Five Things You Should Know About Adult Asthma (哮喘)
About 44 million people in Asia Pacific suffer from asthma. The numbers are on the rise especially in China and India where there is rapid industrialization and urbanization. Dr Mariko Koh, Director of the Pulmonary Function Laboratory and Asthma Programme at Singapore General Hospital, tells us more about adult asthma:
1. Chronic inflammation (炎症) of the airways
When the airways are inflamed, mucus (粘液) forms, blocking airflow, causing breathlessness, wheezing (喘息) and tightness in the chest.
2. Common triggers
Exposure to allergens (过敏原) such as mites, cockroaches, pets and pollen can trigger asthma. Tobacco smoke, respiratory infections, exercise and some medications like aspirin and beta blockers are also possible triggers.
Effective treatment
Asthma can be controlled with medication. The main treatment of asthma is inhaled (吸入) corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and block of the airways. Reliever medications may be used to treat acute symptoms. Take note: it is not too late to take medication after an asthma attack.
4. Take medication daily
To ensure good control over asthma, medication must be taken daily on a long term basis to prevent attacks. Also, go to your doctor for regular checkups.
5. Quality of life
Asthma sufferers can lead normal active lives as long as the symptoms are well controlled. Taking medication as directed and avoiding triggers can make a big difference to the quality of life. All of the following are possible factors causing asthma except _________.
| A．aspirin | B．pollen |
| C．polluted air | D．tobacco |
What can be inferred from the passage?
| A．There is no possible cure for allergic asthma. |
| B．Asthma is caused by acute inflammation of the airways. |
| C．China and India have the largest number of asthma sufferers in the world. |
| D．Regular checkups and exercise can ensure you a life free from asthma symptoms. |
The author would most likely to agree that __________.
| A．asthma sufferers can lead a normal life as ordinary people |
| B．daily intake of medication in the long run is helpful in controlling asthma |
| C．rapid industrialization and urbanization are the leading causes of asthma |
| D．once asthma attacks, it is too late to take medication |
What is the purpose of this passage?
| A．To explain the cause of asthma |
| B．To stress the importance of keeping away from asthma |
| C．To confirm a successful research about asthma |
| D．To inform readers several aspects about asthma |
One of the most difficult questions to answer is how much a job is worth. We naturally expect that a doctor’s salary will be higher than a bus conductor’s wage. But the question becomes much more difficult to answer when we compare, say, a miner with an engineer, or an unskilled man working on an oil-rig(钻油机) in the North Sea with a teacher in a secondary school. What the doctor, the engineer and teacher have is many years of training in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their professions. We feel instinctively that these skills and these years, when they were studying instead of earning money, should be rewarded. At the same time we recognize that the work of the miner and the oil-rig laborer is both hard and dangerous, and that they must be highly paid for the risks they take.
Another factor we must take into consideration is how socially useful a man’s work is, regardless of the talents he may bring to it. Most people would agree that looking after the sick or teaching children is more important than, say, selling secondhand cars or improving the taste of toothpaste by adding a red stripe to it. Yet it is almost certain that the used car salesman earns more than the nurse, and that research chemist earns more than the school teacher.
Indeed, this whole question of just rewards can be turned on its head. You can argue that a man who does a job which brings him personal satisfaction is already receiving part of his reward in the form of a so-called “psychic(精神的) wage”, and that it is the man with the boring, repetitive job who needs more money to make up for the soul-destroying monotony(单调) of his work. It is significant that that those jobs which are traditionally regarded as “vocations” --- nursing, teaching and the Church, for example --- continue to be poorly paid, while others, such as those in the world of sport or entertainment, carry financial rewards out of all proportion to their social worth.
Although the amount of money that people earn is in reality largely determined by market forces, this should not prevent us from seeking some way to decide what is the right pay for the job. A starting point for such an investigation would be to try to decide the ratio which ought to exist between the highest and the lowest paid. The picture is made more complicate by two factors: firstly by the “social wage”, i.e, the welfare benefits which every citizen receives; and secondly, by the taxation system, which is often used as an instrument of social justice by taxing high incomes at a very high rate indeed. Allowing for these two things, most countries now regard a ratio of 7:1 as socially acceptable. If it is less, the highly-qualified people carrying heavy responsibilities become disillusioned, and might even end up by emigration(移民) (the so-called “brain-drain” is an evidence that this can happen). If it is more, the gap between rich and poor will be so great that it will lead social tensions and ultimately to violence.
74. The professional man, such as the doctor, should be well paid because ______.
A. he has spent several years learning how to do his job
B. his work involves much great intelligence than, say, a bus conductor’s
C. he has to work much harder than most other people
D. he knows more than other people about his subject
75. The “brain-drain” is an evidence that ______.
A. well-educated people are prepared to emigrate whenever they can get a better paid job
B. people with jobs or responsibility expect to be highly paid
C. high taxation is a useful and effective instrument of social justice
D. the poor are generally more patriotic(爱国的) than the rich
76. As far as rewarding people for their work is concerned, the writer, believes that ______.
A. we should pay for socially-useful work, regardless of the person’s talent
B. we should pay people according to their talents
C. market forces will determine how much a person is paid
D. qualified people should be the highest paid
77. The argument of the “psychic wage” is used to explain why ______.
A. people who do socially important work are not always well paid
B. people who do monotonous jobs are highly paid
C. you should not try to compare the pay of different professions
D. some professional people are paid more than others
Teaching includes more than leadership. Some of the teacher's time and effort is directed toward instruction, some toward evaluation(评价). But it is the teacher as a group leader who creates an effective organizational structure and good working environment so that instruction and evaluation activities can take place. A group that is totally disorganized, unclear about its goals, or constantly fighting among its members will not be a good learning group. The leadership pattern includes helping to form and keep up a positive learning environment so that instruction and evaluation activities can take place.
On the first day of class the teacher faces a room filled with individuals. Perhaps a few closely united groups and friendships already exist. But there is no sense of belonging. If teachers are successful leaders, they will help students develop a system of relationships that encourages cooperation.
Standards and rules must be set up that keep order, ensure justice, and protect individual rights, but are not against school policy. What happens when one student hurts another's individual rights? Without clear guidelines agreeable to students, teachers, and administration(行政管理), the classroom can be in disorder. Students may break rules they did not know existed. If standards are set without opinions from the class, students may spend a great deal of creative energy in ruining the class environment, finding ways to break rules.
No matter how skillful the teacher is in uniting students and setting up a positive atmosphere, the task is never complete. Regular maintenance(保持) is necessary. Conflicts(冲突) arise. The needs of individual members change. A new kind of learning task requires a new organizational structure. Sometimes out pressures such as holidays, upcoming tests or athletic contests, or family troubles cause pressure in the classroom. One task for the teacher is to bring back a positive environment by helping students deal with conflicts, changes and pressure.
68. This article is written mainly for the purpose of ______.
A. providing information for teaching
B. studying the teacher's behavior in the classroom
C. comparing the teacher's behaviors with students'
D. teaching and organizing a class
69. The teacher, in some way, is a leader because ______.
A. he must well-organize a class and keep a good learning environment
B. he deals with students in the same way as a leader does
C. he should develop agreement among students
D. he has to keep his class in order and give instruction and evaluation
70. Which of the following is not true?
A. If the teacher well unites his student sand creates a positive atmosphere, he then will complete his task.
B. If guidelines are not acceptable both to students and teachers, the classroom can be a mess.
C. Outside pressure may cause pressure among students.
D. Students need the teacher just as sheep need a shepherd(羊倌).
In many ways, the earliest periods of photography are the most satisfying. Learning to use the controls is easy and comes quickly, and you can measure the results in terms of sharp and correctly developed pictures. Once you have mastered that, you can start on the second step of your photographic work. Using these basic skills in the wide variety of situations to give the pictures you want, noticing what you see through the viewfinder and turning that into the most effective picture becomes totally interesting.
All good photographs have one thing in common: there is no doubt what the subject of the picture is meant to be. Every photographer must use those same standards to his or her work, not only to finished results but to the subject before he or she takes it. Always work out quite clearly what the subject of the picture is to be and why you are taking the picture. For example, "I am going to take a picture of this street to show the different styles and ages of the buildings and that people have been living, working and shopping in them since time began." By doing this you have a better idea of what to include in the picture and what to leave out. How often have you been shown photographs taken by people away on a trip somewhere? The judgment is always similar, something about "the car park is out of the picture to the left", or "you can't quite see from this picture but if you go up the street". The photographs are usually collections of buildings, people, parked cars, possibly a distant look of an ancient church, and best of all, a figure which you are told is Aunt Henrietta, disappearing in the middle distance. When photographers show you their pictures, they have a clear idea of what they want to bring to your attention, but it often does not appear in the picture. If they had given just a little of their time to think about their future judgment before taking the picture, then the picture would relate its own story. Good pictures can show their subjects quickly and easily.
64. What does the author mean by saying "in many ways, the earliest periods of photography are the most satisfying"?
A. The skills of photography are not as satisfactory nowadays as before.
B. The earliest pictures were the best pictures people have ever taken.
C. The present-day photography depends more on technology than on art.
D. Learning to produce a sharp and correctly developed picture is only the first step in photography and is easily learned.
65. What will it bring you if you decide the purpose of the photograph in advance?
A. It will allow you to leave out unnecessary material.
B. It will allow you to stand in the best place.
C. It will help you to vary the subjects of your pictures.
D. It means you will waste less time.
66. Many photographers fail because ______.
A. their pictures include both buildings and people
B. everything is not clear in their pictures
C. the subjects of their pictures are not obvious
D. the explanation given for their pictures is mistaken
67. What book is this passage most likely taken from?
A. A book on photography for news reporters. B. A book on how to photograph people.
C. A book on choosing the right camera. D. A book on improving photographic techniques.
The Pentagon(五角大楼), headquarters of the Department of Defense in US, is one of the world's largest office buildings. It is twice the size of the Merchandise Mart in Chicago, and has three times the floor space of the Empire State Building in New York. There are very few people throughout the United States who do not have some knowledge of the Pentagon. Many have followed news stories coming from this building. However, relatively few people have had the chance to visit it.
The Pentagon is in fact a city in itself. About 23,000 employees, both soldiers and other people, contribute to the planning of the defense of the country. These people arrive daily from Washington, D.C. and around over about 30 miles of highways, including express bus lanes(快车道) and one of the newest subway system in the country. They ride past 200 acres of grass land to park about 8,770 cars in 16 parking lots; climb 131 stairways or take 19 lifts to reach offices that occupy 3,705 square feet. While in the building, they tell time by 4,200 clocks, drink from 691 water taps, make use of 284 rest rooms, use up 4,500 cups of coffee, 1,700 pints of milk and 6,800 soft drinks prepared or served by a restaurant of 230 persons and distributed(分散于) in 1 dining room, 2 cafeterias, a snack bars, and an outdoor snack bar.
The building itself is an extraordinary structure. Built during the early years of World War II, it is still thought of as one of the most efficient buildings in the world. In spite of 17.5 miles of corridors(走廊) it takes only seven minutes to walk between any two points in the building.
60. Which of the following statements about the Pentagon is true?
A. Most Americans know about it.
B. It is now open to the public.
C. Around 23,000 workers contribute to its planning.
D. It is one of the world's tallest buildings.
61. Which of the following statements about the transportation of the Pentagon is NOT true?
A. It is easy to reach by subway. B. People can drive directly to it.
C. People can go there by bus. D. The parking lots cover 200 acres of land.
62. Why did the author write so many numbers in the second paragraph?
A. To show that he knew quite a lot about the Pentagon.
B. To show the vast size of the Pentagon.
C. To show it costs a lot of money to keep the Pentagon going.
D. To show that the Pentagon is a convenient place.
63. What do you know about the structure of the Pentagon?
A. All the offices are connected by the newest subway system.
B. The longest distance between two offices is 17.5 miles.
C. It takes no more than 7 minutes to walk from one place to another.
D. There are neither rest rooms nor snack bars in it.
第三部分阅读理解（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳答案。
Governors, lawyers and business leaders have to deal with scientists, and every educated person finds his views affected by science. Yet our science teaching of non-scientists, in school and college, has built up mistaken ideas, dislikes, and the common boast(自夸), "I never did understand science." Even those students who arrive at colleges with plans to become scientists usually bring a mistaken picture of science: some have a collection of unorganized facts about science, and some regard the study of science as a game which includes getting the right answer.
The first of these attitudes seems to come from a kind of course which provides various kinds of information; the second, from a training course on how to pass examinations that do not ask about the student's understand but simply require him to put the numbers in the right formula(公式). Neither type of courses in school or college seems to give students an understanding of science as we find it among scientists. Neither shows students how real scientists work and think, how the facts are gathered, how discoveries are made, and what they mean. Young people need good teaching of science, not so much as great wealth of knowledge as a healthy understanding of the nature of science. They need an understanding of knowledge leading to agreement with science and an eagerness of the way scientists work. Given these it is easy to encourage later reading and learning.
56. One of the reasons that cause mistaken ideas of science is due to _______.
A. a mistaken picture in students' mind
B. the unscientific way of teaching of science
C. the fact that students fail to see the influence of science
D. the fact that students have a collection of unrelated facts about science
57. According to the passage, we can safely say that the subject of the passage is ______.
A. need for good science teaching
B. young people should form a correct attitude to science
C. students must know what science is and how scientists work and think
D. every person, including governors, lawyers and business leaders should study science
58. A good course of science is ______.
A. to provide students with all kinds of information
B. to teach students to do things according to formulas
C. to help students have a good understanding and form a correct attitude to science
D. to encourage students to make themselves masters of knowledge
59. People such as governors, lawyers and business leaders deal with scientists mainly because ______.
A. scientists are great persons
B. they owe much to scientists' contributions
C. they can be affected by scientists when they are together
D. scientists make discoveries and help people live a more comfortable and safer life
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