Whydowelaughandgetamusementfro

更新 2022-09-03
科目英语
题型阅读理解
难度中等
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Why do we laugh and get amusement from so many different things，from puns (双关语) to pratfalls? Why are some things funny to some people and not to others? How is that while a successful joke can cause pleasure，a sick one can cause serious harm?
Over the centuries，various scholars have attempted to produce a universally agreed-upon theory of humor．Plato and Aristotle introduced the superiority(优越感) theory，the idea that people laugh at the misfortune of others．Their theory seems to explain teasing，but it doesn’t work well for knock-knock jokes．Sigmund Freud argued for his relief theory，the concept that humor is a way for people to release psychological tension and reveal their inner fears and desires．His theory works well for dirty jokes，less well for most puns．
The majority of humor expels today agree with the incongruity theory，the idea that humor arises when there’s a gap between what people expect to happen and what actually happens．Incongruity has a lot going for it — jokes with unexpected funny lines，for example，fit well．But scientists have found that in comedy，unexpectedness is overvalued．
With the goal of developing a new，more satisfactory explanation，I produced “the gentle violation(违背)theory”，the idea that humor arises when something seems wrong or threatening，but is actually OK or safe．A dirty joke，for example，trades on moral or social violations，but it’s only going to get a laugh if the person listening is open enough to consider the subject OK to talk about．Similarly，puns can be seen as linguistic violations that still make grammatical sense．
And while most humor theories have struggled to account for tickling (挠痒痒)，or just avoided the phenomenon altogether，my theory accounts for even this kind of laughter．Tickling involves violating someone’s physical space in a gentle way．People can’t tickle themselves — because it isn’t a violation．
What is the author’s attitude towards Plato and Aristotle’s theory?

A．Critical．

B．Approving

C．uncaring

D．Unclear

According to Sigmund Freud’s theory，we can infer that __________ .

A．people will laugh when they see others suffer

B．telling dirty jokes is a relief of one’s nervous feelings ’

C．unexpectedness can explain how humor works

D．tickling doesn’t involve psychological tension

According to the author，why are some things funny to some people but not to others?

A．Because the sense of humor varies greatly from person to person．

B．Because people have different expectations for the same thing．

C．Because some people lack the sense of safety deep in their heart．

D．Because people’s understanding of violation is different．

What is the author’s main purpose of writing this passage?

A．To draw people’s attention to the research of humor．

B．To criticize people’s misconceptions about humor．

C．To explain what exactly causes people to laugh．

D．To prove the sense of humor can be developed．

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The use of the word imitation（模仿） reminds me that we ought to make some more comments on the risk of people imitating what they see on the screen in the way of crime（犯罪） or violence. First there was always a risk of children acting out scenes which could be dangerous. For example, I remember a woman who was head of a middle school telling me that she had happened to look out of her window when the children were on the playground and had seen them putting a small boy on a chair with a rope round his neck and the rope over the branch of a tree; fortunately she was in time to get there before the child was hanged. I remember a film in particular in which the hero who was imprisoned had escaped by electrocuting（通电触死） his guard, the technique of doing this being shown in detail. This was the kind of scene which we could cut for these reasons.
In films for young people and adults we always tried to keep off the screen the details of criminal techniques, such as how to open a locked door with a piece of hard plastic or how to open a safe; if we were consulted（请教） before production, I used to advise that the details should not be shown. When I gave talks in prisons about film checking I had full support for this, since fathers who were in prison for criminal offences did not want their children to get on crime.
Every time I gave a talk in a prison someone used to mention the French film Rififi. made by Jules Dassin in 1954. This remarkable film showed in great detail a robbery of a jeweler’s shop, the robbery lasting about half an hour and being backed by only natural sound...one of the most brilliant film sequences（连续镜头） of all time. I remember our discussion at the time. We thought that the robbery was finished only with the use of advanced and obviously expensive equipment and that only the most experienced and skilled criminals could possibly imitate it; we believed therefore that it was relatively safe. When talking in prisons some years later I learned that there had been several robberies in which the techniques had been copied, so perhaps we were wrong.
31. The writer thinks that____________.
A. the details of the criminal technique should be kept
B. the details of the crime should not be shown on the screen
C. children should not imitate what they see on the screen
D. it is dangerous to imitate what they see on the screen
32. What is the writer’s attitude（态度） towards the film in which the hero had escaped by electrocuting the guard?
A. The writer likes it very much.
B. The writer is strongly against it.
C. The writer thinks the film has some value.
D. The writer does not show his/her attitude.
33. Parents in prison agreed to film checking because______.
A. they did not want their children to follow them
B. the crime on screen could be imitated without difficulty
C. they had given a talk on it
D. they had made mistakes
34 .All the following statements about“Rififi”are true EXCEPT______.
A. that the robbery shown needs experience and skills
B. that some very good tools were used in the robbery
C. that the film showed the technique in detail
D. that the technique of the robbery was not imitated
35. It can be inferred from the passage that______.
A. it is hard for children to tell the differences between real life and the imaginary
B. only people in prison support film checking
C. only children imitate what they have seen on the screen
D. the writer used to advise the details of crime should be shown

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Ⅱ 阅读(共两节，满分50分)
第一节：阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Parents have to do much less for their children today than they used to do，and home has become much less of a workshop. Clothes can be bought ready made; washing can go to the laundry; food can be bought; cooked，canned or preserved; bread is baked and delivered by the baker; milk arrives on the doorstep; meats can be had at the restaurant，the work’s canteen，and the school dining-room.
It is unusual now for father to pursue his trade or other employment at home，and his children rarely，if ever，see him at his place of work. Boys are therefore seldom trained to follow their father’s occupation，and in many towns they have a fairly wide choice of employment and so do girls. The young wage-earner often earns good money，and soon acquires a feeling of economic independence. In textile areas it has long been customary for mothers to go out to work，but this practice has become so widespread that the working mother is now a not unusual factor in a child’s home life，the number of married women in employment having more than doubled in the last twenty-five years. With mother earning and his older children drawing substantial wages father is seldom the dominant figure that he still was at the beginning of the century. When mother works, economic advantages accrue，but children lose something of great value if mother’s employment prevents her from being home to greet them when they return from school.
26. The writer mentions home as workshop because______.
A. fathers often pursue employment at home
B. parents had to make food and necessity themselves for their daily-life
C. many families produce goods at home for sale
D. both fathers and mothers and mothers in most families are workers
27. The writer says that home has become much less of a workshop. He means______.
A. in the past, home was more like a workshop
B. home is much more of a workshop now
C. home-workshops are becoming fewer and fewer
D. home was less like a workshop in the past
28. The word“accrue”in the sentence“When mother...accrue，”is closest in meaning to
__________________.
A. change B. dwindle C. double D. increase
29. The chief reason that boys are seldom trained to follow their father’s occupation is ___________________.
A. that children nowadays rarely see their fathers at their place of work
B. that fathers do not like to pursue employment at home any more
C. that there is a wide choice of employment for children
D. that children also like to have jobs outside
30. What makes father no longer the only dominant person in a family?
A. With their earning，mother and children do not need to depend on father for their life.
B. There are many choice of employment for mothers and children.
C. Father does much less for his children today than he used to.
D. The number of married women in employment has increased greatly now.

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People in the United States honor their parents with two special days: Mother’s Day, on the second Sunday in May, and Father’s Day, on the third Sunday in June.
Mother’s Day was proclaimed a day for national observance by President Woodrow Wilson in 1915. Ann Jarvis from Grafton, West Virginia, had started the idea to have a day to honor mothers. She was the one who chose the second Sunday in May and also began the custom of wearing a carnation.
In 1909, Mrs. Dodd from Spokane, Washington, thought of the idea of a day to honor fathers. She wanted to honor her own father, William Smart. After her mother died, he had the responsibility of raising a family of five sons and a daughter. In 1910, the first Father’s Day was observed in Spokane. Senator Margaret Chase Smith helped to established Father’s Day as a national commemorative day, in 1972.
These days are set aside to show love and respect for parents. They raise their children and educate them to be responsible citizens. They give love and care.
These two special days are celebrated in many different ways. On Mother’s Day people wear carnations. A red one symbolizes a living mother. A white one shows that the mother is dead．Many people attend religious services to honor parents. It is also a day when people whose parents are dead visit the cemetery. On these days families get together at home, as well as in restaurants. They often have outdoor barbecues for Father’s Day. These are days of fun and good feelings and memories.
41．According to the passage, which of the following about the second Sunday in May is not true?
A．It is a day to show love to mothers
B．It is a day to wear carnations
C．It is a day for people to visit the cemetery
D．It is a day for many people to attend religious services
42．Choose the right time order of the following events.
a. The first Father’s Day was observed
b. Mother’s Day was proclaimed a day for national observance
c. Father’s Day became a day for national observance.
d. The idea of honoring fathers was bought up
A．a b c d      B．d a b c           C．b a c d   D．d a c b
43．Who plays the most important role in Father’s Day becoming a national commemorative day?
A．Mrs. Do                      B．Margaret Chase Smith
C．Ann Jarvis                      D．Woodrow Wilson
44．From the passage, we know in the U.S. ________________.
A．one should wear a red carnation if one’s mother pass away
B．on Mother’s Day, families often go out to have barbecues
C．on Father’s Day, people often stay at home to celebrate the special day.
D．The purpose to have these two special days is to show love to parents
45．The author’s purpose of writing this passage is to __________
A．call on people to love and respect their parents.
B．introduce Mother’s Day and Father’s Day.
C．tell the difference between Mother’s Day and Father’s Day
D．show how important fathers and mothers are

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one time that doing a favor for someone could get you into a lot of trouble. I was in the eighth grade at the time, and we were having a final test. During the test, the girl sitting next to me whispered something, but I didn’t understand. So I leaned over her way and found out that she was trying to ask me if I had an extra pen. She showed me that hers was out of ink and would not write. I happened to have an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk.
Later, after the test papers had been turned in, the teacher asked me to stay in the room when all the other students were dismissed（解散）. As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up; she talked about how important it was to stand on your own two feet and be responsible (负责任) for your own acts. For a long time, she talked about honesty and emphasized（强调） the fact that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating（欺骗） themselves. She made me promise that I would think seriously（认真地） about all the things she had said, and then she told me I could leave. I walked out of the room wondering why she had chosen to talk to me about all those things.
Later on, I found out that she thought I had cheated on the test. When she saw me lean over to talk to the girl next to me, it looked as if I was copying answers from the girl’s test paper. I tried to explain about the pen, but all she could say was it seemed very very strange to her that I hadn’t talked of anything about the pen the day she talked to me right after the test. Even if I tried to explain that I was just doing the girl a favor by letting her use my pen, I am sure she continued（继续） to believe that I had cheated on the test.
36. The story took place（发生） exactly ____________ .
A. in the teacher’s office
B. in an exam room
C. in the school
D. in the language lab
37. The girl wanted to borrow a pen, because ____________ .
A. she had not brought a pen with her
B. she had lost her own on her way to school
C. there was something wrong with her own
D. her own had been taken away by someone
38. The teacher saw all this, so she asked the boy ____________.
A. to go on writing his paper               B. to stop whispering
C. to leave the room immediately           D. to stay behind after the exam
39. The thing(s) emphasized in her talk was (were) ____________ .
A. honesty                                          B. sense of duty
C. seriousness                                         D. all of the above
40. The boy knew everything ____________.
A. the moment he was asked to stay behind
B. when the teacher started talking about honesty
C. only some time later
D. when he was walking out of the room

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Five years ago, David Smith wore an expensive suit to work every day. “I was a clothes addict(迷),” he jokes. “I used to carry a fresh suit to work with me so I could change if my clothes got wrinkled(皱的).” Today David wears casual clothes — khaki pants and a sports shirt — to the office. He hardly ever wears a necktie. “I’m working harder than ever,” David says, “and I need to feel comfortable.”
More and more companies are allowing their office workers to wear casual clothes to work. In the United States, the changes from formal to casual office wear have been slow. In the early 1990s, many companies allowed their workers to wear casual clothes on Friday (but only on Friday).This became known as “dress-down Friday” or “casual Friday”. “What started out as an extra one-day-a-week benefit for workers has really become an everyday thing,” said business adviser Maisly Jones.
Why have so many companies started allowing their workers to wear casual clothes? One reason is that it's easier for a company to attract new workers if it has a casual dress code. “A lot of young people don't want to dress up for work,” says the owner of a software company, “so it's hard to hire people if you have a conservative dress code.” Another reason is that people seem happier and more productive when they are wearing comfortable clothes. In a study made by Levi Strauss and Company, 85 percent of employers said that casual dress has a side effect on work. Supporters of casual office wear also say that a casual dress code helps them save money. “Suits are expensive, if you have to wear one every day,” one person said. “For the same amount of money, you can buy a lot more casual clothes.”
31. David Smith refers to himself as having been “a clothes addict” because ______________.
A. he often wore khaki pants and a sports shirt
B. he couldn't stand a clean appearance
C. he wanted his clothes to look tidy and clean all the time
D. he didn’t want to spend much money on clothes
32. David Smith wears casual clothes now, because ______________.
A. they make him feel at ease when working
B. he cannot afford to buy expensive clothes
C. he looks handsome in casual clothes
D. he no longer works for any company
33. According to this passage, which of the following is FALSE?
A. Many workers don’t like a conservative dress code.
B. Comfortable clothes make workers more productive.
C. A casual clothes code is welcomed by young workers.
D. All the employers in the U.S. are for casual office wear.
34. According to this passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A. Company workers started to dress down about twenty years ago.
B. Dress-down has become an everyday phenomenon since the early 1990s.
C. “Dress-down Friday” was first given as a favor from employers.
D. Many workers want to wear casual clothes to impress people.
35. In this passage, the following advantages of casual office wear are mentioned EXCEPT ______________.
A. saving worker’s money
B. making workers more attractive
C. improving worker’s feeling
D. making workers happier

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