Famous as “the king of chefs and the chef of kings,” Auguste Escoffier helped raise the position of cooking from a laborer’s task to an artist’s job. Escoffier was born on October 28, 1846, in the small village of Villeneuve-Loubet, near Nice, France. Among the key figures in the boy’s life was his father, who worked primarily as a blacksmith（铁匠）. His grandmother, an enthusiastic cook, was perhaps more responsible than anyone for introducing the boy to an appreciation of the delights of cooking.
Young Escoffier attended the local school until age 12, upon which time his father thought it necessary that the boy learn a trade. In school he had shown a talent for drawing, yet he was told to regard this art only as a hobby, and to find his career in a more practical profession. Thus his father took him to Nice in 1859, where he would work as an apprentice（学徒）in his uncle’s restaurant, the respectable Le Restaurant Francais.
At Le Restaurant Francais, Escoffier was not treated as the close relative of the boss. Rather, he experienced a classically demanding apprenticeship. For this strictness of training he would later, in his memoirs（回忆录）, express gratefulness. During this time Escoffier also attended night school, and had to deal with his studies as well as the demands of a promising career.
When Escoffier was 19 and had taken on yet more responsibilities in his uncle’s restaurant, a customer recognized his skills and offered him work in Paris. This was the owner of Le Petit Moulin Rouge, one of the finest restaurants in Paris, where Escoffier was to become a sous-chef, ranking below the head chef. After three years in this position, he rose to the level of head chef, wearing the respected chef’s hat. It was his __________ who first influenced Escoffier to be interested in cooking.
| A．father | B．mother | C．uncle | D．grandmother |
We can infer that as a schoolboy, Escoffier might hope to be __________.
| A．a chef | B．a businessman | C．an artist | D．a blacksmith |
According to Paragraph 3, Escoffier __________.
| A．was badly treated by his uncle |
| B．showed great interest in writing |
| C．disliked working as an apprentice |
| D．was thankful for the strict training |
Which of the following can best describe Escoffier?
| A．Hard-working. | B．Honest. | C．Warm-hearted. | D．Modest. |
What is the text mainly about?
| A．How to become a chef in France. |
| B．The influence of Auguste Escoffier. |
| C．What an apprentice is required to do. |
| D．The early life of a famous French chef. |
Does everyone want a challenging job? In spite of all the attention focused by the media, academicians, and social scientists on human potential and the needs of individuals, there is no evidence to support that the vast majority of workers want challenging jobs. Some individuals prefer highly complex and challenging jobs; others develop in simple, routine work.
The individual-difference variable（变量）that seems to gain the greatest support for explaining who prefers a challenging job and who doesn’t is the strength of an individual’s needs for personal growth and self-direction at work. Individuals with these higher-order growth needs are more responsive for challenging work. What percentage of ordinary workers actually desire higher-order need satisfactions and will respond positively to challenging jobs? No current data is available, but a study from the 1970s estimated the figure at about 15%. Even after adjusting for changing work attitudes and the growth in white-collar jobs, it seems unlikely that the number today exceeds 40%.
The strongest voice advocating challenging jobs has not been workers—it’s been professors, social science researchers, and media people. Professors, researchers, and journalists undoubtedly made their career choices, to some degree, because they wanted jobs that gave them autonomy, recognition and challenge. That, of course, is their choice. But for them, to force their needs onto the workforce in general is presumptuous (冒失的).
Not every employee is looking for a challenging job. Many workers meet their higher-order need off the job. There are 168 hours in every individual’s week. Work rarely consumes more than 30% of this time. That leaves considerable opportunities, even for individuals with strong growth needs, to find higher-order need satisfaction outside the workplace. So don’t feel you have a responsibility to create challenging jobs for all your employees. For many people, work is something that will never excite or challenge them. And they don’t expect to find their growth opportunities at work. Work is merely something they have to do to pay their bills. They can find challenges outside of work on the golf course, fishing, at their local pub, with their friends in social clubs, with their family, and the like.What makes people choose challenging jobs?
| A．Positive responses. | B．Work attitudes. |
| C．Higher-order growth needs. | D．Personal self-direction. |
Who is the least likely to prefer a challenging job?
| A．College professors. | B．Construction workers. |
| C．Social researchers. | D．Media journalists. |
The passage is intended for _______.
| A．job-hunters | B．researchers |
| C．employers | D．graduates |
Which is the best title for the passage?
| A．Not Everyone Wants a Challenging Job |
| B．Complex Jobs Offer Growth Opportunities |
| C．Employers Should Create Challenging Jobs |
| D．Challenging Jobs Give a Sense of Recognition |
Whether we should allow marine (海洋的) parks to stay open has been widely debated in our community recently. A variety of different arguments have been put forward about it.
Smith, a sociologist, argued that dolphin parks provide the only opportunity for much of the public to see marine mammals. As this argument goes, most Australians live in cities and never get to see these animals. Marine parks allow the average Australian to appreciate our marine wildlife. However, in fact, there are many places where they can be seen in the wild. Moreover, these places do not charge an overpriced entry fee — they are free.
Dr. Alison Lane, the director of the Cairns Marine Science Institute, insists that we need marine parks for scientific research. She argues that much of our knowledge of marine mammals comes from studies which were undertaken at marine parks. The knowledge which is obtained at marine parks can be useful for planning for the preservation of marine mammal species. However, Jones, a zoologist, explains that park research is only useful for understanding captive animals and is not useful for learning about animals in the wild. Their diets are different, they have significantly lower life lengths and they are more likely to have a disease. In addition, marine mammals in dolphin parks are trained and this means that their patterns of social behavior are changed.
The Marine Park Owners Association holds that marine parks attract a lot of foreign tourists. This position goes on to state that these tourists spend a lot of money, increasing our foreign exchange earnings and assisting our national balance of payments. However, foreign tourists would still come to Australia if the parks were closed down. Indeed, surveys of overseas tourists show that they come here for a variety of other reasons and not to visit places like Seaworld. Tourists come here to see our native wildlife in its natural environment and not to see it in cages and concrete pools. They can see animals in those conditions in their own countries.
In a word, perhaps an agreement cannot be reached now. However, a question does deserve our consideration: If we continue with our past crimes against these creatures, how will our future generations view us?Who support(s) the idea of closing marine parks?
| A．Most Australians. | B．Jones. |
| C．Smith. | D．Alison Lane. |
Which is NOT the reason to keep marine parks?
| A．For entertainment purpose. |
| B．For scientific research purpose. |
| C．For economic purpose. |
| D．For political purpose. |
The author tries to persuade readers to accept his argument mainly by________.
| A．pointing out the problems with keeping the marine parks |
| B．using evidence he has collected at the marine parks |
| C．discussing the advantages of animals' natural homes |
| D．questioning the way the animals are studied |
| For: Doug Smith, Director of wolf recovery, Yellowstone National Park In the world today there is so much we are losing; more and more species disappear from the earth every year. The time has come to put something back，to restore to treat some of the old wounds enforced on nature over the years. Wolves are animals killing and eating other animals in North America. They play an important role in keeping the continent healthy. Most places don’t have enough wild country to make their restoration possible, which means it’s even more important to restore wolves where conditions are right, places like Yellowstone, which has both a high level of wildness, as well as abundant creatures that wolves hunt and eat for living. Some who oppose wolf restoration have a human centered point of view that the earth is here for humans, we can use it whenever we want and for whatever purpose. But wolves offer us a chance to live another way—a way to learn to live with other life forms. |
|
Against: Larry Bouret, Vice President, Wyoming Farm Bureau What does wolf introduction to Yellowstone mean? To the average citizen it probably just means introducing wolves to Yellowstone. There would be no unfavorable effects because few people live near Yellowstone. But to farmers it means introducing wolves, which wander over vast areas—in and out of the park—onto their farms. Wolves eat meat—as in the cattle, sheep that keep farmers in business. Introduction apparently also means lawsuits by environmental groups attempting to remove livestock from federal lands. To farmers, who own private lands in the same area, it means the possibility of financial ruin. To farmers it is a form of land use restrictions. To farmers introducing wolves means taking away the farmers’ livelihoods without just compensation. Why do people not want a nuclear power plant built in their backyard? For the same reason farmers do not want wolves introduced into their backyard. |
What are the two passages mainly about?
| A．Whether to remove livestock away from federal lands. |
| B．Whether to introduce wolves to Yellowstone. |
| C．How to increase the number of wolves. |
| D．How to keep the balance of nature. |
According to the passage Doug Smith is _______.
| A．a national park administrator. |
| B．a wildlife conservationist. |
| C．an enthusiastic hunter. |
| D．a private land owner. |
What are the farmers concerned about?
| A．Being controlled by wolves. |
| B．Having to sell their farmland. |
| C．Suffering heavy financial loss. |
| D．Being forced to leave their homes. |
Why does Larry Bouret mention “nuclear power plant”?
| A．To summarize his opinion. |
| B．To make his view persuasive. |
| C．To tell the danger of nuclear power plant. |
| D．To introduce the background of wolf recovery. |
| Use For Use for mechanically generated dusts, mists from processing minerals including coal, iron ore, silica, cotton, flour and certain other substances in concentrations up to ten times the Occupational Exposure Standard or according to local regulations. Do Not Use For Do not use for paint spraying and sandblasting applications or for protecting against gases and vapors. Do not use in atmospheres containing less than 19.5% oxygen, as this respirator does not supply oxygen. Not for use in oil mist atmosphere. Use Limitations 1. The wearer must first be trained in the proper use and fit tested before using this respirator. 2. Do not use this respirator when concentrations of contaminants are immediately dangerous to life or health. 3. Leave the contaminated area immediately if breathing becomes difficult, or dizziness or other distress occurs. 4. Discard and replace respirator if it becomes damaged or breathing resistance becomes excessive. 5. Inspect respirator before each use to ensure it is in good working condition. 6. Do not alter, wash, abuse or misuse this respirator. 7. Do not use with beards or other facial hair or other conditions that prevent a good seal between the face and the sealing edge of the respirator. 8. Can be used up to the limits specified by applicable government regulations for this product. 9. Failure to follow all instructions and warnings on the use of this respirator and/or failure to wear this respirator during all times of exposure can reduce respirator effectiveness and may result in illness or permanent disability 10. Maximum operating temperature: +50°C. Caution Care should be taken when using the product at low temperatures as excessive moisture may cause alves(呼吸阀) to freeze. Storage Conditions and Shelf Life Shelf life of unopened product is 5 years from date of manufacture when stored within temperature range of -20°C to +30°C and at less than 80% relative humidity. Warning This respirator helps protect against certain particles. Misuse can result in sickness or death. For proper use, see supervisor or user instructions in the box or contact 3M Co. Ltd. |
The passage mainly tells us _________.
| A．what this product is |
| B．why should we buy this product |
| C．how to protect us against dusts and mists |
| D．how to use and store the product properly |
What is the meaning of the underlined word “respirator” in Paragraph 2?
| A．Glasses. |
| B．Face mask. |
| C．Protective gloves. |
| D．Protective clothing. |
In which condition can this product be stored?
| A．Temperature: 50°C; Humidity: 40% |
| B．Temperature: 50°C; Humidity: 80% |
| C．Temperature: 25°C; Humidity: 40% |
| D．Temperature: 25°C; Humidity: 80% |
Head held high, hands firmly gripping her walker, Mary Arnott, 99, walks slowly with dignity through the women’s changing room at the Etobicoke Olympium pool, past the teenage girls who have been blow-drying their hair for half an hour, into the mist of the showers, then out the door and first one into the heated pool. She jumps over to the shallow end, stopping to talk to friends—everyone knows Arnott here; she swims twice a week and treats it as a job—about their children, the viciousness(谬误) of bridge and their health.
In fact, Arnott is an exception to the exception. Not only has she lived 20 years past the average lifespan for Canadians, she’s healthy, her mind is sharp and she lives independently.
Born in Brooklyn on May 28, 1909, Arnott was raised on Staten Island. She survived scarlet fever(猩红热), helped bring up four siblings after her mother died in 1923 and worked as a secretary in New York City for 12 years, earning＄35 a week and a＄150 bonus at Christmas.
Now she’s happy living in a one-room apartment with a kitchen and a bathroom in her daughter’s house. She wears a hearing aid, does the cryptic(有隐义的) crossword with a magnifying glass, and can’t really explain why she has live so well so long.
Until recently, she has still liked to drink red wine—she used to drink two glasses before supper each day. It’s more likely genes, she admits. Her interest in other people and life in general may have had something to do with it. Asked if a star photographer can take her picture at the pool, Arnott seems cheerful.
“I look good in a swimsuit,” she says, nodding her head firmly. “I look better in a swimsuit than I do in pants. ”What can we learn from the first paragraph?
| A．Mary Arnott can’t swim but she likes water. |
| B．Mary Arnott is afraid to swim at the swimming pool. |
| C．Mary Arnott likes to swim and is known to the local people. |
| D．Mary Arnott just likes to talk to her friends at the bank of the swimming pool. |
Which of the following is TRUE as for Mary Arnott as an exception to the exception?
| A．She lives with her daughter. |
| B．She’s healthy and her mind is sharp. |
| C．She likes to live with her children and has a happy life. |
| D．She has lived 30 years past the average lifespan for Canadians. |
If someone asks about swimming, Mary Arnott may ________.
| A．like swimsuit better | B．like pants |
| C．like to sit at the bank | D．like to swim with girls |
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