Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing decisions that denied victory to their team. A researcher was appointed to study the performance of some top referees.
The researcher organized an experimental tournament involving four youth teams. Each match lasted an hour, divided into three periods of 20 minutes during which different referees were in charge.
Observers noted down the referees’ errors, of which there were 61 over the tournament. Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably high number.
The researcher then studied the videotapes to analyse the matches in detail. Surprisingly, he found that errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident. When the officials got it right, they were, on average, 17 meters away from the action. The average distance in the case of errors was 12 meters. The research shows the optimum (最佳的) distance is about 20 meters.
There also seemed to be an optimum speed. Correct decisions came when the referees were moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second. The average speed for errors was 4 meters per second.
If FIFA, football’s international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues.
He also says that FIFA’s insistence that referees should retire at age 45 may be misguided. If keeping up with the action is not so important, their physical condition is less critical.The experiment conducted by the researcher was meant to ________.
| A．review the decisions of referees at the 1998 World Cup |
| B．analyse the causes of errors made by football referees |
| C．set a standard for football refereeing |
| D．reexamine the rules for football refereeing |
The number of refereeing errors in the experimental matches was ________.
| A．slightly above average | B．higher than in the 1998 World Cup |
| C．quite unexpected | D．as high as in a standard match |
The findings of the experiment show that ________.
| A．errors are more likely when a referee keeps close to the ball |
| B．the farther the referee is from the incident, the fewer the errors |
| C．the more slowly the referee runs, the more likely errors will occur |
| D．errors are less likely when a referee stays in one spot |
The word “officials” (Para. 4) most probably refers to ________.
| A．the researchers involved in the experiment |
| B．the inspectors of the football tournament |
| C．the referees of the football tournament |
| D．the observers at the site of the experiment |
What is one of the possible conclusions of the experiment?
| A．The ideal retirement age for an experienced football referee is 45. |
| B．Age should not be the chief consideration in choosing a football referee. |
| C．A football referee should be as young and energetic as possible. |
| D．An experienced football referee can do well even when in poor physical condition. |
Cuts
Bleeding can usually be stopped by applying pressure to the cut for 2 or 3 minutes. The cut can then be carefully inspected. If it has bled freely any germs will normally have been washed away by the blood.
Apply a plaster dressing firmly, bringing the edges of the cut together so that it knits quickly. Keep dry for 1 to 2 days.
If the cut is deep and the edges cannot be pulled together with a dressing consult the doctor or the practice nurse. A tetanus (破伤风) injection may be needed.
Grazes
Dirt will often enter a graze caused by falling on a hard or rough surface. It must be cleaned out carefully with an antiseptic solution. (消毒液)
After cleaning, leave the graze uncovered. Exposure to the air will cause a scab to form. This will gradually fry and fall off.
It is not a good idea to apply a dressing. This may stick to the graze or make it complete wet and infected.
Bruises
Bruises are very common in children. They normally get better in 7 to 10 days Parents sometimes worry that a bone may be broken, but if in doubt consult the doctor. If a child gets up at once after a fall and moves about normally, it is unlikely that a bone has been broken.
Severe bruising can be treated by： Rest for 24 to 48 hours .In the case of a badly bruised leg, the limb should be raised. Lying in bed is the easiest way to do this.
A bad compress may ease a bad bruise if applied at once. This is made by leaving some material in water and applying it to the bruise.
Insect bites
These are common in the summer .They look like spots about 1/4’’across .They are very itchy (痒) and usually appear on exposed parts, e.g. arms and legs.
The itching can be relieved by calamine lotion (护肤药水).
Burns and scalds
Minor burns and scalds cause redness of the skin. Immediate treatment by pouring cold water over a burn is often helpful. If burns cause the skin severe hot or break the skin, the doctor should be turned to.
Sunburns should, if possible, be prevented by avoiding long exposure and covering exposed areas as much as needed. It may be treated by calamine lotion to relieve the pain.
1．The purpose of the booklet is _____
A．to tell us what to do until a doctor arrives.
B．to explain what cause minor illnesses.
C．to show that it is unnecessary to call a doctor.
D．to help us to treat minor illnesses at home
2．When treating a minor cut ,we are first told to _____.
A．clean out the wound. B．press down on the wound.
C．wash the blood away. D．close up the wound.
3．The injury which we are told how to avoid is _____.
A．sunburn. B．insect bites. C．scalds. D．cuts.
4．Patients with badly bruised legs are advised to go to bed so that ______.
A．they can rest completely. B．their injured leg can be lifted up.
C．they can leave their leg in water. D．a cold compress can be applied
第三部分：阅读理解（共20小题，每题2分，满分40分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳答案，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
WASHINGTON -Tofu（豆腐）and Soyaburgers (豆饼) may be coming to American school lunch menus. What will the kids say?
“Terrible,” said Greg Dudzinski, 17, of Ripon High School in Wisconsin, as he toured the US capital.
“The regular hamburgers are bad enough, so soyaburgers would be a lot worse, offered Zach Richey, 13, of Scottsboro Junior 
High in Alabama, another tourist.
But the United States government – hoping to reduce the amount of fat that children are eating –has approved the use of soy as a meat substitute in meals for schools and day-care centers.
Not all kids dislike the change. Mariel Spano, 17, of sandy Greek High School in New York, also visiting the capital, said she likes soyaburgers： “There is less fat, and they are better for you… They taste the same, and they are just as good.”
The government tried to make soy a meat substitute nearly 20 years ago, but later dropped the ideA．At the time, the plan was intended as a cost-cutting move. US Agriculture Department officials say that their purpose now is only to make meals healthier.
Schools are likely to increase the amount of soy that is mixed with hamburgers and other foods already on their menus, and they will also be looking for food companies to develop new soy products that children will like. “ I can’t see putting tofu on a student’s plate and having a good acceptance. I can see taking a product that is familiar to the students and adding a large amount of soy to it and having it to be acceptable,” said Jill Benza, director of food services for the Mesa, Arizona schools.
1．What is the newspaper report mainly about?
A．The difficulty in using soy products for US schools.
B．Various opinions on soy products for US schools.
C．The plan that is made by the US government for school lunch.
D．Healthy foods for students in US schools.
2．Where did the interviews most probably take place?
A．In food companies. B．In schools.
C．In Washington. D．In some other states.
3．We may learn from the text that _________________________.
A．soyaburgers taste better than hamburgers.
B．hamburgers are healthier than soyaburgers.
C．soyaburgers cost less than hamburgers.
D．hamburgers cost less than soyaburgers.
4． What Jill Benza said shows that ___________________________.
A．students have not yet been used to soy products.
B．it is hardly possible to make soy products popular.
C．he does not like the change in meals for students.
D．schools are unwilling to change the lunch menus.
Below is an advertisement in a travel brochure．
Book this package
There are few areas better than Lake Myvatn for viewing the Northern Lights and discovering the wonders of the Icelandic winter．
Day 1
Reykjavik—Akureyri—Lake Myvatn
Flight to Akureyri from where you will be picked up．Transfer to Lake Myvatn．Sightseeing tour of the Lake Myvatn area．After the tour an introduction of the activities available．
Day 2
Free day at Lake Myvatn: optional tours available．Please note that all tours are dependent on weather and road conditions, and therefore only booked locally at Lake Myvatn．
Day 3
Akureyri—Reykjavik
The morning will be spent at Lake Myvatn and then in the afternoon a transfer to Akureyri where you will go on a short sightseeing tour of Akureyri enjoying the beautiful sights．Afternoon flight back to Reykjavik．
Activities available at Lake Myvatn
Snowmobile
Take an exciting adventure on our snowmobiles out on the frozen Lake Myvatn or travel deep into the Highlands with one of our guides．30 min and 1 hour tour available．
Super-jeep
Sightseeing at Myvatn and a super-jeep adventure．3 tours available: around the area of Lake Myvatn; a tour to Dettifoss, the most powerful waterfall in Europe and unforgettable at winter time; a tour further into the Myvatn area．
Sightseeing tours
Sightseeing tours to some spectacular places: Icelandic farms, power station, museums and a search for the northern lights．These tours are recommended for all nature lovers．
Cross-country skiing
The Lake Myvatn area and surrounding Highlands are great for cross-country skiing．There is a good mixture of areas from easy to more demanding and the length of each tour also depends on one’s ability．
Horse riding
A wonderful area that offers a great variation of trekking（跋涉）routes．On offer are tours from one hour to a day tour with different destinations, something to match your desire．
Go-carts on ice
Experience the adventure of driving on the ice of the lake．The snow is taken away and you drive with “nailed” tires．Also available is go-carts in the snow．
Winter garden
Different kinds of amusements on the frozen lake: bowling, cricket, skating, mini golf etc．
1．What is the purpose of the ad?
A．To inform the timetable of a trip．
B．To list the steps to see the Northern Lights．
C．To introduce a special traveling package．
D．To introduce the wonders of the Icelandic winter．
2．Where will you spend most of the time during the trip?
A．Reykjavik． B．Akureyri．
C．Lake Myvatn． D．Icelandic farms．
3．Which activity is not included in the travel package?
A．Sighteeing tour of Akureyri．
B．Sightseeing tour of Reykjavik．
C．Sightseeing tour in the Lake Myvatn area．
D．Seeing the most powerful waterfall in Europe．
4．If you want to view the Northern Lights, you will join in _________．
A．Horse riding B．Cross-country skiing
C．Super-jeep D．Sightseeing tours
The kids at Shute Country Primary School in Devon are surprisingly quiet when it’s time to go home in the afternoon, instead of the usual shouting and running you can hear them asking each other, “ Are the lights all off?”, “Shall we check the taps in case they are dripping （滴水）?”, “How many paper towels did we use today?”
But it’s not unusual here．The kids have declared a war on waste．
“We’ve never made the children do anything,” explains Liz Templar, the school’s head teacher, “they came up with all ideas themselves．They’re doing this because they want to．”
If you take a look around the school you won’t see anything thrown away unnecessarily．Everything is collected and reused, or sent to be recycled．
Shute School started its green_revolution_two years ago．They looked carefully at every party of school life－from the teaching to the cleaning．They looked at the way stationery（文具） was used－especially photocopying, the way cleaning was carried out, and how food was used and wasted!
Even parents were looked at: how many children came in each car? Did they use unleaded petrol? Could they bring more children in fewer cars?
High on the list was the waste of paper．Next came unfriendly cleaning products．Paper towels were replaced with recycled paper．But the hardest thing for the kids was when they found out how much rubbish was created by the chocolate, crisps and other snacks（小吃） eaten at lunch time．Of their own accord（自愿地）, the children gave them up．Now they bring apples and home-made snacks．
The school has its own garden where they grow vegetables and flowers so that they can learn about the environment．They also use this area for their recycling store-large containers to collect aluminum, bottles, plate and fabric（织物）．
Even the school’s play area is made from recycled things．
Since the children started, the school’s heating and lighting bills have fallen obviously and the number of rubbish bags has gone down from seven a week to two or three．
Everywhere in Shute School there are bright posters asking everyone to take their rubbish home, to save energy and paper and to keep the green flag flying．
1．Which of the following best describes the writer’s idea?
A．The pupils at Shute School are fighting against pollution．
B．The pupils at Shute School are learning to save things．
C．The pupils at Shute School have declared a war on waste．
D．The pupils at Shute School have found a way to recycle waste things．
2．We can infer from the text that “green revolution” means _______．
A．beautifying schoolyard B．activity against waste
C．planting green plants D．throwing away waste
3．What do the children think creates the most waste?
A．Paper towels． B．Cleaning products．
C．Snacks． D．Paper．
4．We learn from the text that the children’s behavior ____________．
A．has brought arguments
B．has saved the school’s cost
C．was against by their parents
D．was forced by their head teacher
WILD WEATHERMAN
Name: Sam Champion
Hot job: TV Weatherman
Where: WABC-TV, New York City
When you were a child, did you plan to forecast wind, rain, and snow on TV?
I wanted to be a foreign journalist．I took courses in weather science at Eastern Kentucky University, but I majored in broadcasting news．
How did you finally become a weatherman?
My first job in the early 80’s was at the local TV station in Paducah, Kentucky．I did everything from turning on the lights in the morning to writing and delivering morning news．I put together weather forecasts, and became interested in them．
Back then, how did you forecast weather?
Independent companies collected computer information that showed, for example, how a single weather system might split into snow or snow mixed with rain．The information was often opposite and the job of a weatherman was to study the information and make the best educated guess about the storm．
Has weather forecasting changed much with new technology?
Advanced computers, satellites, and Doppler radar （sound waves used to track storms） have made forecasting more exact．But we still know very little about how weather is shaped．So far, we just have theories．
Any advice for children who’d like to become weather scientists?
To me, weather is the most exciting field in the world．There are still so many more questions about weather than answers．After all, if we can’t foresee floods or hurricanes, how safe a society are we? Weather forecasting is wide open for scientists who love to solve puzzling problems．The next generation of meteorologists （weather scientists） will unlock many of Earth’s weather secrets．So get a general knowledge of Earth science, and study meteorology （weather science） in college．
Thanks, Sam．
1．Judging from the writing style, the text is ________．
A．a diary B．an interview C．a news story D．an announcement
2．As a child, ABC-TV’s Sam Champion wanted to be a ________．
A．space scientist B．weatherman C．news reporter D．meteorologist
3．Present weather forecasting technology ________．
A．has made weather report more exact than ever
B．is still not perfect
C．hasn’t changed much in the last 50 years
D．both A and B
4．The study of weather science is called ________．
A． meteorology B． forecasting C ．geography D． earth science
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