Invention is a creative process. An open and curious mind enables one to see beyond what is known. Seeing a new possibility, a new connection or relationship can spark(引发) an invention. Inventive thinking frequently involves combining concepts or elements from different fields that would not normally be put together. Sometimes inventors skip over the boundaries between separate fields. Ways of thinking, materials, processes or tools from one field are used as no one else has imagined in a different field.
Play can lead to invention. Childhood curiosity like playing in a sand box, imagination can develop one’s play nature—an inner need according to Carl Jung. Inventors feel the need to play with things that interest them, and to explore, and this internal drive brings about interesting creations.
Inventing can also be an obsession(痴迷). Inventors often imagine a new idea, seeing it in their mind’s eye. New ideas can arise when the conscious mind turns away from the subject or problem; or when the focus is on something else; or even while relaxing or sleeping. An unusual idea may come all of a sudden! For example, after years of working to figure out the general theory of relativity, the solution came to Einstein suddenly in a dream “like a giant die making an unforgettable impress, a huge map of the universe summarized itself in one clear vision”.
Invention can also be accidental. Insight(洞察力) is also an important element of invention. It may begin with questions or doubt. It may begin by recognizing something unusual. It may be useful and it could open a new way for exploration. For example, the odd metallic color of plastic made by accidentally adding too much catalyst(催化剂) led scientists to explore its metal-like properties(性能). They then invented electrically conductive plastic and light emitting(散发) plastic—an invention that won the Nobel Prize in 2000 and has led to new kind of lighting, display screens, wallpaper and much more.
Title: 1
| A(n) 3 process |
◆Look 2 than we know now. ◆Give combining concepts or 4 elements from different fields. ◆No one can 5 this before. |
| An obsession |
◆ 6 often imagine a new idea. ◆An unusual idea may come 7 . |
| A(n) 8 |
◆A vital element of invention is 9 . ◆It may open a new way for exploration. ◆Accidental actions can 10 to innovation. |
任务型阅读（共10小题，每小题1分，满分10分）
Blood donation, also called blood banking, is a wonderful thing to do. It is an easy and direct way to contribute to social work and help the community. It helps to save lives and helps those who are in need of blood due to bad condition or the heavy loss of blood during operations or in accidents.
You are able to give or donate blood every three or four month, and it is a great way to make a huge difference to someone’s life and you can always be proud of it after making valuable contributions to society. Blood donation is not a big problem, but you need to keep a few points in mind.
Before donating blood, make sure that the ferrum (铁) level in your body is high enough and for that you should take a healthy diet. Do not go for blood donation on an empty stomach. You should follow the correct process so that everything goes well. After having a balanced diet you will feel strong and comfortable to donate blood. Afterwards, you will not feel faint or weak.
For required hemoglobin (血红蛋白) in your body, drink lots of juice and other drinks. Fruit juice, such as apple juice is very good for increasing the blood level in your body.
For a good blood flow in your body, drink at least 6-7 glasses of water every day. Completely avoid a day before and after giving blood, taking alcohol (酒). Do not smoke half an hour before giving blood.
When you are going for blood donation, be relaxed, which helps keep the right blood pressure. During the blood donation activity, take a deep breath and try to calm yourself. Don’t join in some other activities.
When you donate blood, you are making the effort to save someone’s life. Blood donation is a very simple and fast process, but you need to take care of yourself after donating blood. Proper care helps to reduce side effects. The following are a few tips that will help you out.
Take a rest for 15 minutes after the donation. It helps you to feel relaxed.
Eat something and drink juice before leaving the blood donation centre. Make sure that you have meals after donating blood. Smoking should be avoided for one hour after the process. Avoid some activities right away, for example, driving.
Finally, be proud of yourself because you have done a great thing in helping to save someone’s life. Blood donation is a very important activity.
| Title |
Blood donation — an important activity |
| The |
• • Helping those people who suffer the loss of |
| • Take a healthy • Drink fruit juice for enough hemoglobin. • Drink at least 6-7 glasses of water daily for a good • |
|
| During the donation |
• Relax and breathe deeply • Never take |
| After the donation |
• Take a rest. • Don’t skip • Don’t smoke until one hour later. • Don’t join in some activities like driving |
任务型阅读（共 10 小题，每小题 1 分，满分 10 分）
阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在文后第1至第10小题的空格里填上适当的单词。注意：每空1个单词。
The back-to-school season is upon us, and once again, parents across the country have loaded their kids’ backpacks up with snack packs and school supplies. It’s a good moment to reflect on what else we should be giving our kids as they head off to school.
American parents are feeling particularly anxious about that question this year. The educational process feels more than ever like a race, one that starts in pre-school and doesn’t end until your child is admitted to the perfect college. Most parents are more worried than they need to be about their children’s grades, test scores and IQ. And what we don’t think about enough is how to help our children build their character—how to help them develop skills like perseverance, optimism, responsibility, and self-control, which together do more to determine success than S.A.T. scores or I.Q.
There is growing evidence that our anxiety about our children’s school performance may actually be holding them back from learning some of these valuable skills. If you’re concerned only with a child’s G.P.A., then you will likely choose to minimize the challenges the child faces in school. With real challenge comes the risk of real failure. And in a competitive academic environment, the idea of failure can be very scary, to students and parents alike.
But experiencing failure is a critical part of building character. Recent research by a team of psychologists found that adults who had experienced little or no failure growing up were actually less happy and confident than those who had experienced a few significant setbacks in childhood. “Overcoming those obstacles,” the researchers assumed, “could teach effective coping skills, help engage social support networks, create a sense of mastery over past adversity, and foster beliefs in the ability to cope successfully in the future.”
By contrast, when we protect our children from every possible failure—when we call their teachers to get an extension on a paper; when we urge them to choose only those subjects they’re good at—we are denying them those same character-building experiences. As the psychologists Madeline Levine and Dan Kindlon have written, that can lead to difficulties in adolescence and young adulthood, when overprotected young people finally confront real problems on their own and don’t know how to overcome them.
In the classroom and outside of it, American parents need to encourage children to take chances, to challenge themselves, to risk failure. In the meantime, giving our kids room to fail may be one of the best ways we can help them succeed.
| Back to School: Why Perseverance Is More Important than Good Grades? |
|
| Common phenomena |
☺Parents throughout America |
| ☺Many American parents don’t |
|
| The writer’s |
Parents should pay more attention to their kids’ character building. |
| Evidence and |
☺Parents’ anxiety about their kids’ performance may |
| ☺Parents concerned only with a kid’s G.P.A. have a |
|
| ☺Adults who have experienced a few significant setbacks in childhood are |
|
| ☺Denying kids character-building experiences can |
|
| The writer’s suggestions |
☺ |
| ☺Give kids room to experience |
Section B (10 marks)
Directions： Read the following passage. Complete the diagram by using the information for the passage. Write NO MORE THAN 3 WORDS for each answer.
When Should a Leader Apologize and When Not？
Why Difficult？
When we wrong someone we know，even not intentionally，we are generally expected to apologize so as to improve the situation. But when we’re acting as leaders，the circumstances are different. The act of apology is carried out not only at the level of the individual but also at the level of the institution. It is a performance in which every expression matters and every word becomes part of the public record. Refusing to apologize can be smart，or it can be stupid. So，readiness to apologize can be seen as a sign of strong character or as a sign of weakness. A successful apology can turn hate into personal and organizational harmony—while an apology that is too little，too late，or too obviously strategic can bring on individual and institutional ruin. What，then，is to be done？How can leaders decide if and when to apologize publicly？
Why Now？
The question of whether leaders should apologize publicly has never been more urgent. During the last decade or so，the United States in particular has developed an apology culture—apologies of all kinds and for all sorts of wrongdoings are made far more frequently than before. More newspaper writers have written about the growing importance of public apologies. More articles，cartoons，advice columns，and radio and television programs have similarly dealt with the subject of private apologies.
Why Bother？
Why do we apologize？Why do we ever put ourselves in situations likely to be difficult，embarrassing，and even risky？Leaders who apologize publicly could be an easy target. They are expected to appear strong and capable. And whenever they make public statements of any kind，their individual and institutional reputations are in danger. Clearly，then，leaders should not apologize often or lightly. For a leader to express apology，there needs to be a good，strong reason. Leaders will publicly apologize if and when they think the costs of doing so are lower than the costs of not doing so.
Why Refuse？
Why is it that leaders so often refuse to apologize，even when a public apology seems to be in order？Their reasons can be individual or institutional. Because leaders are public figures，their apologies are likely to be personally uncomfortable and even professionally risky. Leaders may also be afraid that the admission of a mistake will damage or destroy the organization for which they are responsible. There can be good reasons for hanging tough in tough situations，as we shall see，but it is a high-risk strategy.
―→·Public apology is much more than a(an) act.
·It’s no job to strike a balance between apologizing or not.
·Apologies not offered can bring on individual and institutional ruin.
Why has the issue of public apology been so now in USA?―→ ·In an
， admission of all sorts of wrongdoings is more required than before.
·The of public apologies has been widely reported in the mass media.
―→ ·Being public figures， leaders are supposed to appear .
·There needs to be a sufficient reason for a leader to in public.―→ ·Making apologies is likely to be personally uncomfortable and
.
·Admission of a mistake or wrongdoing will probably do to their organization.
短文填空，从方框中选择正确的选项，将其字母标号填在文后横线上，完成短文。（选项中有两个是多余选项）（每空1分，计10分）
| A. usually B. mistakes C. rest D. hundred E. what F. making G. although H. under I. They J. thinks K. fly L. how |
Every morning, kids from a high school are working hard. They are and selling special coffee at a coffee shop. They are also making a lot of money.
These students can make up to nine dollars a day. They are selling their special coffee to airplane passengers. After the students get paid, the
of the money goes to a local youth project.
These high school students use a space in the Oakland airport. It is very crowded(拥挤的). Many people who
on the planes like to drink the special coffee.
One customer(顾客) that the coffee costs a lot but it is good and worth it. Most customers are pleasant but some are unhappy.
do not like it if the coffee shop is not open for business.
The students earn $ 6.10 an hour. They also get school credit(学分) while they learn to run a business. Many of the students enjoy the work
it took some time to learn how to do it.
They have to learn how to heat milk, load the pots, and add flavor. It takes some skill and sometimes are made. The most common mistake is forgetting to add the coffee.
任务型读写(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在表格中的空白处填入恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
If you took the strengths of others and compared them to your weaknesses, would this make you feel good? The funny thing is that this is what most of us do at one time or another—and some of us do it pretty often. It's a sure-fire recipe for a drop in self-confidence and for unhappiness. So how can we stop comparing ourselves with others? Here are some tips I've found useful.
Awareness.
Most often we do these social comparisons without realizing we're doing it. It's a natural act, I suppose. So the solution is to become aware. If you focus on these thoughts for a few days, it will become much easier with practice, and soon it'll be hard not to notice.
Stop yourself.
Once you realize you're making these comparisons, stop yourself. Don't feel bad—just admit the thought, and gently change the focus.
Count your blessings.
Focus on what you do have, and on what you are already blessed with. Count what you have, not what you don't have. Think about how lucky you are to have what you have, to have the people in your life who care about you. If you always want what others have, you will never have enough. You will always want more. That's an endless cycle, and it will never lead to happiness. Instead, learn to realize that what you have is already enough.
Focus on your strengths.
Instead of looking at your weaknesses, ask yourself what your strengths are. Be proud of them. Work on using them to your best advantage.
No one is perfect—we all know that. But we seem to feel bad when we don't reach perfection. You aren't perfect and you never will be. Keep trying to improve, but don't think you'll ever be the "perfect person". If you realize that imperfection is what makes you who you are, you are already perfect.
| Title: Tips ____ |
||
| ___ |
It is unwise to compare others’ ___ |
|
| Detailed suggestions |
Awareness. |
Be __ |
| Stop yourself. |
Admit the thought and _ |
|
| Count your blessings. |
Focus on your ___ |
|
| Focus on your strengths. |
Be proud of your strengths and make the ___ |
|
| ___ |
It is imperfection that makes you who you are and keep trying to improve. |
|
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