Historically,thetermfairtradeh

更新 2022-09-03
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Historically, the term “fair trade” has meant many things. The Fair Trade League was 1 in Britain in 1881 to restrict 2 from foreign countries. In the United States, businesses and labor unions 3 “fair trade” laws to construct what economist Joseph Stiglitz calls “barriers to imports.” These so called “anti-dumping(反倾销)” laws allow a company that 4 a foreign one of selling a product below cost to request that the government charge special taxes to protect it from “unfair” 5 .
Such dark protectionist thoughts are far from the 6 of the organizers of the United Kingdom’s annual “Fairtrade Fortnight”. Their 7 aim is to raise the price paid to developing-country farmers for their 8 by cutting out the inflated profits of the middlemen on whom they 9 for getting their goods to distant markets. Fair-trade products 10 cocoa, coffee, tea, and bananas do not compete with domestic European production, and 11 do not have a protectionist motive(动机).
This is how it works: In 12 for being paid a guaranteed price and meeting “agreed labor and environmental standards” (minimum wages, no farm chemicals ), poor-country farming cooperatives(合作社) receive a FAIRTRADE mark for their products, given 13 by the FAIRTRADE Labeling Organization. This mark 14 supermarkets and other businesses to sell the products at a higher than 15 price . Third-world farmers get their income increased , 16 first-world consumers get to feel virtuous: a marriage made in heaven.
The fair-trade movement, 17 in the 1980’s, has been growing rapidly. In a significant breakthrough in 1997, the British House of Commons 18 to serve only fair-trade coffee. By the end of 2007, more than 600 producers’ organizations, 19 1.4 million farmers in 58 countries, were selling fair-trade products. Today, a quarter of all bananas in UK supermarkets are sold under a FAIRTRADE mark. But FAIRTRADE-labeled products still represent a very 20 share – typically less than 1% – of global sales of cocoa, tea, coffee, etc.

A．discovered B．founded C．encouraged D．promoted

A．imports B．exports C．output D．trade

A．disobey B．break C．use D．study

A．suspects B．needs C．wants D．advertises

A．agreement B．contract C．game D．competition

A．worries B．minds C．comments D．projects

A．educational B．political C．worthy D．immediate

A．favour B．benefit C．interest D．produce

A．depend B．spend C．look D．apply

A．as B．like C．with D．for

A．instead B．otherwise C．therefore D．anyhow

A．fear B．store C．preparation D．exchange

A．secretly B．publicly C．officially D．successfully

A．urges B．enables C．orders D．forces

A．normal B．potential C．lowest D．best

A．when B．while C．as D．but

A．launched B．arranged C．invented D．developed

A．wanted B．refused C．had D．decided

A．telling B．representing C．Choosing D．receiving

A．small B．little C．good D．large

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Though different educational systems have different purposes, one thing is certain: all students should take part in examinations.
___1___ the English educational system, students take ___2___ very important ___3___. The first is the eleven-plus, which is taken at the age of eleven ___4___ past. At one time the ability ___5___ on the eleven-plus would have determined ___6___ a child stayed in school. ___7___, however, all children continue in “comprehensive”(综合性的) schools, and the eleven-plus determines which courses of study the child will follow. At the age of fifteen or sixteen, the students are tested for the Ordinary Level of the General Certificate(证书) of Education. This examination covers a wide ___8___ of subjects; once students have passed this exam, they are ___9___ to specialize, so that two-thirds or ___10___ of their courses will be ___11___ physics, chemistry, classical language, or ___12___ they wish to study ___13___. The ___14___ examination, at eighteen, covers only the ___15___ of the special subjects. ___16___ the universities, students study only in their concentrated area, and ___17___ students ever venture(冒险) outside ___18___ subject again; ___19___, the English boy or girl is a specialist ___20___ the age of fifteen.
1. A. On B. In       C. To      D. For
2. A. four       B. three   C. two     D. one
3. A. subjects B. languages   C. courses       D. examinations
4. A. somewhat      B. or else C. or so   D. or rather
5. A. seen       B. heard C. shown D. known
6. A. when      B. if C. that     D. how
7. A. But B. Then   C. So      D. Now
8. A. number B. part    C. range D. collection
9. A. allowed B. passed C. forbidden   D. admit
10. A. much    B. many C. more   D. most
11. A. in B. of       C. with    D. on
12. A. whenever     B.however      C.whatever D. wherever
13. A. at all costs    B. at the same time      C. at the least   D. at great length
14. A. late      B. later    C. early   D. final
15. A. context B. content　　       C. book   D. lesson
16. A. Even so       B. Even if      C. Even then   D. Even at
17. A. few      B. no      C. some   D. any
18. A. that      B. their   C. its       D. which
19. A. in any case   B. in all C. in a sense   D. in the end
20. A. of B. from C. at       D. under

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Dorothy Brown was very happy as she sat in the theatre listening to the music. Today her little daughter Lauren was giving her ___1___ concert. She had been waiting for this ___2___ for years and years. “Now it is here at last,” she thought. “How beautiful her ___3___ is.”
The song made her ___4___ to the days when she was Lauren’s ___5___. As a young ___6___, Dorothy wanted to be a concert singer. She studied ___7___ in France, Italy and in the United States. “You can become a fine ___8___ in the future,” her teachers told her. “But you must be ___9___ to study hard and work for many years. There will be ___10___ time for anything but music in your life.”
Dorothy was ___11___ at that time and she was ___12___ that music was all she wanted or needed to ___13___ her life. For almost a year Dorothy ___14___ of nothing else. Then she ___15___ David, a young engineer travelling Europe. They soon fell in ___16___. David asked her to be his ___17___. Dorothy also wanted to marry David. But she loved ___18___, too. She didn’t know what to do. David was against her being a singer. He said, “If you want to be a singer, you must forget about getting married. You can’t ___19___ do both.” Thus her days were gone and would never return.
Now Lauren became a singer instead of her, which was her ___20___.
1. A. sorry      B. successful   C. first    D. wonderful
2. A. dance     B. moment     C. show   D. party
3. A. voice      B. face    C. dress   D. life
4. A. think of B. bring back C. go back      D. come back
5. A. age B. friend C. mother       D. teacher
6. A. musician B. pop star      C. lady    D. girl
7. A. French   B. music C. piano D. dance
8. A. actress    B. student       C. singer D. dancer
9. A. prepared B. learning     C. driven D. waiting
10. A. some    B. any     C. no     D. enough
11. A. eight     B. eighteen     C. eighty D. eighty-eight
12. A. lucky    B. sure    C. afraid D. fond
13. A. fill       B. live     C. lead    D. take
14. A. heard    B. knew C. talked D. thought
15. A. saw off        B. learned from      C. heard of     D. met with
16. A. love     B. feeling       C. music D. touch
17. A. assistant       B. teacher       C. wife    D. student
18. A. him      B. engineering       C. herself       D. music
19. A. certainly      B. possibly     C. only    D. mainly
20. A. thought                B. hope       C. purpose      D. will

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One day, a poor boy who was trying to pay his way through school by selling goods from door to door found that he only had one dime left. He was hungry so he decided to     36    for a meal at the next house.
However, he lost his nerve     37    a lovely young woman opened the door. Instead of a meal he asked for a drink of water. She thought he looked     38    so she brought him a large glass of milk. He drank it     39    , and then asked, “How much do I owe you?”
“You don’t owe me anything,” she     40    . “Mother has taught me never to accept pay for a __41   .” He said, “Then I thank you from the bottom of my heart.” As Howard Kelly left that house, he not only felt stronger     42    , but it also increased his faith in God and human race. He was about to give up and quit before this point.
Years later the young woman became critically ill. The local doctors were baffled. They finally sent her to the big city, where specialists can be called     43    to study her rare disease. Dr. Howard Kelly, now     44    , was called in for the consultation. When he heard the name of the town she came from, a strange light     45    his eyes. Immediately, he     46    and went down through the hospital hall into her room.
    47   in his doctor’s gown he went in to see her. He     48   her at once. He went back to the consultation room and     49    to do his best to save her life. From that day on, he gave    50__attention to her case.
After a long     51    the battle was won. Dr. Kelly     52    the business office to pass the final bill to him for approval. He looked at it and then wrote something on the side. The bill was sent to her room. She was afraid to open it because she was     53    that it would take the rest of her life to pay it off. Finally she looked, and the note on the side of the bill caught her     54   . She read thesewords…
“Paid in full with a glass of milk.”
(Signed) Dr. Howard Kelly
Tears of joy flooded her eyes as she     55    silently. “Thank you, God. Your love has spread through human hearts and hands.”
36．A．call           B．make           C．beg            D．prepare
37．A．while          B．when           C．though         D．unless
38．A．thirsty        B．lazy           C．tired          D．hungry
39．A．slowly         B．unexpectedly   C．steadily       D．hurriedly
40．A．announced      B．shook          C．replied        D．doubted
41．A．reward         B．kindness       C．hand           D．value
42．A．physically     B．mentally       C．normally       D．properly
43．A．up             B．for            C．on             D．in
44．A．rich           B．famous         C．observant      D．vivid
45．A．fixed          B．consulted      C．filled         D．concentrated
46．A．rose           B．raised         C．got            D．left
47．A．Worn           B．Having         C．putting        D．Dressed
48．A．recognized     B．knew           C．spared         D．regained
49．A．desired        B．declared       C．determined     D．declined
50．A．special        B．ordinary       C．normal         D．no
51．A．decision       B．preparation    C．struggle       D．debate
52．A．ordered        B．requested      C．confused       D．compressed
53．A．negative       B．uncertain      C．positive       D．obvious
54．A．presentation   B．preference     C．attention      D．arrangement
55．A．praised        B．pretended      C．pressed        D．prayed

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Recently I was invited to a friend’s house for supper—and had a meal I have never had before.
All the friends invited were a little surprised. It’s not that Ben is unsociable, or a bad cook, but it’s just that he never 21more than he has to. So how come he was inviting us round for a meal? Had he bought something 22for his friends? He greeted us at the door and showed us into his dining room where a 23_ -table was waiting for us.“Nothing but the best for my friends!”said Ben. We all sat down and looked 24 at each other—what was he up to?
Ben returned with four bowls of hot soup.“It’s a mixture of carrots, potatoes and tomatoes,”said Ben. The next 25was also a little strange in that we didn’t quite know what it was again. It’s just another mixture of vegetable.
As we ate we chatted and finally the 26 turned back to what we were eating.“Was there a recipe(食谱) for this,”asked Marina,“or did you 27 it up?”Ben put his fork down.“What I cooked depended on what I could find.”Marina was surprised.“But you can find anything in supermarkets these days.”“But there’s 28 choice in what you can find outside supermarkets,”he replied.
Seeing that we had all finished the food, Ben decided to tell the truth. He had read recently that supermarkets usually throw away 5 percent of their food every day. So Ben decided to look inside his local supermarket bins. There he found food that was slightly out of __29, boxes of throw-away vegetables and fruit.
So Ben had successfully provided a decent(体面的) meal for his friends, and made us aware of the fact that there are many poor people who need the food, but the amount of food thrown away is enough to 30 millions of people.
21.A.takes B. spends   C. uses D. does
22.A.cheap B. special C. practical    D. usual
23.A.new    B. separate C. booked   D. laid
24.A.nervously B. carefully    C. sadly    D. happily
25.A.course B. food C. soup D. salad
26.A.dinner B. idea C. food D. subject
27.A.pick   B. look C. make D. take
28.A.less   B. more C. some D. any
29.A.order B. place    C. season   D. date
30.A.enrich B. please   C. affect   D. feed

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Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die. But people now live longer than they   36 . Yet, all living things still show the   37 of aging, which will eventually   38 death.
Aging is not a disease, but as a person passes maturity (成熟期), the cells of the body and the 39 they form do not function as well as they   40  in childhood and teenage years. The body provides less   41 against disease and is more   42 to have accident.
A number of related causes may   43 aging. Some cells of the body have a fairly long life, but they are not   44 when they die. As a person ages,   45 of brain cells and muscle cells decreases.   46 body cells die and are replaced by new cells. In an aging person the  47 cells may not be as workable or as capable   48 growth as those of a young person.
Another   49  in aging may be changes within the cells   50   . Some of the protein chemicals in cells are known   51 with age and become less elastic (有弹性的). This is why the skin of old people wrinkles (皱纹) and   52 . This is also the reason why old people   53  in height. There may be other more important chemical changes in the cells. Some complex cell chemicals, such as DNA and RNA, store and   54 information that the cells need． Aging may affect this 55 and change the information-carrying molecules so that they do not transmit the information as well.
36. A．would          B．be used to C．used to     D． used
37. A．function         B．effect         C．affect        D． sign
38. A．lead in          B．give in         C．run into     D． result in
39. A．hands          B．feet C．heart       D． organs
40. A．do            B．has done         C．did          D． had done
41. A．energy        B．protection     C．vigor            D． power
42. A．likely            B．probable        C．possible    D． alike
43. A．attend to       B．contribute to C．add to    D． devote to
44. A．replaced       B．reborn   C．recovered     D． surrendered
45. A．a number       B．the amount   C．the number   D． a great deal
46. A．The others             B．The other             C．Another        D．Other
47. A．old              B．left               C．new            D． other
48. A．to                B．for      C．of               D． in
49. A．factor           B．effect             C．reason   D． element
50. A．for themselves          B．of themselves   C．themselves        D． on their own
51.   A．change           B．to have changed C．to change         D． to be changed
52. A．hangs loose   B．hangs loosely     C．is hanging loosely D． is hanging loose
53. A．increase         B．shrink    C．lengthen        D． decrease
54. A．pass away     B．pass by           C．pass off          D． pass on
55. A．improvement          B．procession     C．approach      D． process

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