”?
| A．The residents of Arhus have no racial discrimination． |
| B．Arhus is considered as a family sharing everything with each other． |
| C．There is no wide gap between the rich and the poor in Arhus． |
| D．The residents of Arhus can depend on their neighbours to help． |
People who averaged fewer than seven hours of sleep per night in the weeks before being exposed to the cold virus were nearly three times as likely to get sick as those who averaged eight hours or more, a new study found．
Researchers used frequent telephone interviews to track the sleep habits of more than 150 men and women aged 21 to 55 over the last few weeks．Then they exposed the subjects to the virus, quarantined（检疫隔离）them for five days and kept track of who got sick．
Besides sleeping more, sleeping better also seemed to help the body fight illness: Patients who fared better on a measure known as “sleep efficiency”—the percentage of time in bed that you’re actually sleeping—were also less likely to get sick．
The results held true even after researchers adjusted for elements such as body-mass index, age, sex, smoking and pre-existing antibodies（抗体）to the virus．
The researchers aren’t exactly sure why sleeping better makes you less likely to develop a cold．But they do try to give an answer: “Sleep disturbance influences the regulation of symptom mediators（调节因子）that are released in response to infection．” In plain English, maybe tossing and turning when you’re infected with the cold virus contributes to the symptoms that define a cold．
The researchers were based at Carnegie Mellon, the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Virginia, and the study was funded by the National Institutes of Health．According to the passage, what does the underlined word “subjects” mean in paragraph 2?
| A．areas of knowledge in a school |
| B．people being studied in an experiment |
| C．research topics |
| D．animals being tested |
It is shown in the passage that _______．
| A．the researchers obtain information about the sleep habits by frequent interviews |
| B．the researchers do their research in the National Institutes of Health |
| C．people hope to avoid being infected with a cold by sleeping as much as possible |
| D．sleeping more and better helps regulate the symptom mediators |
What’s the best title of the passage?
| A．The Relationship Between Virus and Cold |
| B．How to Sleep Well |
| C．Good Sleep Helps Fight a Cold |
| D．The More the Sleep, the Better Your Body |
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