People diet to look more attractive. Fish diet to avoid being beaten up, thrown out of their social group, and getting eaten as a result. That is the fascinating conclusion of the latest research into fish behavior by a team of Australian scientists.
The research team has discovered that subordinate (隶属的)fish voluntarily diet to avoid challenging their larger competitors. “In studying gobies we noticed that only the largest two individuals, a male and female, had breeding(繁殖) rights within the group, ”explains Marian Wong. “All other group members are non-breeding females, each being 5–10% smaller than its next largest competitor. We wanted to find out how they keep this size separation.”
The reason for the size difference was easy to see. Once a subordinate fish grows to within 5–10% of the size of its larger competitor，it causes a fight which usually ends in the smaller goby being driven away from the group. More often than not, the evicted fish is then eaten up.
It appeared that the smaller fish were keeping themselves small in order to avoid challenging the boss fish. Whether they did so voluntarily，by limiting how much they ate, was not clear. The research team decided to do an experiment. They tried to fatten up some of the subordinate gobies to see what happened. To their surprise，the gobies simply refused the extra food they were offered，clearly preferring to remain small and avoid fights, over having a feast.
The discovery challenges the traditional scientific view of how boss individuals keep their position in a group. Previously it was thought that large individuals simply used their weight and size to threaten their subordinates and take more of the food for themselves, so keeping their competitors small.
While the habits of gobies may seem a little mysterious, Dr. Wong explains that understanding the relationships between boss and subordinate animals is important to understanding how hierarchical (等级的) societies remain stable.
The research has proved the fact that voluntary dieting is a habit far from exclusive(排他的) to humans. “As yet, we lack a complete understanding of how widespread the voluntary reduction of food intake is in nature,” the researchers comment. “Data on human dieting suggests that, while humans generally diet to improve health or increase attractiveness, rarely does it improve long term health and males regularly prefer females that are fatter than the females’ own ideal.”
When a goby grows to within 5–10% of the size of its larger competitor, it_______.
| A．faces danger | B．has breeding rights |
| C．eats its competitor | D．leaves the group itself |
The underlined words “the evicted fish” in Paragraph 3 refer to _______.
| A．the fish beaten up | B．the fish found out |
| C．the fish fattened up | D．the fish driven away |
The experiment showed that the smaller fish_______.
| A．fought over a feast | B．went on diet willingly |
| C．preferred some extra food | D．challenged the boss fish |
What is the text mainly about?
| A．Fish dieting and human dieting. | B．Dieting and health. |
| C．Human dieting. | D．Fish dieting. |
An interesting study posted on Facebook recently shows how men and women develop new interests as they mature(成熟).
While women tend to take exercise seriously from the age of 34, men will wait until their 45th birthdays before working hard to get in shape.
The average woman spends more time talking about sports, politics, career and money as she gets older.
Women’s interest in books reaches its peak(顶峰) at the age of 22, while that of men does so when they are in their 50s.
Men start to change their focus from the workplace to other things after age 30, while women do not do so until eight years later. Both, however, care most about fashion at age 16.
The research used anonymous(匿名的) data donated by thousands of Facebook users, recording the statuses, ‘likes’ and ‘interests’ they had posted on their profiles.
It found the average woman talks about television most at 44, while men peak much younger, at age 31.
Men are also most likely to see a film in a cinema at age 31, while women go out to see films most when they are only 19.
Men are most interested in travel at 29, women at 27, while women talk most about food and drink at 35, and men at 38.
And if you are middle aged, a safe topic for any audience is the weather, which is a key interest for many as they approach 60.
Stephen Wolfram, the British scientist who carried out the research, says, “It’s almost shocking how much this tells us about the changes of people’s typical interests.
“People talk less about video games as they get older, and more about politics.”When do women love books best?
| A．At the age of 22. | B．At the age of 50. |
| C．At the age of 30. | D．At the age of 15. |
Men tend to ______ once they are 30.
| A．gain more and more weight |
| B．be less interested in their jobs |
| C．do more exercise |
| D．pay more attention to their appearance |
What are men and women both interested in when they are 16?
| A．Getting in shape. |
| B．Going to the cinema. |
| C．Popular style of clothing. |
| D．Food and drink. |
What does Stephen Wolfram think about the result of the research?
| A．People’s interests are different from each other. |
| B．People’s interests change greatly with age. |
| C．It is normal for people to change their interests. |
| D．It is not good for people to change their interests. |
Love to sink into your chairs and relax when you get to school? Then you will not be happy to hear that schools all over the world are seriously considering exchanging traditional desks for ones with no seats at all — Yes, that means you will be encouraged to stand through those already too long math and science lessons! Why would anyone even think of putting kids to such cruelty? Experts say it improves their health and helps fight obesity. While that may seem a little far-fetched (牵强的), the officials at the few schools around the world seem to agree.
Among them are educators from the College Station Independent School District in Texas, who recently completed a week-long experiment involving 480 students across three elementary schools. The 374 kids that agreed to participate in the study were provided with a device that helped record step count and calorie consumption over the entire period.
All 25 teachers involved in the study reported that students appeared to be more alert and concentrate better, when allowed to stand. The one thing that did surprise the researchers was that younger kids were more willing to stay standing than kids in higher grades. They believe this may have something to do with the fact that after years of being asked to “sit still”, older kids have a harder time adjusting to this unexpected freedom.
American schools are not the only ones reporting success with stand-up desks. Four Catholic schools in Perth, Australia, which have been testing them since October 2013, have seen similar results. In May 2014, Grove House Primary School in Bradford, West Yorkshire, became Europe’s first test one, with a seven-week trial that involved the use of desks made by Ergotron in their fifth-grade classrooms. While official results are not out yet, early reactions from both teachers and students, have been extremely encouraging.
The findings of these studies and others done previously, all seem to mean that allowing kids to move around in classrooms is a win-win for students and teachers — it helps kids get healthier and provides educators with a more engaged audience.According to the teachers, older students may not like stand-up desks because ____________.
| A．they are cleverer than younger students |
| B．they are easily tired of standing long |
| C．they have formed the habit of sitting |
| D．they do badly in class while standing |
What is most likely to be the result of the seven-week trial?
| A．The standing desks can’t be used at all. |
| B．It is good for students to use stand-up desks. |
| C．More tests should be done in other schools. |
| D．The students are different in personality. |
Why do the teachers like the standing desks?
| A．Because the educators can draw the students’ attention. |
| B．Because the teachers can keep the students healthy. |
| C．Because the students can have a walk in the classroom.. |
| D．Because the standing desks can keep the students concentrated. |
The expression “a thirst for knowledge" may soon have a new meaning for millions of people who have no way to get clean water. Researchers have developed a book with specially treated pages that can turn dirty water into clean and drinkable water. They say their invention could improve the lives of many in the developing world.
About 700 million people around the world are at risk of disease or even death because their drinking water is not clean. The water is polluted by harmful bacteria.
The book contains 25 pages. Each page is about one millimeter thick. The pages contain very small particles (微粒) of silver. The pages can be used as filters（过滤器）to remove harmful microorganisms (微生物) that can pollute drinking water. The filter kills the organisms that pass through it.
Pictures on the pages show the dangers of dirty water and how to use the book for those unable to read. The pages are made of filter paper. They are designed to be torn from the book. Water can be poured through the paper to be cleaned.
Ms. Dankovich, the inventor, says each page can treat up to 100 liters of water. She recently presented her invention at the meeting of the American Chemical Society in Boston, Massachusetts. She was asked whether she had considered adding classic literature on the book's pages.
"The idea of classic texts—that's of interest maybe later. We have discussed a little bit more exciting text. But we really haven't had the time to go through that part," she says.
Teri Dankovich and another researcher tested the drinkable book in Bangladesh, Ghana and South Africa. The tests proved to be successful.
Water for Life, a non-governmental organization, has provided financial support for the project.What do we learn about the book from the text?
| A．It sells well around the world. |
| B．It has pages with several functions. |
| C．It is about environment protection. |
| D．It can treat about 100 liters of water. |
What does the underlined phrase "that part" in Paragraph 6 refer to?
| A．Classic texts. | B．Invention presentation. |
| C．Exciting discussion. | D．Financial support. |
In which country did not the researchers test the drinkable book?
| A．Bangladesh. | B．Ghana |
| C．South Africa. | D．America. |
What is the main idea of the passage?
| A．Researchers have found a way to save those being ill. |
| B．Millions of people are in great need of drinkable water. |
| C．Book pages could provide safe drinking water. |
| D．Knowledge is as important as drinkable water. |
Most book reviews start with a heading that includes all the basic information about the book, like:
Title.
Author.
Place of publication, publisher, date of publication.
Number of pages.
Like most pieces of writing, the review usually begins with an introduction that lets your readers know what the review will say. The first paragraph usually includes the author and title again, so your readers don’t have to look up to find this information. You should also include a very brief description of the contents of the book, the purpose or audience for the book, and your reaction and evaluation.
Then you move into a section of background information that helps place the book in context and discusses criteria (准则）for judging the book. Next, the review gives a summary of the main points of the book, quoting and explaining key phrases from the author. Finally, you get to the heart of your review – your evaluation of the book. In this section, you might discuss some of the following issues:
how well the book has achieved its goal
what possibilities are suggested by the book
what the book has left out
how the book compares with others on the subject
what specific points are not convincing
what personal experiences you’ve had related to the subject.
It is important to use labels to carefully distinguish your views from the author’s, so that you don’t confuse your reader.
Then, like other essays, you can end with a direct comment on the book, and tie together issues raised in the review in a conclusion.
There is, of course, no set form, but a general rule is that the first one–half to two–thirds of the review should summarize the author’s main ideas and at least one–third should evaluate the book.
What is the most important part of a book review?
| A．The heading. | B．The evaluation. |
| C．The conclusion. | D．The introduction. |
It can be confusing to readers if _____ .
| A．there is no heading in a book review |
| B．the book has achieved its goal |
| C．the viewer’s point of view is not distinguished from the author’s |
| D．the book is compared with others on the same subject |
What is NOT suggested for a book review in this passage?
| A．Quoting from the author of the book. |
| B．Providing some book information. |
| C．Analyzing only the author of the book. |
| D．Comparing the book with others of a similar subject. |
The best title for this passage is “ _____”.
| A．Steps to follow |
| B．Tips for writing a book review |
| C．The way to develop your idea |
| D．Things not to be avoided in a book review |
Last Thursday, Michael and Linda stood behind large food trucks distributing meals to 4,000 homeless people for their wedding reception on the border town of Kilis. The couple had decided that instead of hosting their friends and family for a traditional feast reception, they would feed the victims from an earthquake-stricken area.
The idea came from the bridegroom's father, Ted, who volunteers for a Turkish relief organization. For the past few years, the organization has distributed daily meals to thousands of people who've suffered from natural disasters. He approached a representative of the organization and suggested that the family cover part of the costs of feeding them for the day.
Then he told his son, who was surprised by the suggestion, but soon won over. When he told that to the bride, she was really shocked but finally accepted because in southeastern Turkey there is a real culture of sharing with people in need. They love to share their food, their table and everything they have. And afterwards she was quite amazed about it. So, they arrived at the distribution center on Thursday to spend the day serving food and taking photographs with their grateful recipients（接受者）．
On Tuesday evening, the newly married couple were still pleased with their decision to quit a personal celebration for one with a greater good. "It's like sharing a dinner with your friends and family who have this kind of thing on a daily basis or sharing something with people who don't even have the most basic things," Michael said. "Hopefully, this will also give the start for other wedding dinners to be held here with our brothers and sisters in need."Why did so many people crowd in Kilis?
| A．To attend Michael and Linda's wedding. |
| B．To support the organization. |
| C．To escape the damaging earthquake. |
| D．To help distribute free daily meals. |
How did the couple celebrate their wedding?
| A．They treated their friends and relatives to a big dinner. |
| B．They shared their happiness with the homeless in Kilis. |
| C．They afforded the entire cost of the day for feeding victims. |
| D．They took photos with the grateful victims. |
What does the underlined word "approached" in Paragraph 2 mean?
| A．took in | B．moved towards |
| C．came across | D．consulted with |
We can know from the text that __________________..
| A．Kilis is a place which lies in southeastern Turkey |
| B．Ted was a representative of the organization |
| C．Linda adopted the suggestion immediately she heard it |
| D．Michael doubted if more new couples would follow him |
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