The term bystander effect refers to the phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress. When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses. Being part of a large crowd makes it so no single person has to take responsibility for an action (or inaction).
The most frequently cited example of the bystander effect in introductory psychology textbooks is the brutal murder of a young woman named Catherine "Kitty" Genovese. On Friday, March 13, 1964, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work. As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed by a man later identified as Winston Moseley.
Despite Genovese’s repeated calls for help, none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police to report the incident. The attack first began at 3:20 AM, but it was not until 3:50 AM that someone first contacted police.
While Genovese's case has been subject to numerous misrepresentations and inaccuracies, there have been numerous other cases reported in recent years. The bystander effect can clearly have a powerful impact on the general conduct of people in a society, but why exactly does it happen? Why don't we help when we are part of a crowd?
There are several factors that contribute to the bystander effect. First, the presence of other people creates a diffusion of responsibility. Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present.
The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways. When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate. Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to intervene if the situation is ambiguous. In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lover's quarrel," and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered.
Characteristics of the situation can play a role. During a crisis, things are often chaotic and the situation is not always crystal clear. Onlookers might wonder exactly what is happening. During such chaotic moments, people often look to others in the group to determine what is appropriate. When people look at the crowd and see that no one else is reacting, it sends a signal that perhaps no action is needed.
So what can you do to avoid falling into this trap of inaction? Some psychologists suggest that simply being aware of this tendency is perhaps the greatest way to break the cycle. When faced with a situation that requires action, understanding how the bystander effect might be holding you back and consciously taking steps to overcome it can help. However, this does not mean you should place yourself in danger.
But what if you are the person in need of assistance? How can you inspire people to lend a hand? One often-recommended tactic is to single out one person from the crowd. Make eye contact and ask that individual specifically for help. By personalizing and individualizing your request, it becomes much harder for people to turn you down.
| The Bystander Effect |
|
| Passage outline |
Supporting details |
| Concept of the bystander effect |
The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others keeps an individual from becoming It is obvious that the bystander effect can greatly influence |
| Typical example |
In 1964, a young woman named Genovese met with violence and her life was |
for the bystander effect |
Individuals are less likely to take action or feel a sense of Before deciding to offer help, observers may want to make |
| You should realize or know the When in need of help, you should |
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
E
The Mississippi
The Mississippi is a great river whose relationship with man goes way back beyond its discovery in the 16th century. The River Indians used it as a highway and as a source of food, and it was they who gave it its name—“misi” meaning “great” and “sipi” meaning “water”．When the length of its branch, the Missouri, is added to it, the Mississippi becomes greater. 71 . From the source of the Missouri to the tip of the delta （三角洲）, it is 2, 480 miles long.Great rivers are likely to suffer floods. In 1927 the Mississippi flooded 26 thousand acres, sweeping away farms, towns, everything in its path. In 1938 its floods drowned or killed 200 people and made millions homeless. Today the river has largely been controlled. 72 .
Industries have spread down some of the waterways of the delta, but otherwise the delta is a remote place, the homeland of a little colony of French Canadians that the British drove out of Nova Scotia in the 18th century. They still speak French, mixed with English, Indian, Spanish and Negro idioms. They keep to t
hemselves, fanning the rich soil of the delta. 73 .
74 . Pioneers who first
reached its banks wondered not only where it went, but what lay beyond. In 1764 the French founded a city on the right bank of the river, and named it after their king, Louis XV. This city, named St. Louis, became the jumping-off place for the adventurous men and women who opened up the Great Plains, and the way to the Far West.
Some 40 years earlier, at the beginning of the 18th century, the French had founded another city just above the Mississippi delta, New Orleans. 75 . New Orleans is one of the great ports of the world, and one of the greatest terminals for both sea and river traffic.
| A．It was the Mississippi that made the city what it is |
| B．Levees, high banks built of earth, hold back the flood waters |
| C．Therefore, as we know, it’s the third longest river in the world |
| D．It is known that the“Great Water”has also been a frontier river |
E．However, they paddled up and down the Mississippi in their boats to seek their fortune
F．The“Great Water”always remains a thread, for the streets of the city are below the level of the river
G．They call themselves Cajuns, who have actually been leading fairly primitive lives and preserving their own traditions
（请将答案答在答题纸规定区域内）
阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的词。注意：每个空格不超过3个单词。
We’ve all been hurt by another person at one time or another. This pain causes problems. It not only causes us to be unhappy, but can ruin relatioships, distract(使分心) us from work and family and other important things, make us unwilling to open up new things.
We need to learn to let go. We need to be able to forgive, so we can move on and be happy. Forgiveness does not mean you erase the past, or forget what has happened. All it means is that you are letting go of the anger and pain, and moving on to a better place.
It’s not easy, but you can learn to do it.
Think about the advantages and disadvanges. Think of all the pro
blems this pain causes you, and realize you need to change. Then th
ink of the benefits of forgiveness—— how it will make you happier, free you from the past and the pain, and improve your relationships and life in general.
Try to put yourself in that person’s situation. Try to understand why the person did what he did. What could he have felt as he did it, and what did he feel afterward? How does he feel now? You aren’t saying what he did is right, but are trying to understand instead.
Understand your responsibility. Try to figure out how you could have been partly responsible for what happened. This isn’t to say you’re taking all the blame, or taking responsibility away from the other person, but to realize that we are not victims but participants in life.
Allow peace to enter y
our life. As you focus on the present, try focusing on your breathing. Imagine each breath going out is the pain and the past, and imagine each breath coming in is peace, entering you and filling you up.
Title: How to let go and forgive
| 65. _____ caused by being hurt |
Making us unhappy; distracting from daily life; Ruining relationships; making us close to new things. |
| Definition of forgiveness |
Letting go of the 66.______ Moving on to a better place. |
| Benefits of forgiveness |
Making you happier; 67.______ from the past and the pain; Improving your relationships and life in general |
| 68._____ |
Thinking about the advantages and disavantages; Trying to understand the other person as if you were in the same situation； Figuring out 69._____ Allowing peace to enter your life. |
根据中文，完成句子（每空0.5分，共10分）
1．我们期盼的那一天终于来到了。
The day we _________________________________________________at last.
2．她盯着我好象我完全是个陌生人。
She _____________ me__________________________________ a complete stranger.
3．如果你考试作弊，你将永远不被放过。
If you cheat in the exam, you will never ______________________________ it.
4. 他为什么没来的原因是他病了。
The reason _______ he didn’t come was ________ he was ill.
5．怎样提高我们的学习成绩是我们最关心的。
_______________________________________our studies is ________ we are most concerned about.
短语填空:根据语境用所给短语填空(多余两个选项，每小题1分).
leave…alone, set aside, turned around, test out, are bound to, make fun of, rather than, with the assistance of, all the best, meet with, out of breath, adapt…to
1. It is cruel to the disabled.
2．When you go to a new country, you must yourself new customs.
3．No matter what difficulty you will , carry out your plan.
4． It was what he meant what he said that annoyed me.
5． Careless drivers cause accidents sooner or later.
6．I my overcoat and took out my summer clothes.
7． I am after running for the bus.
8 ．She is so sad because she failed in the math test. Let’s her .
9． the neighbors the fire was at last brought under control.
10．The thief to find a policeman aiming at him.
33
（2010·安徽合肥168中学高三复读年级第二次段考）
针对目前高三学生学习压力较大的现状，有人以“Effective Ways to Release the Stress”为题于上周调查采访了五个学校的500名高三学生。请你根据以下调查结果的图表写一份报告，并再谈谈自己或身边同学释放压力的有效方法。
注意：1.词数：120左右；
2.调查报告的题目和开头已为你写好(不记入总词数)。
3.参考词汇：心理咨询室the psychological consulting office
Effective Ways to Release the Stress
Nowadays more and more senior three students are getting stressed in their studies．
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