The Dangers of Dieting
Thanks to our modern lifestyle, with more and more time spent sitting down in front of computers than ever before, the number of overweight people is at a new high. As people crazily search for a solution to this problem, they often try some of the popular fad(时尚) diets being offered. Many people see fad diets as harmless ways of losing weight, and they are grateful to have them. Unfortunately, not only don’t fad diets usually do the trick, but they can actually be dangerous for your health.
Although permanent weight loss is the goal, few are able to achieve it. Experts estimate that 95 percent of dieters return to their starting weight, or even add weight. While the irresponsible or unwise use of fad diets can bring some initial results, long-term results are very rare.
Nonetheless, people who are bored with the difficulties of changing their eating habits often turn to fad diets. Rather than being moderate, fad diets involve extreme dietary changes. They advise eating only one type of food, or they prohibit other types of foods entirely. This results in a situation where a person’s body doesn’t get all the vitamins and other things that it needs to stay healthy.
One popular fad diet recommends eating lots of meat and animal products, while nearly eliminating carbohydrates（碳水化合物）. A scientific study from Britain found that this diet is very high in fat. According to the study, the increase of damaging fats in the blood can lead to heart disease and, in extreme cases, kidney failure. Furthermore, diets that are too low in carbohydrates can cause the body to use its own muscle for energy. The less muscle you have, the less food you use up, and the result is slower weight loss.
Veteran(老兵) dieters may well ask at this point, “What is the ideal diet?” Well, to some extent, it depends on the individual. A United States government agency has determined that to change your eating habits requires changing your psychology of eating, and everyone has a different psychology. That being said, the British study quoted above recommends a diet that is high in carbohydrates and high in fiber, with portions of fatty foods kept low. According to the study, such a diet is the best for people who want to stay healthy, lose weight, and keep that weight off. And, any dieting program is best undertaken with a doctor’s supervision.After losing weight by dieting, what usually happens to people?
| A．They have kidney failure. |
| B．They gain the weight back again. |
| C．They keep the weight off. |
| D．They have less muscle. |
Which of the following best expresses the essential information in paragraph 3?
| A．Bored people turn to fad diets, which, being too extreme, don’t give the body everything it needs. |
| B．People are bored with fad diets and turn to diets which provide what the body needs. |
| C．People prefer fad dieting to moderate dieting because it requires fewer foods to give the body what it needs. |
| D．Fad diets give boring people the moderate dietary changes they need to get all the required vitamins. |
Which is not mentioned as an effect of the meat and animal product diet?
| A．Heart disease. | B．Slower weight loss. |
| C．Psychological changes. | D．Kidney failure. |
According to the passage, why does the ideal diet depend on the individual?
| A．The less muscle you have, the less food you use up. |
| B．Everyone can gain the weight back. |
| C．Everyone has a different psychology. |
| D．Everyone likes different foods. |
阅读下面短文，并按照题目要求用英语回答问题（请注意问题后的词数要求。）
A nurse of 78 this weekend celebrates 60 years of walking the wards — and she has no plans to retire.
Jackie Reid was 18 when she started work in 1953 — when the National Health Service（NHS）was just five years old — and is believed to be the oldest nurse in Britain.
The diabetes（糖尿病）specialist had to retire at 65 but returned as a nurse within two weeks and still does up to four seven-and-a-half hour shifts（轮班）each week. Mrs. Reid said, “Nursing is hard if you do it correctly but I love my job. Working for the NHS has been my life. I have no other hobbies because I have worked all my life.”
Jackie has worked at a number of different hospitals — including one in Scotland.
Her specialist field has been diabetes for the past 40 years. She retrained after her 12-year-old daughter Michelle developed the disease. She currently works at South end Hospital, Essex.
Over the last 60 years she has treated tens of thousands of patients.
Jackie believes nursing should be protected from government cuts. She said, “There’re lots of things I would say to the government. If you are going to get good care you have to have the resources（资源）, you can’t do it without enough money. They shouldn’t need the cuts that there are in the NHS. It’s hard now because there’s a shortage of staff.”
Jackie has lived alone in Grays, Essex, since her husband died three years ago.
The couple have two daughters Michelle, 50, and Karen, 54.
Jackie added, “My youngest daughter worries about me — she doesn’t think I should work as much as I do. I constantly say “don’t worry about me, I‟m fine”, but she never believes me. I don‟t like the thought of giving it up and will try to keep going forever.”In which year was the NHS set up? (within 2 words)
——————————————————————————————————What does Jackie think of nursing? (within 6 words)
——————————————————————————————————When did Jackie retrain in the field of diabetes? (within 6words)
——————————————————————————————————What does Jackie wish the government to do? (within 7 words)
——————————————————————————————————Why does Jackie’s daughter worry about her? (within 8 words)
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Babies are not just passing idle time when they stare at the television--they are actually learning about the world, U. S. researchers said.
Parents may want to limit what their babies see on television, based on the study, said Donna Mumme, assistant professor of psychology at Tuffs University in Boston, who led the research. "Children as young as 12 months are making decisions based on the emotional reactions of adults around them," Mumme said in a statement. "It turns out they can also use emotional information they pick up from television." Mumme's team already knew that babies watch other children and adults for information about the world. A mother urging her baby to eat some "yummy" soup or a brother crying in fear when a dog approaches can influence a baby's reaction.
Mumme's team tested babies to determine if television has the same influence, showing actors reacting on a videotape to objects such as red letter holder, a blue ball, and a yellow lubber. Babies aged 10 months or 12 months were later given the same objects to play with. Ten-month-olds did not seem to be influenced by the videos, but the 1-year-olds were. When the actors acted naturally or positively to an object, the babies happily played with them. But if the actor had seemed afraid or disgusted, the babies would avoid the object.The underlined word "psychology" means the study of_____________.
| A．human's society and its growth |
| B．human's hopes and dreams |
| C．human's mind and how it works |
| D．human's languages and cultures |
Which of the following is Mumme's conclusion?
| A．Small babies should not be allowed to watch television programs. |
| B．Adults should let their babies do nothing but watch television. |
| C．TV programs provide small babies with all the information they need. |
| D．One-year-olds can be emotionally influenced by TV programs. |
Mumme reached his conclusion by_____________.
| A．measuring the time babies spent in front of TV |
| B．making TV programs and advertisements for kids |
| C．showing actors how to react to blue balls |
| D．observing small babies' reactions to TV programs |
Which of the following is TRUE according to the researchers?
| A．Parents may want to limit what their babies see on television. |
| B．Actors may try to behave themselves well in front of babies. |
| C．Babies may be allowed to choose what they see on TV. |
| D．Watching TV does harm to babies' eyes. |
I wonder about my Mom sometimes, and all the other black mothers who got up at 6 a. m. to go to the white man's house with sacks over their shoes because it was so wet and cold. I wonder how they made it. They worked very hard for the man. They made his breakfast and they swept his floors and they took care of his babies. They didn' t have too much time for the three of us.
I wonder about my Mom, who walked out of a white woman's clean house at midnight and came back to her own where the lights had been out for three months, and the pipes were frozen and the wind came in through the holes in the wall. She'd have to deal with the rats(老鼠): leave some food out for them so they wouldn't bite the doors or the babies. Oh, they were just like part of the family!
I wonder how she felt telling those white kids she took care of to brush their teeth after they ate, to wash their hands after they finished bathing. She could never tell her own kids because there wasn't soap or water back home.
I wonder how my Mom felt when we came home from school with a list of vitamins and pills (药片)the school nurse said we had to have. Mom would cry all night, and then go out and spend most of the rent money for pills. A week later, the white man would come for his eighteen dollars' rent and Mom would beg him to wait until tomorrow. She had to lie to him that she had lost her wallet or the relief check was coming soon or the white people had some money for her. Tomorrow I'd be hiding in the closet because there was only supposed to be two kids in the flat, and I could hear the rent man shout at my Mom and call her a cheat. And when he finally went away, Mom put the sacks on her shoes and went off to the rich white man's house to dress the rich white kids so that their mother could take them to a special baby doctor.Mother got up at 6 a. m. every day, because_____________.
| A．she had to cook breakfast for her children |
| B．she had to catch the first bus to the factory |
| C．she had to work in the white man' s house |
| D．she had to go to see a special baby doctor |
Mother never told us to brush our teeth or to wash our hands because______________.
| A．she thought we didn't need to |
| B．we didn't like washing hands |
| C．we had done everything very well |
| D．there was no soap or water in our home |
Why did the writer hide in a closet when the landowner came for rent?
| A．The closet could only hold two kids. |
| B．Only two kids were allowed to live in the house. |
| C．They should pay more rent for two kids. |
| D．There was only one bedroom for the two kids. |
What does the writer mainly tell us?
| A．Black people lead a hard life. |
| B．Black people don't have enough rent money. |
| C．White people lead an expensive life. |
| D．White people have special baby doctors. |
If you are having trouble falling asleep, you are in good company. About 65% of Americans said they have sleeping problems a few nights each week, according to a recent study by the National Sleep Foundation. Sleeping too little can lead to a higher risk of becoming fat and getting depressed(沮丧的). But before you go to a doctor for advice, you’d better examine your sleeping habits one more time. Some of your favorite evening habits may have something to do with the sleeping problems.
1. Setting a Bright Alarm Clock.
The light of your bright alarm clock can prevent you from falling asleep. You can make your room as dark as possible. Cover the bright numbers with a book or consider buying a small travel clock. Your cellphone alarm may also do the trick.
2. Counting Sheep
When you just can’t fall asleep, it’s useless to stay in bed to count sheep. If you’ve been trying to fall asleep for more than 30 minutes, the National Sleep Foundation suggests you get up to do some reading or watch TV for a while. Such activities will make you sleepy. Before you know it, you’ll be going back to bed really tired.
3. Exercising Late at Night
Daytime workouts(锻炼) will keep you full of energy for hours. That’s why you don’t want to exercise within three hours of hitting the sack. Fierce(剧烈的)physical activity raise your body temperature and pumps your energy level—both are bad for a good night’s sleep. What can we learn from the first sentence of the passage?
| A．It’s not good to fail to fall asleep at night. |
| B．People in a good company often have sleeping problems. |
| C．There are many people who have sleeping problems. |
| D．You should find someone to talk to if you can’t fall asleep. |
The underlined part “hitting the sack” in the last paragraph means “______”.
| A．going back home | B．going to bed |
| C．going to the gym | D．falling asleep |
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
| A．The bad results of getting too little sleep. |
| B．Why the bright alarm clock keeps you awake. |
| C．What to do if you can’t fall asleep after 30 minutes. |
| D．Why watching TV and reading books make people sleepy. |
By writing the passage, the writer mainly wants to tell us _______.
| A．why so many people can’t sleep well at night |
| B．how to enjoy a good night’s sleep |
| C．that sleeping problems are troubling more and more people |
| D．that people may solve their sleeping problems by some habits |
Mirth Pham was born in Vietnam. He left his native country when he was 21 years old. Minh has been in America for almost two years. There is still much he does not understand about America.
Once Minh was in a supermarket. He saw an old man and an old woman. They wanted a box of cereal(麦片).The box was on a high shelf. The man and the woman couldn't reach it. Minh saw a ladder. He got on the ladder and got the box. He handed it to the elderly couple. They thanked him.
"Where are your children?" asked Minh. "Why don' t they help you buy food?"
"Our children have their own lives," said the man and the woman. "We like to be independent." Mirth doesn't think this is right. In his country, .children help their parents. Minh gave the elderly couple his phone number. He told them to call him if they needed help. One night they asked Mirth to dinner, but they never asked him for help.
One day, Minh was walking with a Vietnamese friend. The two were going to a movie. Minh wanted to go to a restaurant first. Minh took his friend's hand. He pulled him toward the restaurant. People on the street stared at Minh. In Vietnam, friends often hold hands. Minh found out that people in America are not used to holding hands.
Minh Pham is going through a process (过程) known as re-socialization. Socialization is the process in which a person learns to live in a society. Everyone goes through this process. Minh went through it when he lived in Vietnam. But the Vietnamese way of life is much different from the American way of life. When Mirth came to America, he had to learn a new way of life. He had to learn how to live in a new society.
Minh has learned a lot about American life in two years. He still has a lot to learn. The process of re-socialization can take many years.Socialization is the process in which one ________________.
| A．learns to live in a society |
| B．travels from one country to another |
| C．learns to act independently |
| D．learns how to live happily |
What the elderly couple said gave us an example that American people, young or old, try to be ________________.
| A．kind | B．independent |
| C．helpful | D．friendly |
According to the passage, people stared at Mirth and his friend because Minh was________________.
| A．a Vietnamese |
| B．doing something unusual |
| C．entering a restaurant |
| D．not dressed like Americans |
Who should experience socialization according to the passage?
| A．The Vietnamese in America. |
| B．Older people. |
| C．Americans. |
| D．Everybody. |
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