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The computer, which was used to simplify difficult sums, began     31   a calculating machine in France in 1642. Then it developed into an analytical machine. After       32    (program) by an operator      33    used cards with holes, it could produce an answer quicker than any person. Later, Alan Turning wrote a book about how a computer could be made     34   work as a “universal machine”. From then on, the computer grew rapidly both in size and in brainpower. By the 1940s, it had grown as large as a room and this reality worried the designers.     35   , with its memory     36   (improve), the computer was made smaller. First, the memory was stored in tubes, then on transistors and later on very small chips. As a result, the shape of the computer      37    (total) changed from a large machine to a PC and then a laptop. Connected by    38   network, the computer was able to share its knowledge     39    others through the World Wide Web. Since the 1970s many new applications of the computer      40     (find) in communication, finance, trade and many other areas. The computer has become a devoted friend and helper of the human race.