Working with a group of baboons (狒狒）in the Namibian desert, Dr. Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology，Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box. Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task, while others had to learn for themselves. To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were, Dr. Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.
She found that personality had a major impact on learning. The braver baboons learnt, but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did. In effect, despite being made aware of what to do, they were still too shy to do what the experienced baboon did.
The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones. The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.
This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals, something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things. The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive (认 知的）tasks not because they aren't clever enough to solve them，but because they are too shy or nervous to use the social information.
The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning. If some individuals are unable to get information from others because they don't associate with the knowledgeable individuals，or they are too shy to use the information once they have it，information may not travel between all group members, preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.
| 1． |
What is the first paragraph mainly about?
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| 2． |
According to the research, which baboons are more likely to complete a new learning task?
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| 3． |
Which best illustrates the "mismatch" mentioned in Paragraph 4?
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| 4． |
Dr. Carter's findings indicate that our culture might be formed through.
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Who doesn’t love sitting beside a cosy fire on a cold winter’s night ? Who doesn’t love to watch flames (火苗) curling up a chimney? Fire is one of man’s greatest friends, but also one of his greatest enemies. Many big fires are caused by carelessness. A lighted cigarette thrown out of a car or train window or a broken bottle lying on dry grass can start a fire. Sometimes, though, a fire can start on its own. Wet hay (草) can begin burning by itself. This is how it happens: the hay starts to rot (腐烂) and begins to give off heat which is trapped inside it. Finally, it bursts into flames. That’s why farmers cut and store (贮存) their hay when it’s dry.
Fires have destroyed whole cities. In the 17th century, a small fire which began in a baker’s shop burnt down nearly every building in London. Moscow was set on fire during the war against Napoleon. This fire continued burning for seven days. And, of course, in 64 A.D. a fire burnt Rome. Even today, in spite of modern fire-fighting methods, fire causes millions of pounds’ worthy of damage each year both in our cities and in the countryside. It has been wisely said that fire is a good servant but a bad master .
39. The writer considers it ________ to sit beside a fire on a cold winter night .
A. nice B. dangerous C. unhappy D. painful
40. Which of the following describes the way how hay begins burning on its own ?
A. wet hay ---- becomes dry ---- gives off heat ---- burns
B. dry hay ---- gets too much heat from the sun ---- gives out heat --- starts to burn
C. wet hay ---- begins to rot ---- gives out heat ---- starts to burn
D. dry hay ---- gives off heat ---- starts to rot ---- starts to burn
41. Many big fires are caused __________ .
A. by cigarette B. by their own
C. by dry grass D. by people’s carelessness
42. How many examples did the writer give to show fires can destroy the whole city ?
A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four
43. Which of the following statement is not true ?
A. Fires still cause much damage now although there are modern fire - fighting methods .
B. Fires cause less damage in the country than in the city .
C. Fire can be man’s good friend and also great enemy .
D. One should be careful not to throw a lighted cigarette everywhere .
阅读下面短文，并根据要求完成文章后的题目。
Working means money, of course teens want jobs
Out of all the teens I interviewed all either wanted a job or already had one. Nowadays, jobs are needed more than ever. Everything costs money, and we are starting to understand that. Most of us get jobs just for "pocket change", so that we can just go out and get that outfit that we've always wanted, for a burger at McDonald's, for our hair, CDs, tapes, shoes, jewelry, and tons more material items. But some of us get jobs because we need to pay for our books or transportation. Many teens have to pay for their phone bills and lunches.
Choosy describes a lot of teenagers' attitudes towards the kind of job they would and wouldn't get. "Something in an attractive place with nice facilities, well paying, work that's not stressful, and a place where there are people that I know that work there," Mark, 16, said about the kind of job ___________. His personal requirements may seem as if they should be mandatory, but if you really want a job your own requirements should be limited. If you are looking for a job it's important that it fits you in a decent manner.
Teens normally don't take jobs that require a lot of thinking, skill, or physical requirements. Most teens see jobs as something on the side. We don't go around constantly talking about our jobs. We are there simply for that paycheck. Some of us do look at it as a learning experience. Tennille, 16-years-old and who works at a cleaning store, said, "Yes, it's helping me with my customer service skills." Can you give a title for this passage?
____________________________________________________________________________ Which sentence in this passage can be replaced by the following one?
Many young people look on their jobs as secret things.
____________________________________________________________________________ Please fill the blank in the second paragraph.
Mark, 16, said about the kind of job________________.
____________________________________________________________________________What’re your attitudes towards the teens to do jobs outside? Why?
____________________________________________________________________________ Please translate the underlined sentence in the passage.
____________________________________________________________________________
Continuing from the previous post 6 reasons to improve your body language, here is just a few of many pointers on how to improve your body language. Improving your body language can make a big difference in your people skills, attractiveness and general mood.
There is no specific advice on how to use your body language. What you do might be interpreted in several ways, depending on the setting and who you are talking to. You’ll probably want to use your body language differently when talking to your boss compared to when you talk to a girl/guy you’re interested in. These are some common interpretations（解释，诠释） of body language and often more effective ways to communicate with your body.
First, to change your body language you must be aware of your body language. Notice how you sit, how you stand, how you use you hands and legs, what you do while talking to someone.
You might want to practice in front of a mirror. Yeah, it might seem silly but no one is watching you. This will give you good feedback on how you look to other people and give you an opportunity to practise a bit before going out into the world.
Another tip is to close your eyes and visualize how you would stand and sit to feel confident, open and relaxed or whatever you want to communicate. See yourself move like that version of yourself. Then try it out.You can also take bits and pieces you like from different people. Try using what you can learn from them. According to the passage, the improved body language can ______.
make people charming
make people encouraged
make people disappointed
make people interested From paragraph 2, we can learn that ______ will depend on how to use your body language.
some specific advice on how to use your body language
the backgrounds and the person who you are communicating with
the way a person communicate with other people
the mood of the person who you are communicating with If a person wants to change his body language when he is talking, he must ______.
pay attention to others’ postures
pay attention to his own hands and legs
pay attention to his own body language
pay attention to his own language When a person practise his body language, he can ______ .
improve his body language in public
treat others body language well
make himself appear silly and funny
make himself become confidentMaybe a person can’t behave well in public until he ______ .
imitate different famous peoples ’body language
imitate others’ body language without any change
close his eyes to imagine his body language
close his eyes to imagine and practise his body language
The marine environment is fascinating to study and work in due to its beauty, richness, and complexity. It covers three quarters of the surface of the Earth, yet we know more detail about the surface of Mars.
In the past, it was seen as both an inexhaustible resource and a bottomless sink for our wastes. Yet the increasing pressures of overpopulation, pollution and the threat to our natural environment mean that there is an increasing need for scientists who can understand how it all works, how it affects us, and how we are affecting it from global warming through to the smallest plankton.
From local issues to global concerns, we now know that the marine environment is inextricably linked to our lives, and to our future survival. It is an area where much remains to be discovered, and where only a multidisciplinary approach can cover the breadth of issues to be confronted. This is the approach taken on our Marine Environmental Science degree course.
This course takes a multi-disciplinary approach to explore and understand the marine environment. After an initial grounding in basic science, optional choices are available in specialist topics such as marine ecosystems and pollution, coastal navigation and oceanography, among others.
Our new harbor side marine laboratory is used for some of the specialist lectures, laboratory and project work, while a week's residential field course in the Isle of Man provides training to prepare for the research project conducted in your final year. There is an optional trip to Belize in the final year to study tropical marine environments. From the passage, we can infer that ______.
| A．people waste a lot of resource |
| B．marine environment covers 3/4 of the surface of Mars |
| C．marine environment is beautiful for its sufficient resources |
| D．the Earth is similar to Mars |
The present environment of the Earth forces the experts and scholars to study ______.
| A．the relationship between people’s actions and natural environment |
| B．the relationship between people’s actions and pollution |
| C．the relationship between people’s actions and overpopulation |
| D．the relationship between people’s actions and plankton |
According to the passage, a multi-disciplinary approach is effective because _______.
| A．we can choose some issues as optionally as we can |
| B．we have practiced the approach for a long time |
| C．the approach is linked to our future survival |
| D．the approach covers a lot of problems we will meet |
We can divide the lectures of the course into ______ parts.
| A．1 | B．2 | C．3 | D．4 |
If a student choose marine Environmental Science degree course, he must ______.
A. make lectures about the issues to be confronted
B. provide training to get ready to do research project
C. take several days residential field in the Isle
travel to Belize to study tropical marine environments
Answers:
Student Services
Students' Union
Every University has a Students' Union. If students are the lifeblood of a university, the Union is surely its beating heart.
For students, by students
A Students’ Union is run by students and acts independently. At the end of each academic year, it will find six students to hold a sabbatical（带有休假的） position managing the Union for the coming year. That the six successful sabbatical officers have only recently experienced issues affecting students ensures that your needs are very well understood.
Letting your hair down
Although the University is spread across a fairly wide area, the Union is centrally located and is only a short walk from any of the main buildings. This makes it very easy to catch up with friends who might be on a different course.
At night, the place really comes alive – we have three different bars to suit every occasion. The venues are student-only so you can be sure of meeting people with a similar outlook and we throw in a transport service to make sure you get home safely.
The Union also organizes various formal balls throughout the year, with the highlight being the end-of-year ball.
Supporting you
Beyond having fun, we also make sure some of the more serious issues are effectively dealt with. If you have a problem with your course, another sabbatical officer is trained to help you. Being independent from the University means we can represent and support you to the best of our ability, and once you reach university you may find that you become aware of more national or political issues. From the second paragraph of the passage, we can infer that ______.
| A．a Students’ Union is operated by the university |
| B．a Students’ Union is not operated by the university |
| C．a Students’ Union is operated is working for the university |
| D．a Students’ Union is affected by the university |
The person who takes up a certain post of the Students’ Union ______.
| A．learns what the students need |
| B．is very happy and easy |
| C．can affect the life of any student |
| D．has understood everything of the University |
According to the third paragraph, we can learn that ______.
| A．a Students’ Union is far away from the university |
| B．a Students’ Union is near to the home |
| C．a Students’ Union is central part of the university |
| D．a Students’ Union has different courses for all the students |
From the passage, we can learn that ______ is the most wonderful program of every year.
| A．making friends |
| B．dancing in a bar |
| C．the match of the end-year ball |
| D．electing the officers |
After reading the last two parts, we can infer that _______.
| A．the Students’ Union can help a student who has trouble in the study |
| B．the Students’ Union can help a student who is being trained |
| C．the Students’ Union can cultivate the ability of a student to be suitable for political position |
| D．the Students’ Union can support a student to run the University |
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