Forcenturies,medicalpioneersha

更新 2022-09-03
科目英语
题型阅读理解
难度中等
浏览 1145

For centuries, medical pioneers have refined a variety of methods and medicines to treat sickness, injury, and disability, enabling people to live longer and healthier lives.
“A salamander (a small lizard-like animal) can grow back its leg. Why can't a human do the same?” asked Peruvian-born surgeon Dr. Anthony Atala in a recent interview. The question, a reference to work aiming to grow new limbs for wounded soldiers, captures the inventive spirit of regenerative medicine. This innovative field seeks to provide patients with replacement body parts.
These parts are not made of steel; they are the real things --- living cells, tissue, and even organs.
Regenerative medicine is still mostly experimental, with clinical applications limited to procedures such as growing sheets of skin on burns and wounds. One of its most significant advances took place in 1999，when a research group at North Carolina’s Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine conducted a successful organ replacement with a laboratory-grown bladder. Since then, the team, led by Dr. Atala, has continued to generate a variety of other tissues and organs 一 from kidneys to ears.
The field of regenerative medicine builds on work conducted in the early twentieth century with the first successful transplants of donated human soft tissue and bone. However, donor organs are not always the best option. First of all, they are in short supply, and many people die while waiting for an available organ; in the United States alone, more than 100,000 people are waiting for organ transplants. Secondly, a patient’s body may ultimately reject the transplanted donor organ. An advantage of regenerative medicine is that the tissues are grown from a patient’s own cells and will not be rejected by the body’s immune system.
Today, several labs are working to create bioartificial body parts. Scientists at Columbia and Yale Universities have grown a jawbone and a lung. At the University of Minnesota, Doris Taylor has created a beating bioartificial rat heart. Dr. Atala’s medical team has reported long-term success with bioengineered bladders implanted into young patients with spina bifida (a birth defect that involves the incomplete development of the spinal cord). And at the University of Michigan, H. David Humes has created an artificial kidney.
So far, the kidney procedure has only been used successfully with sheep, but there is hope that one day similar kidney will be implantable in a human patient. The continuing research of scientists such as these may eventually make donor organs unnecessary and, as a result, significantly increase individuals’ chances of survival.
In the latest field of regenerative medicine, what are replacement parts made of?

A．Donated cells, tissues and organs.

B．Rejected cells, tissues and organs.

C．Cells, tissues and organs of one’s own.

D．Cells, tissues and organs made of steel.

What have scientists experimented successfully on for a bioartificial kidney?

A．Patients.

B．Rats.

C．Sheep.

D．Soldiers.

Why is generative medicine considered innovative?

A．It will provide patients with replacement soft tissues.

B．It will strengthen the human body’s immune system.

C．It will shorten the time patients waiting for a donated organ.

D．It will make patients live longer with bioartificial organs.

What is the writer’s attitude towards regenerative medicine?

A．Positive.	B．Negative.
C．Doubtful.	D．Reserved.

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IV. 阅读理解：（共20题，每小题2分，共40分）
A long time ago, before there was any money (coins or paper money), people got the things that they needed by trading or exchanging. Salt was one of the first items used to exchange for other items. Later, some of the common things that were used for exchanging were tea leaves, shells, feathers, animal teeth, tobacco, and blankets. Around 3000 BC, barley, a type of grain, was used for exchanging.
The world’s first metal money was developed by the Sumerians who melted silver into small bars all weighing the same. This was around 1000 BC. About three hundred years later, people started using coins as official money.
Around 640 BC, people in the ancient kingdom of Lydia ( which was in Turkey) created special coins of exact with and purity (纯度). They were made of gold and silver and were stamped with a lion’s head.
Later, other empires such as Greece, Persia, and Rome adopted the concept of coins and started developing their own in many different shapes and different metals.
Around the year 1000, the Chinese started using paper money. The Chinese were the first to use paper money. The Europeans discovered this thanks to Marco Polo who went to China in 1295. the Chinese had different values for the paper notes which were made by the Chinese government.
Around 1661, Sweden became the first European country to make paper money. Until 1850, the Spanish dollar was the coin most widely used throughout the world.
1What is the best title for this passage?

A.	The history of money
B.	How people traded in the past
C.	The invention of paper money
D.	The use of coins around the world

2We learn that before coins and paper money were used, _____.

A.	barley had always been used for exchanging
B.	only a few people knew how to trade with others
C.	salt was the most widely used item for exchanging
D.	many kinds of things were used for exchanging

3According to the passage, when did people start using coins as official money?

A.	Around 1300 BC.	B.	Around 1000 BC.
C.	Around 700 BC.	D.	Around 640 BC.

4The underlined word “adopted” in Paragraph 4 probably means “____”.

A.	replaced	B.	changed
C.	accepted	D.	invented

5. Which of the following countries first started to use paper money?
A. Spain B. China C. Sweden D. Lydia

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Learning Chinese has been like climbing a steep(陡峭的)mountain.
My mother was born in Tokyo,while my father moved from Shanghai to Hong Kong when he was seven years old. At home we speak English. I know some basic Chinese customs :to use chosticks gracefully (得体地)and what to say on Spring Festival to get a red envelope. But I never truly learned to speak Chinese.
Why should I need to learn the language ,anyway? I live in America where everyone speaks English.
I realized I was wrong in ninth grade when I arrived at Philips Academy,a famous boarding school in Massachusetts.The school encourages a global outlook(视野). There I decided to welcome the opportunity to learn Chinese. I met other American-born Chinese and together we spoke Ching-lish outside of the classroom.
I searched for ways to access Chinese culture through dramas such as Meteor Garden (《流星花园》)and music by singers such as S.H.E,Wilbur Pan and Jasmine Leung（梁静茹）. Listening to Chinese music is where I found my favorite singer in the whole world:Jay Chou. Even if I cannot understand what he is crooning（哼唱）, I do feel more Chinese whenever I listen to his music.
Last summer I spent five weeks in China,four of which were taking a language course at a Beijing high school. I was proud when I could understand the dialogue in Intitial D（《头文字D》） and when I could easily translate Fairy Tale sung by Kong Leung（光良）.
Learning Chinese has been a rocky trek（艰苦跋涉）, and I know it will continue to be that way before I arrive at a relative plateau（高地） of fluency（流利）.I hope that one day I will be able to work and maybe even live in China as a true Chinese.
1、The author wrote the text mainly to___.
A.share her experience of learning Chinese
B.tell us why she is interested in learning Chinese
C.show off(炫耀) the progress she made in learning Chinese
D.give advice on how to learn Chinese
2、The author's attitude to learning Chinese changed because___.
A.she found Chinese was interesting to learn
B.she wanted to take a course to pass easily
C.she realized she should have an open mind to the outside world
D.she made friends with some American___born Chinese at the school she studied
3、The author tried all of the following to learn Chinese EXCEPT___.
A.listening to Chinese music
B.practicing speaking Chinese with her parents
C.enjoying Chinese dramas
D.taking a Chinese course in China
4、We can learn from the text that___.
A.S.H.E.is the author's favorite singer
B.dialogues in Meteor Garden are easy to guess
C.the author enjoys learning Chinese though it is difficult
D.the author can speak fluent Chinese now

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There are some special traditions in Hawaii .People are very friendly and always welcome visitors. They give visitors a lei,a long necklace made of beautiful fresh flowers. Men wear bright flowered shirts and women often wear long flowered dresses. There are traditional Chinese ,Japanese and Fillipino holidays and all the holidays from the United States. They call Hawaii the Aloha State. Aloha means both hello and good-bye. It also means “I love you”.
Usually when people from different countries,races and traditions live together,there are serious problems. There are a few problems in Hawaii ,but,in general,people have learned to live together in peace.
Hawaiians get most of their money from travelers,and most of the travelers come from the mainland and from Japan. There are so many peole living in Hawaii now that there are residential（居住的） areas where there used to be farms. Some of the big sugar and apple companies have moved to the Philippines,where they don't have to pay workers as much money. The families of the first people who came from the US mainland own the important banks and companies. Japanese are also buying or starting business.
1、What might be the best title for this text?
A.Hawaii ,the Aloha State B.Living Hard Together
C.The Flower of Hawaii D.The Problems of Hawaii
2、The underlined words “a lei”in the first paragraph here refer to____.
A.a friendly and welcome way
B.a long necklace made of beautiful fresh flowers
C.a bright flowered shirt
D.a long flowered dress
3、The author wants to show that____.
A.we should all go to Hawaii to work
B.it is possible to learn to live together in peace
C.it is not likely to live together in peace
D.Hawaii is the only place where there is peace

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Madame Curie ,the youngest of five children ,was born in Warsaw ,Poland in 1867. Marie Curie's maiden name was Manya. Her parents were teachers,and she learned the importance of education at an early age. No higher education was offered to women in Poland at that time,so Manya took a job as a governess(女家庭教师). She sent part of her income to Paris to help pay for her older sister's medical studies. Her sister qualified as a doctor and married a fellow doctor in 1891. Manya went to join them in Paris ,changing her name to Marie. She entered the Sorbonne(now the Universities of Paris)and studied physics and mathematics, graduating at the top of her class. For the research she wanted to do , she was introduced to another young scientist, Pierre Curie. Later they fell in love with each other . After their marriage, they worked together on radioactivity.
Fame troubled Marie Curie and also her husband, because science was their world and in this world of science fame and honor to persons had no value. One day when a writer for a newspaper tried to ask Marie about herself and her thoughts and her beliefs, she answered him, “In science we must be interested in things,not in persons.” Much of the real character and spirit of this unusual woman was found in these few words,which she was later often to repeat. One evening, at a big party,a friend asked if she would like to meet the King of Greece,who was also a guest.She answered in her simple manner, “I don't see the value of it.” Then,seeing that she had hurt the feelings of her friend, she quickly added, “But …but…of course,I shall do whatever you please. Just as you please.”
1、What did Marie Curie once do to help pay for her older sister's medical studies?
A.She was a teacher.                   B.She was a doctor.
C.She was a governess.                 D.She was a waitress.
2、What was valuable to Marie Curie?
A.science and research.               B.fame and honor.
C.character and spirit.               D.persons and things.
3、The writer for a newspaper was interested in____.
A.things       B.Marie Curie          C.Marie's husband          D.persons
4、What do you think might have happened between Marie Curie and the King of Greece?
A.The King was angry with Marie Curie.
B.For the sake of her friend Marie Curie met the King of Greece.
C.The King of Greece wrote a letter to invite Marie Curie to meet him.
D.Marie Curie held another party for the King.

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Ⅳ、阅读(每小题2分,满分30分)
Here is a humorous story. Frank Smithson woke up and leaned over to turn off the alarm clock．“Oh，no!”he thought to himself．“Another day at that office；a boss who shouts at me all the time．”
As Frank went downstairs his eyes fell on a large brown envelope by the door．He was overjoyed when he opened it and read the letter inside. “Bigwoods Football Pools(足球赌博公司)would like to congratulate you．You have won half a million pounds．”
Frank suddenly came to life．The cigarette（香烟） fell from his lips as he let out a shout that could be heard halfway down the street．
At 11：30 Frank arrived at work．“Please explain why you're so late，”his boss said．“Go and jump in the lake,” replied Frank. “I've just come into a little money so this is goodbye．Find yourself someone else to shout at．”
That evening Frank was smoking a very expensive Havana cigar(雪茄)when a knock was heard on the door．He rushed to the door．Outside were two men，neatly dressed in grey suits．“Mr Smithson,” one of them said，“We're from Bigwoods Football Pools．I'm afraid there’s been a terrible mistake……”
1．What do we know about Frank?
A．He was a lazy man．             B．He was a lucky person．
C．He made a lot of money．        D．He didn't get on well with his boss．
2．Why did Frank dare to shout to his boss?
A. Because he found a better job.
B. Because his boss did not like him.
C. Because he thought he did not need the job.
D. Because he was not late in fact.
3. When he heard the knock at the door,Frank probably thought __.
A.someone had come to make an apology.
B.someone had come to give him the money.
C.his friends had come to ask about the football pools.
D.his friends had come to congratulate him on his luck.
4．On hearing“…there's been a terrible mistake…”Frank was most likely to be________．
A．disappointed.        B．worried.        C．nervous.         D．curious.

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