A new research has uncovered that culture is a determining factor when people interpret facial emotions (情感)．The study reveals that in cultures where emotional control is the standard，such as Japan，the focus is placed on the eyes to interpret emotions. Whereas in cultures where emotion is openly expressed，such as the United States，the focus is on the mouth to interpret emotions.
“These findings go against the popular theory that the facial expressions of basic emotions can be universally recognized，” said University of Alberta researcher Dr.Takahiko Masuda.” A person’s culture plays a very strong role in determining how he will read emotions and needs to be considered when interpreting the facial expressions.”
These cultural differences are even noticeable in computer emoticons(情感符号)，which are used to convey a writer’s emotions by email and text message. The Japanese emotions for happiness and sadness vary in terms of how the eyes are drawn ，while the American emotions vary with the direction of the mouth. In the United States the emoticons∶)and∶) show a happy face，whereas the emoticons∶(and∶(show a sad face. However，the Japanese tend to use the symbol (‘‘) to indicate a happy face，and (；；) to indicate a sad face.
“We think it is quite interesting and appropriate that culture tends to mask its emotions. The Japanese would focus on a person’s eyes when detecting his or her emotions，as eyes tend to be quite subtle(微妙的)，”said Masuda. “In the United States，where an open emotion is quite common，it makes sense to focus on the mouth，which is the most expressive feature on a person’s face.”The text mainly tells us that ________.
| A．cultural differences are expressed in emotions |
| B．culture is a key to interpreting facial emotions |
| C．different emoticons are preferred in different cultures |
| D．people from different cultures express emotions differently |
Which emoticon is used by Americans to show a happy face?
| A．(；；) | B．∶) |
| C．∶( | D．∶( |
If a Japanese wants to detect whether a smile is true or false，he will probably________.
| A．read the whole face | B．focus on the mouth |
| C．look into the eyes | D．judge by the voice |
The computer emoticons used by Americans show that________.
| A．they express their feelings openly |
| B．they tend to control their emotions |
| C．they are good at conveying their emotions |
| D．they use simpler emotions to show their feelings |
Taiwan police cannot decide whether to treat it as an extremely act of stealing or an even cheat. Either way, it could be the perfect crime, because the criminals are birds—homing pigeons !
The crime begins with a telephone message to the owner of a stolen car: if you want the car back, pay up. Then, the car owner is directed to a park, told where to find a bird cage and how to attach money to the neck of the pigeon inside. Carrying the money in a tiny bag, the pigeon flies off.
There have been at least four such pigeon pick-ups in Changwa. What at first seemed like the work of a clever stay-at-home car thief, however, may in fact be the work of an even lazier and more inventive criminal mind—one that avoids not only collecting money but also going out to steal the car in the first place. Police officer Chen says that the criminal probably has pulled a double trick: he gets money for things he cannot possibly return. Instead of stealing cars, he lets someone else do it and then waits for the car-owner to place an advertisement in the newspaper asking for help.
The thought is supported by the fact that, so far, none of the stolen cars have been returned. Also, the amount of money demanded-under 3,000 Taiwanese dollars–seems too little for a car worth many times more.
Demands for pigeon-delivered money stopped as soon as the press reported the story. And even if they start again, Chen holds little hope of catching the criminal. “We have more important things to do,” he said. After the car owner received a phone call, he _______.
| A．went to a certain pigeon and put some money in the bag it carried |
| B．gave the money to the thief and had his car back in a park |
| C．sent some money to the thief by mail |
| D．told the press about it |
The “lazier and more inventive” criminal refers to _______.
| A．the car thief who stays at home |
| B．one of those who put the ads in the paper |
| C．one of the policemen in Changwa |
| D．the owner of the pigeons |
The writer mentions the fact that “none of the stolen cars have been returned” to show _______.
| A．how easily people get fooled by criminals |
| B．what Chen thinks might be correct |
| C．the thief is extremely clever |
| D．the money paid is too little |
The underlined word “they” in the last paragraph refers to ____.
| A．criminals | B．pigeons | C．the stolen cars | D．demands for money |
We may infer from the text that the criminal knows how to reach the car owners because _______.
| A．he reads the ads in the newspaper |
| B．he lives in the same neighborhood |
| C．he has seen the car owners in the park |
| D．he has trained the pigeons to follow them |
In one way of thinking, failure is a part of life. In another way, failure may be a way towards success. The “spider story” is often told. Robert Bruce, leader of the Scots in the 13th century, was hiding in a cave from the English. He watched a spider spinning a web（蜘蛛织网）. The spider tried to reach across a rough place in the rock. He tried six times without success. On the seventh time he made it and went on to spin his web. Bruce is said to have taken heart and to have gone on to defeat the English… Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, made hundreds of models that failed before he found the right way to make one.
So what? First, always think about your failure. What caused it? Were conditions right? Were you in top from yourself? What can you change so things will go right next time?
Second, is the goal you’re trying to reach the right one? Try to do some thinking about what your real goals may be. Think about his question, “If I do succeed in this, where will it get me?” This may help you prevent failure in things you shouldn’t be doing anyway.
The third thing to bear in mind about failure is that it’s a part of life. Learn to “live with yourself” even though you may have failed. Remember, “You can’t win them all.”This passage deals with two sides of failure. In paragraph 1, the author talks mainly about________.
| A．the value of failure | B．how people would fail |
| C．famous failures | D．the cause of failure |
The underlined phrase “made it” means________.
| A．succeeded | B．failed | C．gave | D．got |
The lesson the spider taught Robert Bruce seems________.
| A．productive | B．straight forward | C．sorrowful | D．deep |
The author tells you to do all things except________.
| A．to think about the cause of your failure |
| B．to check out whether your goals are right for you |
| C．to consider failure as a part or life |
| D．to bear in mind that you will never fail in your life |
Which of the following is NOT true?
| A．Bruce and Edison were successful examples. |
| B．Failure may be regarded as a way toward success. |
| C．Edison learned a lot from the lesson the spider taught Robert Bruce. |
| D．One may often raise a question whether his goals are worth attempting. |
认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：每个空格只填1个单词。请将答案写在答题卡相应题号的横线上。
The standard of living of any country means the average person's share of the goods and services which the country produces. A country’s standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its ability to produce wealth. "Wealth" in this sense is not money, for we do not live on money but on things that money can buy, “goods” such as food and clothing, and "services" such as transport and entertainment.
A country's ability to produce wealth depends upon many factors, most of which have an effect on one another. Wealth depends to a very large degree upon a country's natural resources, such as coal, gold, and other minerals, water supply and so on. Some regions of the world are well supplied with coal and minerals, and have a fertile (肥沃的)soil and a favorable climate; other regions possess perhaps only one of these things, and some regions possess none of them. The USA is one of the wealthiest regions of the world because she has vast natural resources within her borders(边疆), her soil is fertile, and her climate is of great variety. The Sahara Desert, on the other hand, is one of the least wealthy.
Next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to use. Sound and stable (稳定的)political conditions, and freedom from foreign invasion(侵略), enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily, and to produce more wealth than another country equally well served by nature but less well ordered.
Another important factor is the technical efficiency(效能) of a country's people. Old countries that have, through many centuries, trained up numerous(无数的) skilled craftsmen and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely unskilled.
Wealth also produces wealth. As a country becomes wealthier, its people have a large margin(富余)for saving, and can put their savings(储蓄) into factories and machines which will help workers to turn out more goods in their working day.
| Title |
People's (1)_____ standard |
| Meaning |
The average share of the goods and services for people (2) _____ by the country. |
| Some factors that (3) _____ the standard of living of any country |
▲ Wealth depends (4) _____ upon a country's natural resources such as coal, gold, other minerals, water supply and a fertile soil and a favorable climate ▲ Next to natural resources comes the ability to turn (5) _____ resources to use. ▲ The (6) _____ efficiency of a country's people is another important factor |
| The comparison between the USA and the Sahara Desert |
▲ The USA has vast natural resources, her soil is fertile, and it has (7) _____ climate ▲ The Sahara Desert, on the other hand, is one of the (8) _____ |
| The (9) _____ of wealth |
▲ Wealth also produces wealth. ▲ Wealthy people can put their savings into factories and machines which will help workers to (10) _____ out more goods in their working day. |
When foreigners come to Chengdu, a good alternative is to get around by taking the bus. Once getting used to going by bus, you will discover that it is actually not that bad.
Although a ride usually covers two or twenty stops, a bus ride costs RMB 2 in Chengdu. It is important to carry enough small money with you, because it is not usual to get back changes. Even though it is cheap, you can pay less and save some trouble if you get a RMB 25 bus card at your local pharmacy, Hongqi Chain Store or bus station terminal office—note that personal identification is needed. Explain to the worker that you want to purchase a bus card.
With this card, one bus drive costs only RMB 1 if you use a card based on frequency of your ride. If your card is based on the so called E-purse, you pay each time RMB 1.80 for the bus. If you require the use of subway, you can ask the cashier at the Hongqi Chain Store to activate the metro. After having your bus card, you can store money on your travel card. The fees for bus and metro have to be stored separately.
It is important to keep in mind that the money on the card does not overlap. For example, you charge 40 bus rides on the card, but you only used 20 during the month, the rest 20 will be invalid at the beginning of the next month and you have to recharge the card. Therefore, it is important to calculate the exact numbers of bus rides you will have to take.
After you have your own bus card, one swipe is only needed when you get on the bus at the front door. If you only manage to get on the bus at the back door, just ask the passengers to pass your card to the front and swipe it for you. With the bus card, you can transfer buses for fee if the travel time is within two hours.
Furthermore, it is to stress that you should keep an eye on your belongings while being on the bus. Generally, Chengdu is a safe place but most of the thefts are occurring on buses, at train stations or crowded large area, like the shopping street Chunxi Road.
Due to the fact that the place names are announced in Chinese, it is better to know the Chinese name of your destination. Even though there are announcements in English, they will sound like the following: “The next stop is Jinjiang Binguan (Jinjiang Hotel)”Which of the following statements is true when taking the bus in Chengdu?
| A．It’s always important to carry enough small money with you every day. |
| B．It only costs RMB 25 to get around in Chengdu by bus per month. |
| C．Personal identification is not essential when applying for a bus card for locals. |
| D．RMB 0.2 will be saved each time if you use E-purse rather than cash on the bus. |
Why are the readers reminded to pay close attention to their personal possessions?
| A．Because Chengdu is not a safe place. |
| B．Because some thieves like stealing things in crowded buses. |
| C．Because people can transfer buses for fee within two hours. |
| D．Because the bus card must be swiped at the front door. |
Why does the author suggest the Chinese name of the destination be learnt?
| A．Because it helps know clearly where to get off the bus. |
| B．Because it can prevent people from missing the bus they want to board. |
| C．Because the place names are merely announced in Chinese. |
| D．Because it prevents the passengers getting off at the next stop on time. |
The author might write this passage specially for ________.
| A．The local Chengdu people who are interested in traveling by bus |
| B．Regular bus riders in Chengdu who fails to manage their bus cards properly. |
| C．New foreigners in Chengdu who want to get around by bus. |
| D．Pedestrians in Chengdu who are considering choosing to take the bus. |
In 2030, 42 percent of American adults will be obese, and about one-quarter of that group will be severely obese, a condition that shortens life and wastes large medical expenses, a new study predicts.
Obesity related ailments — diabetes, heart disease, kidney failure — consume at least 9 percent of health-care spending the United States. Some researchers believe the cost may be twice that estimate. Total health spending is about $2.6 trillion a year.
In 2030, 42 percent of people are projected to be obese, and 11 percent severely obese. Obesity is a body mass index , which suggests 85 kg for someone 1.67 meters tall. Severe obesity is 112 kg for someone that height.
Obesity is rising in higher-income men. Severe obesity is increasing in both sexes. It was 6.2 percent in women in 1999 and 8.1 percent in 2010. For men, it was 3.1 percent in 1999 and 4.4 percent in 2010.
It is believed that the obesity rate is closely related to the following factors: the price of gasoline, which discourages walking when it is low; access to the Internet (and other technologies), which encourages long periods of sitting still; and restaurants per 10,000 people, which increases eating out and weight gain when the number goes up.
Urgent measures must be taken to inspire people to exercise more and educate people about better eating habits before too many people will be suffering from being . obese.The word “ailments” in the second paragraph is equal to _______.
| A．Diabetes | B．Heart disease | C．Kidney failure | D．Diseases |
If a man aged 35 is about 1.65 meters tall and weighs 65 kg, he is
probably _____ according to the passage.
| A．Obese | B．Severely obese | C．Normal | D．Overweight |
According to the passage, which of the following facts contributes to the obesity rate?
| A．People are used to eating out in restaurants. |
| B．People do not have free access to the Internet. |
| C．The price of gasoline is going up steadily. |
| D．The number of higher-income women is on the increase. |
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