ThePacificislandnationofNauruu

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更新 2022-09-03
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The Pacific island nation of Nauru used to be a beautiful place. Now it is an ecological（生态的） disaster area. Nauru’s heartbreaking story could have one good consequence — other countries might learn from its mistakes.
For thousands of years, Polynesian people lived the remote island of Nauru, far from western civilization. The first European to arrive was John Fearn in 1798. He was the British captain of the Hunter, a whaling ship. He called the island Pleasant Island.
However, because it was very remote, Nauru had little communication with Europeans at first. The whaling ships and other traders began to visit, bringing guns and alcohol. These elements destroyed the social balance of the twelve family groups on the island. A ten-year civil war started, which reduced the population from 1,400 to 900.
Nauru’s real troubles began in 1899 when a British mining company discovered phosphate (磷酸盐)on the island. In fact, it found that the island of Nauru was nearly all phosphate, which a very important fertilizer for farming. The company began mining the phosphate.
A phosphate mine is not a hole in the ground; it is a strip mine（带状矿）. When a company strip-mines, it removes the top layer（层） of soil. Then it takes away the material it wants. Strip mining totally destroys the land. Gradually, the lovely island of Nauru started to look like the moon.
In 1968, Nauru became one of the richest countries in the world. Every year the government received millions and millions of dollars for its phosphate.
Unfortunately, the leaders invested the money unwisely and lost millions of dollars. In addition, they used millions more dollars for personal expenses. Soon people realized that they had a terrible problem — their phosphate was running out. Ninety percent of their island was destroyed and they had nothing. By 2000, Nauru was financially ruined. Experts say that it would take approximately $433,600,000 and more than 20 years to repair the island. This will probably never happen.
What might be the author’s purpose in writing the text?

A．To seek help for Nauru’s problems.	B．To give a warning to other countries.
C．To show the importance of money.	D．To tell a heartbreaking story of a war.

What was Nauru like before the Europeans came?

A．Rich and powerful.	B．Modern and open.
C．Peaceful and attractive.	D．Greedy and aggressive.

The ecological disaster in Nauru resulted from .

A．soil pollution	B．phosphate over mining
C．farming activity	D．whale hunting

Which of the following was a cause of Nauru’s financial problem?

A．Its leaders misused the money.	B．It spent too much repairing the island.
C．Its phosphate mining cost much money.	D．It lost millions of dollars in the civil war.

What can we learn about Nauru from the last paragraph?

A．The phosphate mines were destroyed.	B．The leaders will take the experts’ words seriously.
C．The island was abandoned by the Nauruans.	D．The ecological damage is difficult to repair.

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第三部分阅读理解 (共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)
请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Saving the Planet with Earth-Friendly Bamboo Products
Jackie Heinricher’s love affair with bamboo started in her backyard. “As a child, I remember playing among the golden bamboo my dad had planted, and when there was a slight wind, the bamboos sounded really musical.”
A fisheries biologist, Heinricher, 47, planned to work in the salmon industry in Seattle, where she lived with her husband, Guy Thornburgh, but she found it too competitive. Then her garden gave her the idea for a business: She’d planted 20 bamboo forests on their seven-acre farm.
Heinricher started Boo-Shoot Gardens in 1998. She realized early on what is just now beginning to be known to the rest of the world. It can be used to make fishing poles, skateboards, buildings, furniture, floors, and even clothing. An added bonus: Bamboo absorbs four times as much carbon dioxide as a group of hardwood trees and releases 35 percent more oxygen.
First she had to find a way to mass-produce the plants—a tough task, since bamboo flowers create seed only once every 50 to 100 years. And dividing a bamboo plant frequently kills it.
Heinricher appealed to Randy Burr, a tissue culture expert, to help her. “People kept telling us we’d never figure it out,” says Heinricher. “Others had worked on it for 27 years! I believed in what we were doing, though, so I just kept going.”
She was right to feel a sense of urgency. Bamboo forests are being rapidly used up, and a United Nations report showed that even though bamboo is highly renewable, as many as half of the world’s species are threatened with dying out. Heinricher knew that bamboo could make a significant impact on carbon emissions (排放) and world economies, but only if huge numbers could be produced. And that’s just what she and Burr figured out after nine years of experiments—a way to grow millions of plants. By placing cuttings in test tubes with salts, vitamins, plant hormones, and seaweed gel, they got the plants to grow and then raised them in soil in greenhouses.
Not long after it, Burr’s lab hit financial difficulties. Heinricher had no experience running a tissue culture operation, but she wasn’t prepared to quit. So she bought the lab.
Today Heinricher heads up a profitable multimillion-dollar company, working on species from all over the world and selling them to wholesalers. “If you want to farm bamboo, it’s hard to do without the young plants, and that’s what we have,” she says proudly.
56. What was the main problem with planting bamboo widely?
A. They didn’t have enough young bamboo.
B. They were short of money and experience.
C. They didn’t have a big enough farm to do it.
D. They were not understood by other people.
57. What does Heinricher think of bamboo?
A. Renewable and acceptable                             B. Productive and flexible.
C. Useful and earth-friendly.                                 D. Strong and profitable.
58. The underlined word “renewable” in Paragraph 6 probably means “________”.
A. able to be replaced naturally                B. able to be raised difficultly
C. able to be shaped easily                    D. able to be recycled conveniently
59. What do you learn from the passage?
A. Heinricher’s love for bamboo led to her experiments in the lab.
B. Heinricher’s determination helped her to succeed in her work.
C. Heinricher struggled to prevent bamboo from disappearing.
D. Heinricher finally succeeded in realizing her childhood dream.

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D
Some years ago factories had more freedom than they have now, and they did not need to be as careful as they must be today. They did not need to worry a lot about the safety of the new products (产品) that they developed. They did not have to pay much attention to the health and safety of the people who worked for them. Often new products were dangerous for the people who used them; often conditions in the work place had very bad effects on the health of the workers.
Of course sometimes there were real accidents which attracted the attention of governments and showed the need for changes. Also scientists who were doing research into the health of workers sometimes provided information which governments should pay attention to. At such times, there were inquiries(调查) into the causes of the accidents or the problems. New safety rules were often introduced as a result of these inquiries; however, the new rules came too late to protect the people who died or became seriously ill.
Today many governments have special departments which protect customers (顾客) and workers. In the U.S., for example, there is a department which tests new airplanes and gives warnings about possible problems. It also makes the rules that plane producers (生产商) must follow. Another department controls the foods and drugs that companies sell. A third department looks at the places where people work, and then reports any companies that are breaking the laws which protect the health and safety of workers. Of course, new government departments and new laws cannot prevent every accident or illness, but they are having some good results. Our work places are safer and cleaner than before. The planes and cars which we use for travel are better. Producers are thinking more about the safety and health of the people who buy and use their products.
67. Some years ago safety rules __________.
A. were put forward due to workers’ suggestions
B. came into being as a result of the workers’ needs
C. were introduced because many people were killed or seriously injured
D. were good enough to protect workers and customers
68. It can be inferred from the passage that in the past __________.
A. workers often got ill because of the poor working conditions
B. companies had less freedom to develop new products
C. many people were killed by dangerous products
D. factories were as careful as they are today
69. According to the passage, __________.
A. new laws have no good results at all
B. governments did not listen to scientists
C. governments paid no attention to the safety of products at all
D. in the past factories did not have to pay much attention to the health of workers
70. The main topic of the passage is __________.
A. conditions in the work place B. the importance of government departments
C. the freedom of factories D. the safety and health of workers and customers

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C
It is a lot of trouble to learn a new language. When we go to all that trouble, we certainly want to be understood. But understanding is based on more than speech. Sometimes misunderstanding comes not from the wrong words, but from the wrong style. In our own country, we learn the style for politeness. But this polite style may be misunderstood in another country. This can cause unexpected difficulties. Since you have spent so much effort learning this new language, it is sensible and practical to learn the politeness rules also. Even if you think some of the customs are foolish, learning them can help you to be clearly understood.
In your country, is it considered polite to listen quietly to other people without any change of expression on the face? If this is the style you have learned, perhaps you should watch two Americans talking. Notice how the person who is listening will have frequent changes of expression. The listener may also make little remarks while the other person is talking. These little remarks may be one word, like “Really?” or they may just be a little sound, like “Uhhuh” or “Mmm.” This is the way American listeners show that they are listening in a friendly way. This is why Americans get uneasy when the listener is silent and shows no change of expression. In the American style of speaking, an unmoving face often means that the listener is unfriendly, or perhaps even angry.
Sometimes people from two countries are uncomfortable with each other for very small reasons. Here is an example: Americans think that perspiration odor is not polite. In fact, they worry so much about this subject that they spend a great deal of money on deodorants (除臭剂) and dry cleaning and washing their clothes. If a foreign student does not follow the same rule, Americans may be disturbed and think the foreigner is not nice. The problem can be especially troublesome because Americans are so embarrassed about this subject that they do not even like to talk about it, so they are not likely to tell that person why they are uneasy.
63. If you want to be clearly understood in another country, besides the language, you should also learn _________.
A. its common knowledge     B. its style            C. its wrong words      D. how to make a speech
64. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A. American listeners have frequent changes of expression.
B. A foreign student may not get along well with Americans if he smells.
C. An unmoving face and silence of listeners will make Americans feel unhappy.
D. Making little remarks like “Really”, “Uhhuh” or “Mum” is impolite while listening to an American.
65. The underlined phrase in the last paragraph probably means _________.
A. an unpleasant smell                                     B. a good style of talking
C. an unfriendly way                                   D. a polite expression
66. What would be the best title for the passage?
A. Learning a new language                  B. Different people, Different languages
C. Body Language                                     D. Different Countries, Different Cultures

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B
Ed Viesturs grew up in Rockford, Illinois, where the tallest thing on the horizon was the water tower. But on Thursday, Viesturs became the only American to climb to the top of the world’s 14 highest mountains.
His last hike was up Mount Annapurna, in Asia’s snow-capped Himalayas. At 26, 545 feet, its peak is the 10th highest in the world. It is the mountain that inspired him to start climbing.
“It tends to be the trickiest, the most dangerous, ” said Viesturs, “There’s no simple way to climb it. There are threatening avalanches (雪崩) and ice falls that protect the mountain.”
In high school, Viesturs read French climber Maurice Herzog’s tale of climbing the icy Annapurna. Herzog’s story was of a lot of difficulty and near-death experiences. Viesturs was hooked right away.
Viesturs got his start on Washington’s Mount Rainier in 1977, guiding hikes in the summer. Fifteen years ago, he set out to walk up to the world’s highest peaks. Finally, he’s done.
The pioneering climber talks about mountains as if they were living creatures that should be treated with respect. “You have to use all of your senses, all of your abilities to see if the mountain will let you climb it,” said Viesturs. “If we have the patience and the respect, and if we’re here at the right time, under the right circumstances (情况), they allow us to go up, and allow us to come down. ”
What’s next for a man who can’t stop climbing? “I’m going to hug my wife and kids and kind of kick back and enjoy the summer. ” says Viesturs. But for a man who’s climbed the world’s 14 tallest mountains, he will probably soon set off on yet another adventure.
59. What record has Ed Viesturs set?
A. He has succeeded in climbing to the top of the world’s 14th highest mountain.
B. He has become the first American to climb to the top of the world’s 14 highest mountains.
C. He has become the first to climb to the height of 26, 545 feet.
D. He has become the first man to climb to the top of 14 highest mountains in the world.
60. The underlined word “hooked” in Paragraph 4 can be replaced by “__________”.
A. frightened B. discouraged C. interested D. upset
61. The author used Viestures’ words in Paragraph 6 to support a view that __________.
A. mountain climbing is a dangerous sport
B. mountains should be regarded as living creatures
C. mountain climbing needs more strength than skills
D. those who like mountain climbing won’t stop climbing
62. What’s the next probable plan of Viestures?
A. Stopping climbing and staying with his family.
B. Climbing to the top of the world’s 14 tallest mountains again.
C. Meeting other challenges.
D. Writing down the experiences about his adventure.

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第三部分: 阅读理解 (共15小题; 每小题2分, 满分30分)
请认真阅读下列短文, 从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中, 选出最佳选项, 并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。
A
Sep. 30 I moved into the dormitory today—an ugly building and near a busy main road, too. My room is small but quite pleasant. I must get some posters for the walls, though. I met a few fellow students at supper (The food was awful). They all look much younger than me. They are, of course!
Oct. 07    Lectures began last Monday. So far they haven’t been very interesting (except for the man who gives lectures on drama). Personally, I’d rather go to the library and read, but I have to attend ten lectures a week. Those are the “rules”! Well, at least you meet people there.
Oct. 12    I really don’t like life in the dormitory at all. The food is bad and the students are noisy. They stay up half the night and play games just outside my room. When on earth do they sleep? When do they work? Besides, I don’t like my room. It’s just like living in a box! It looks even smaller now with the posters on the wall.
Oct. 26    I tried to explain some of my problems to my supervisor (导师) today. She listened—but that was about all. “You have to go to lectures, you know, Ann,” she told me. “And the dormitory is cheap and convenient.” “Cheap and convenient”! Well, it isn’t “cheap” if you can’t eat the food and it isn’t “convenient” if you can’t sleep at night!
Oct. 30    I can’t believe it! Three other students—I met them at a lecture and they’re all about my own age —have invited me to share a flat with them. It’s in an old house and it has its own kitchen, so we can cook for ourselves. And my room—right at the top of the house—is fantastic!
Nov. 10   I moved into my new room last Sunday. I feel really happy. Life is going to be much more fun from now on!
56. Ann’s diary is mainly about __________.
A. food                   B. her dormitory life            C. the lectures          D. her fellow student
57. Ann complained (抱怨) about the students because __________.
A. they disturbed her            B. they did not work      C. they did not sleep      D. they looked younger
58. In her new room, Ann was __________.
A. interested          B. sorry                            C. excited                 D. shocked

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