Learners report two main difficulties in reading, which may be linked. There are too many unknown words and as a result reading is simply not a pleasure. For some students, even reading in their own language is a chore.
Having a wide vocabulary is essential to making sense of written language. Of course, this is a circular argument, because the more you read the more vocabulary you learn and the more words you know the more easily you can read. Don’t make the mistake of reading with your dictionary beside you, looking up every single new or doubtful word. This is laborious and prevents you from practicing the skill of prediction.
Sometimes in reading you find a word you know but the sense doesn’t seem to fit in. This is not surprising because words have so many meanings and degrees of meaning. What is more, part of their meaning is shaped by the words around them. Keep looking at the surrounding words and asking yourself “what sort of meaning would make sense here?”
The more that people study the reading process, the better they can pass on to language learners a range of advice to choose from. People have learned to read in all kinds of ways. Here is some information that could help you plan to be a better reader in the foreign language you are studying.
1）Work out the general meaning first
When people read in a new language they often feel they must take a detailed approach, focusing on every word, particularly those they don’t know. They read as if they were using a microscope, looking carefully at each of the small pieces（the individual words）, but not necessarily seeing the whole picture at first. This is called the “bottom-up” approach. Other readers try to look first at the big picture（the “top-down” approach）, attending to individual bricks only as necessary, a process that involves some intelligent guesswork. Generally this second approach is recommended by successful learners.
2）Interactive reading
Another way of thinking about reading is to describe it as an interactive process, where the text brings something to you and you bring something to the text. Readers bring together all their knowledge of the world with what they see on the page in front of them. That is why, when reading in our own language, we don’t need to read every word. We add meaning which is not actually stated.
3）From supported reading to independent reading
Language learners start by needing considerable support as they read. Textbooks supply this support in the form of introductions that summaries the contents, glossaries, pictures, explanations of new grammar points. In your reading you need to move gradually from this support to reading more the text itself.. According to the author, ______.
| A．looking up the dictionary is of great help for the understanding |
| B．reading more promotes the gaining of vocabulary |
| C．the more you read, the less useful the dictionary will be |
| D．the amount of vocabulary is the key to reading |
. Successful learners recommend ______.
| A．trying to look first at the big picture |
| B．looking carefully at each of the small pieces |
| C．focusing on every word |
| D．“bottom-up” approach |
. The word “chore” in the first paragraph maybe means ______.
| A．an important aspect | B．a difficult and tiring thing |
| C．an easy question | D．something special |
. You come across a new or doubtful word when you are reading, you can ______.
| A．just miss it and let it be |
| B．keep looking at the surrounding words |
| C．look it up in the dictionary each time |
| D．make sense of it with the help of dictionary |
My newly-rented small apartment was far away from the centre of London and it was becoming essential for me to find a job, so finally I spent a whole morning getting to town and putting my name down to be considered by London Transport for a job on the underground. They were looking for guards, not drivers. This suited me. I couldn’t drive a car but thought that I could probably guard a train, and perhaps continue to write my poems between stations. The writers Keats and Chekhov had been doctors. T.S. Eliot had worked in a bank and Wallace Stevens for an insurance company.
I’d be a subway guard. I could see myself being cheerful, useful, a good man in a crisis. Obviously I’d be overqualified but I was willing to forget about that in return for a steady income and travel privileges — those being particularly welcome to someone living a long way from the city centre.
The next day I sat down, with almost a hundred other candidates, for the intelligence test. I must have done all right because after about half an hour’s wait I was sent into another room for a psychological test. This time there were only about f
ifty candidates. The interviewer sat at a desk. Candidates were signaled forward to occupy the seat opposite him when the previous occupant had been dismissed, after a greater or shorter time. Obviously the long interviews were the more successful ones. Some of the interviews were as short as five minutes. Mine was the only one that lasted a minute and a half.
I can remember the questions now: “Why did you leave your last job?” “Why did you leave your job before that?” “And the one before that?” I can’t recall my answers, except that they were short at first and grew progressively shorter. His closing statement, I thought, revealed (揭示) a lack of sensitivity which helped to explain why as a psychologist, he had risen no higher than the underground railway. “You’ve failed the psychological test and we are unable to offer you a position.”
Failing to get that job was my low point. Or so I thought, believing that the work was easy. Actually, such jobs — being a postman is another one I still desire — demand exactly the sort of elementary yet responsible awareness that the habitual dreamer is least qualified to give. But I was still far short of full self-understanding. I was also short of cash.The writer applied for the job chiefly because _________.
| A．he wanted to work in the centre of London |
| B．he could no longer afford to live without one |
| C．he was not interested in any other available job |
| D．he had received some suitable training |
The writer thought he was overqualified for the job because _________.
| A．he often traveled underground | B．he had written many poems |
| C．he could deal with difficult situations | D．he had worked in a company |
The length of his interview meant that _________.
| A．he was not going to be offered the job |
| B．he had not done well in the intelligence test |
| C．he did not like the interviewer at all |
| D．he had little work experience to talk about |
What does the writer realize now that he did not realize then?
| A．How unpleasant ordinary jobs can be. | B．How difficult it is to be a poet. |
| C．How unsuitable he was for the job. | D．How badly he did in the interview. |
What’s the writer’s opinion of the psychologist?
| A．He was very aggressive. | B．He was unhappy with his job. |
| C．He was quite inefficient. | D．He was rather unsympathetic. |
SINCE the 1997 international agreement to fight global warming, climate change has worsened and speeded up – beyond even the worst expectations of the 1997 talks in Kyoto, Japan.
As world leaders have spent a dozen years trying to figure out what to do next, new ship passages have opened through the once frozen summer sea ice of the Arctic. In Greenland and Antarctica, ice sheets have lost trillions of tons of ice. Mountain glaciers in Europe, South America, Asia and Africa are shrinking faster than before.
And it's not just the frozen parts of the world that have felt the heat in the dozen years leading up to next month's climate summit in Copenhagen: The world's oceans have risen by about 4cm. Droughts and wildfires have become more frequent worldwide. Animals and plants are now in trouble because of the changing climate. These include the polar bears, butterflies, frogs and entire stands of North American pine forests. Temperatures over the past 12 years are 0.4 degrees warmer than in the dozen years leading up to 1997.
Even the gloomiest (令人沮丧的) climate models from the 1990s didn't forecast results this bad.
“The latest science is telling us we are in more trouble than we thought,'' said Janos Pasztor, climate adviser to UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon.
And here's why: Since an agreement to reduce greenhouse gas pollution was signed in Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997, the level of carbon dioxide in the air has increased by 6.5 percent. From 1997 to 2008, world carbon dioxide emissions (排放) from the burning of fossil (化石) fuels have increased by 31 percent. US emissions of this greenhouse gas have risen by 3.7 percent. Emissions from China have more than doubled.
Some climate change can be caused by natural factors such as variations in solar radiation, volcanoes, land drift (位移) and ocean drift. However, most of scientific and public opinion has come to the conclusion that the climate is changing mainly because of the accumulation of greenhouse gases (especially CO2) in the atmosphere due to human activity.
From December 7 to 18, officials from across the world will meet in Copenhagen to seek a solution for this problem. If successful, the meeting will send a clear signal to business and industry, governments and citizens around the world. New commitments and plans will signal that the future belongs to a low-carbon economy and that tomorrow's winners will be those who invest (投资) in clean energy solutions.
66. We can learn from the passage that
A. The 1997 climate summit was held in Copenhagen
B. Since 1997,the level of carbon dioxide in the air has decreased by 6.5%.
C. The Copenhagen summit is intended to announce new ship passages to the Arctic
D. More than the frozen parts of the world have felt the heat in the dozen years
67. The underlined word “commitments” is closest in meaning to ______.
A. tasks B. taxes C. responsibilities D. regulation
(D)68. We can conclude from the text that ______.
A. governments will do more to fight global warming
B. world leaders have paid enough attention to global warming
C. the climate agreement signed in Kyoto did nothing to stop global warming
D. human activity is the main cause of global warming
(A)69. It can be inferred that .
A. many countries haven’t stuck to the agreement signed in 1997 .
B. China should undertake major responsibilities for greenhouse gases emission as the country with the largest population.
C. The officials from developed countries and climate advisers should be responsible for the worsening climate.
D. Because of greenhouse gases glaciers in Greenland and Antarctic are melting faster than those in Europe, South America, Asia and Africa.
70. The main purpose of this article is to ______.
A. report on the upcoming climate summit in Copenhagen
B. inform about the effects of climate change and analyze its cause
C. tell people not to worry about climate change
D. urge people to do something about worsening global climate
Part of A Bus Schedule
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With Concord Trail ways, no reservations necessary! Buy tickets on the day of travel. |
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| Important frequency codes for above schedule: |
| ～Trip leaves Boston South Station FIRST before picking up at Logan Airport. |
| ★Trip operates Sundays ONLY |
| ∧Trip operates Fridays＆Sundays ONLY |
| ＃Trip operates to Logan Airport FIRST before dropping off at Boston South Station |
| Italics indicate a bus change in Portland. |
| ★★Service to University of Maine at Orono operates only when school is in session, beginning/end is noted under Holiday＆College Notices. The service is also listed in our published schedule. |
61. Which of the following trips leaves Boston South Station first before picking up at Logan Airport
A.11:15P B. 6:15P C. 8:15P D. 10:00P
62. Which of the following airport departures does NOT stop at South Station in Boston?
A. 9:15 morning bus B. 12:25 afternoon bus
C. 5:25 afternoon bus D. 9:25 evening bus
63. According to the schedule, when the service is available, how many buses per day go from Logan Airport to the University of Maine at Orono?
A. 1 B. 3 C. 12 D. 17
64. According to the notes under the schedule, when would students NOT be able to get a bus to the University of Maine from Boston?
A.At weekends B. In session. C. During university holidays. D. In the case of bad weather
65. Which of the following best describes the ticket policy of Concord Trail ways?
A. Tickets must be booked online.
B. Reservations are necessary.
C. Tickets can be bought on the travel day.
D. Discounts are provided for advanced booking.
In 1999, 11-year-old Kevin Stephan was a bat boy for his younger brother's Little League team in Lancaster, New York. It was an early evening in late July. The sun shone at an angle across the field. The game unfolding in baseball time. Kevin was standing on the grass away from the plate, where another youngster was warming up. Swinging his bat back and forth, giving it all the power an elementary school kid could gather. The boy brought the bat back hard and hit Kevin square in the chest.
His heart stopped.
When Kevin fell to the ground, the mother of one of the players rushed out of the stands to his aid. Penny Brown hadn't planned to be there that day, but at the last minute, her shift at the hospital had been changed, and she was given the night off. Penny bent over the unconscious boy, his face already starting to turn blue, and administered CPR, breathing into his mouth and administering chest press.
And he came back.
It was a good thing, for a good kid. Kevin wasn't just a volunteer for his brother's baseball team --- he was a Boy Scout, one who went on to achieve Scouting's highest rank, Eagle. He became a volunteer junior firefighter, learning some of the emergency first-aid techniques that had saved his life. He studied hard in school and was saving money for college by working as a dishwasher in a local restaurant. He liked the people, but the work could be hard and pretty routine. Until the afternoon of January 27, 2006.
Kevin, now 17, was working in the kitchen when he heard people screaming, customers in confusion, employees rushing toward a table. He hustled into the main room and saw a woman there, her face turning blue, her hands at her throat. She was choking. Quickly Kevin stepped behind her, wrapped his arms around her and clasped his hands. Then, using skills he'd first learned in Scouts, he pulled suddenly inward and up, once, twice, administering the Heimlich maneuver. The food that was trapped in the woman's throat was freed. The color began to return to her face.
"The food was stuck. I couldn't breathe," she said. She thought she was dying. "I was very frightened.”
Guess who the woman was ? Penny Brown
56. According to the passage, we can learn about Kevin that .
A. In 1999. Kevin was hit by a bat unexpectedly when he was doing baseball warming up.
B His heart disease overtook him.
C. He was hit square in the chest watching his younger brother’s team.
D. He swung his bat too fiercely and hurt himself.
57. Why was Penny Brown right at the accident spot when Kevin was hit?
A. Because she was interested in baseball.
B. Because she had had her turn to work changed.
C. Because her son was playing that evening.
D. Because she was not supposed to be at work at the hospital.
58. What does the underlined word “it ” in Paragragh5 refer to?
A. That Kevin was a bat boy.
B. That Kevin got injured.
C. That Kevin was a Boy Scout.
D. That Kevin was successfully saved.
59. Which of the following is not true according to the text?
A. The Heimlich maneuver is an effective way to help those who choke.
B.CPR can be used to treat one who has no heartbeat.
C. Kevin learned some of the emergency first-aid techniques in Scout.
D. Penny Brown was not Kevin’s mother.
60. Which one is the best title of the passage?.
A. miracles take place every day.
B. acts of kindness will deserve another good deed.
C. we should learn first aid in case of emergency.
D. we should be kind to those who ever helped us.
Nowadays people are troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies, television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask what’s wrong with a society that presents videos of violence as entertainment.
Viewing large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain individuals. The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality（因果关系）. Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: “At this time, well over 1,000 studies… point to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children.”
Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians, and even disputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they said). When Jonathan Freedman, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto, reviewed the literature, he found only 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when he weeded out “the most doubtful measures of aggression”, only 28% supported a connection.
The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read “aggressive” or “non-aggressive” words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring? The intention of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies, assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction.
Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society.Why is there so much violence shown in movies, TV and video games?
| A．Showing violence is thought to be entertaining. |
| B．Something has gone wrong with today’s society |
| C．Many people are fond of gunplay and bloodshed. |
| D．There is a lot of violence in the real world today. |
What is the skeptics’ view of media violence?
| A．Violence on television is fairly accurate reflection of real-world life. |
| B．Most studies exaggerate (夸大) the effect of media violence on the viewers. |
| C．A causal relationship exists between media and real-world violence. |
| D．The influence of media violence on children has been underestimated. |
The author uses the term “alarmists” to refer to those who _________.
| A．use standardized measurements in the studies of media violence |
| B．initiated the debate over the influence of violent media on reality |
| C．insist on a direct link between violent media and aggressive behavior |
| D．use appropriate methodology in examining aggressive behavior |
The underlined phrase “weeded out” in Paragraph 3 most probably means _________.
| A．got rid of things that are not good | B．removed unwanted parts from something |
| C．picked out things that are useful | D．took away unnecessary details of a report |
What does the writer think of the debate concerning the relationship between the media and violence?
| A．He more than agrees with the views held by the alarmists. |
| B．It should come to an end since the matter has now been settled. |
| C．The past studies in this field have proved to be misleading. |
| D．More studies should be conducted before conclusions are drawn. |
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