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You probably know what fast food is. It is cooked food that is ready almost as soon as you enter a public eating place. It does not cost much.
Most fast food restaurants are chain (连锁) restaurants. That means each one is part of a huge company. Each restaurant in the chain has the same large, colorful sign that can be easy to recognize from far away. Each offers its own carefully limited choice of foods. Each kind of hamburger or piece of chicken tastes the same at every restaurant in the chain.
The fast food industry began with two brothers in the nineteen forties. Mac and Dick McDonald owned a small, but very successful restaurant. They sold only a few kinds of simple food, especially hamburgers. People stood outside the restaurant at a window. They told the workers inside what they wanted to eat. They received and paid for their food very quickly. The food came in containers that could be thrown away. The system was so successful that the McDonald brothers discovered they could sell a lot of food and lower their prices.
Ray Kroc sold restaurant supplies. He recognized the importance of the McDonald brothers' idea. Kroc paid the McDonald brothers for permission to open several restaurants similar to theirs. He opened the first McDonald's restaurant near Chicago in nineteen fifty-five. Soon, more McDonald's were opening all across the United States. Other people copied the idea and more fast food restaurants followed.
Fast food restaurants spread quickly in the United States because of franchising. Franchising means selling the legal right to operate a store in a company's chain to an independent business person. If the company approves, the business person may buy the store for a period of years. Each restaurant also gives the company about ten percent of the money it earns in sales. Today, over seventy percent of McDonald's restaurants worldwide are owned and operated by independent businessmen and women.
| McDonald's and fast food industry |
|
| Explanation of fast food |
It is cooked food which is more convenient and much ( |
| Characters of the chain restaurants |
There are: ▲( ▲carefully ( ▲the ( |
| ( |
It developed from Mac and Dick McDonald’s ( |
| Great changes brought by Kroc to McDonald's |
▲The McDonald brothers ( ▲Franchising made Fast food restaurants spread (79) in the United States. |
| Current situation |
At most ( |
阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在表格中的空白处填入恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词，并请将答案写在答题纸上。
The family sphere (范围) used to be defined by its isolation from the public realm. There was the public male realm (领域) of "rational accomplishment" and cruel competition, and the private female and child-rearing sphere of home, intuition (直觉) and emotion. The private realm was supposed to be isolated from the realities of adult life. For both better and worse, television and other electronic media tend to break down the difference between those two worlds. The membrane around the family sphere is much more permeable (可渗透的). TV takes public events and transforms them into dramas that are played out in the privacy of our living rooms, kitchens and bedrooms.
Parents used to be the channel through which children learned about the outside world. They could decide what to tell their children and when to tell it to them. Since children learn to read in stages, books provide a kind of natural screening process, where adults can decide what to tell and not tell children of different reading abilities. Television destroyed the system that separated adult from child knowledge and separated information into year-by-year slices for children of different ages. Instead, it presents the same information directly to children of all ages, without going through adult filters.
So television presents a real challenge to adults. While a parent can read a newspaper without sharing it with children in the same room, television is accessible to everyone in that space. And unlike books, television doesn’t allow us to flip (翻转) through it and see what’s coming up. We may think we’re giving our children a lesson in science by having them watch the Challenger take off, and then suddenly they learn about death, disaster and adult mistakes.
Books allow adults to discuss privately what to tell or not tell children. This also allows parents to keep adult material secret from children and keep their secret keeping secret. Take that same material and put it on The Today Show and you have 800,000 children hearing the very things the adults are trying to keep from them. "Television takes our kids across the globe before parents give them permission to cross the street."
More importantly, children gradually learn that adults are worried and anxious about being parents. Actually, television has also places families under a lot of stress.
How Television Changes Childhood?
| Main comparisons |
Contexts |
| Distance between 1 and the outside. |
Homes used to be isolated from the 2 realm. |
| Homes nowadays are 3 to the outside world. |
|
| Media through which children can obtain information |
In the past, children might learn 4 about the outside world with the help of parents and 5 . |
| More information is got directly through TV and other electronic media, which breaks down the 6 between adult world and the child world. |
|
| 7 of the information children get |
Traditionally, kids could only knew what they should learn at their age, carefully 8 by their parents. |
| Everything can possibly be known by children, including many aspects of 9 life. |
|
| Effects on family education |
|
| Parental instruction |
Families are now under greater stress than before. Adults are anxious about being parents and faced with new 10 . |
请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入1个最恰当的单词。
注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
How we look and how we appear to others probably worries us more when we are in our teens or early twenties than at any other time in our life. Few of us are content to accept ourselves as we are, and few are brave enough to ignore the trends of fashion.
Most fashion magazines or TV advertisements try to persuade us that we should dress in a certain way or behave in a certain manner. If we do, they tell us, we will be able to meet new people with confidence and deal with every situation confidently and without embarrassment. Changing fashion, of course, does not apply just to dress. A barber today does not cut a boy’s hair in the same way as he used to, and girls do not make up in the same way as their mothers and grandmothers did. The advertisers show us the latest fashionable styles and we are constantly under pressure to follow the fashion in case our friends think we are odd or dull.
What causes fashions to change? Sometimes convenience or practical necessity or just the fancy of an influential person can establish a fashion. Take hats for example. In cold climates, early buildings were cold inside, so people wore hats indoors as well as outside. In recent times, the late President Kennedy caused a depression in the American hat industry by not wearing hats, and more American men followed his example.
There is also a cyclical(周期性的) pattern in fashion. In the 1920s in Europe and America, short skirts became fashionable. After World War II, they dropped to ankle length. Then they got shorter and shorter until the miniskirt was in fashion. After a few more years, skirts became longer again.
Today, society is much freer and easier than it used to be. It is no longer necessary to dress like everyone else. Within reason, you can dress as you like or do your hair the way you like instead of the way you should because it is the fashion. The popularity of jeans and the “untidy” look seems to be a reaction against the increasingly expensive fashion of the top fashion houses.
At the same time, appearance is still important in certain circumstances and then we must choose our clothes carefully. It would be foolish to go to an interview for a job in a law firm wearing jeans and a sweater, and it would be discourteous(失礼的) to visit some distinguished scholar looking as if we were going to the beach or a night club. However, you need never feel depressed if you don’t look like the latest fashion photo. Look around you and you’ll see that no one else does either!
Fashion Change
| People’s (1)▲ towards fashion |
Ordinary people just (2)▲ the trends of fashion passively. |
| Influences of fashion |
People are able to feel more confident or less (3)▲ if they dress themselves fashionably. |
| Fashion or dressing (4)▲ may have to rush constantly to keep up with the fashion. |
|
| (5)▲ of fashion changing |
Sometimes a fashion comes into existence (6)▲ to convenience or practical necessity, or just because people (7)▲ an influential person. |
| Cyclical pattern in fashion |
Some old fashion may come back to (8)▲ after a certain period of time. |
| Fashion today |
People tend to dress freely to show their personal (9)▲ instead of going after popularity. |
| Writer’s attitude |
We do need to dress ourselves properly on some (10)▲ but we don’t have to be in fashion all the way. |
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What Chinese Parents Do In Educating Their Children
Chinese parents are very generous when it comes to educating their children. Not caring about the money, parents often send their children to the best schools or even abroad to England, he US or Australia. They also want their children to take extra-curricular activities where they will either learn a musical instrument or ballet, or other classes that will give them a head start in life. The Chinese believe that the more expensive an education is ,the better it is .So parents will spend unreasonable amount of money on education. Even poor couples will buy a computer for their son or daughter.
However, what most parents fail to see is that the best education they can give their children is usually very cheap.
Parents can see that their children’s skill’s vary ,skilled in some areas while poor in others. What most parents fail to realize though, is that today’s children lack self-confidence.
The problem is that parents are only educating their children on how to make multiple-choice tests and how to study well ,but parents are not teaching then the most important skills they need to be confident, happy and clever.
Parents can achieve this by teaching practical skills like cooking, sewing and doing other housework.
Teaching a child to cook will improve many of the skills that he will need later in life. Cooking demands patience and time. It is an enjoyable but difficult experience. A good cook always tries to improve his cooking, so he will learn to work hard and gradually finish his job successfully. His result ,a well-cooked dinner ,will give him much satisfaction and a lot of confidence.
Some old machines ,such as broken radio or TV set that you give your child to play with will make him curious and arouse his interest. He will spend hours looking at them ,trying to fix them ;your child might become an engineer when he grows up. These activities are not only teaching a child to read a book ,but to think ,to use his mind .And that is more important !
任务型阅读(共10小题,每题1分，满分10分)
请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。
注意：每个空格填1个单词。
China’s Tianhe-1 has a computing speed of 2,507 trillion（万亿）calculations a second, making it the fastest computer in the world. It is also 40 percent faster than the world’s second fastest supercomputer, Cray XT5 Jaguar, in the US, kept at a national laboratory in Tennessee, according to the New York Times. Jack Dongarra, a University of Tennessee computer scientist, told NYT that the Chinese supercomputer is faster than the existing Number One machine.
Building the fastest supercomputer has become a source of national pride, as these machines are valued for their ability to solve problems in areas like defense, energy and science. These problems are related to national interests. Supercomputing technology is also found in business. Oil and gas companies use supercomputers to find oil and gas.
Obviously, research centers with large supercomputers attract top scientific talents. This adds extra importance to the machines—they’re more than just huge computers.
China’s new supercomputer will be used to speed up greatly scientific calculations, such as hurricane and tsunami modeling, cancer research, car design and even studying stars.
In 2008, two US scientists put together a step-by-step guide on how to build a supercomputer using PlayStation 3 video-game consoles（控制台）. Modern supercomputers are built by combining thousands of small computer servers（服务器）and using software to turn them into one large computer. Really, any organization with enough material and technology can create a fast machine.
The Chinese system follows that model by linking thousands upon thousands of computer servers. But the secret behind the system—and the technological achievement—is China’s own networking technology. “That technology was built by them,” Dongarra said. “They are taking supercomputing very seriously and using a lot of time and money.”
“China is still a developing country,” said Sha Chaoqun, manager at Dawning Company which is the leading supercomputer maker in China. “Maybe one day, China’s total computing power can be greater than that of the US, but there is still a long way to go before we get there.”
| Paragraph outline |
Supporting details |
| China has developed the world’s fastest supercomputer. |
◇Tianhe-1 has a high computing speed, which (1)__________ it the fastest computer in the world. ◇Tianhe-1 is 40 percent faster than the (2)__________ fastest supercomputer in the world. ◇(3)__________ Jack Dongarra, we learn that the Chinese supercomputer is faster than the existing Number One machine. |
| Many countries see the fastest supercomputer as a source of national (4)__________ and are making efforts to develop it. |
◇The high-speed computer is (5)__________ to solve problems related to national interests. ◇Besides (6)__________, supercomputing technology can also be found in areas of defence, energy and science. ◇It’s obvious that top scientific talents are (7)__________ to research centers with large supercomputers. |
| The secret behind supercomputers is networking technology. |
◇By using the technology built by Chinese people, taking it (8)__________ and devoting lots of time and money, China has achieved a lot. |
| Mr. Sha showed a conservative（保守的） (9)__________ toward the development of computing power. |
◇(10)__________ the greater computing power China may have in the future, there is still a long way to go. |
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White-collar workers going to great lengths for stress relief
A soldier of the South Korean special attack corps paints his eyes during a friendly Taekwondo match at a South Korean Army Base in Pochon, north of Seoul.
Stressed out white-collar workers are scaling（攀登） skyscrapers, camping out on rooftops, smashing up restaurants, pretending to be children and even visiting cemeteries in a bid to relieve the pressure of modern life.
As the country’s economy continues to steam ahead, once popular forms of entertainment, such as karaoke, card games and even boxing bars, appear to be losing their appeal.
Consider the members of Shanghai’s Cat Rain club. By day, this group of young women works executive jobs, but by night they climb buildings so they can spend the night on the roof. "It’s a good way to release our pressure. You feel relaxed when you’re sitting on the roof, looking up to the sky and chatting with intimate（亲密的）friends," said Gong Ying, 25.
The stress of work is not just limited to people in Shanghai. A recently-opened restaurant in Beijing encourages customers to smash plates - as long as they are willing to pay to replace them.
Though there has been some debate about the extravagance（奢侈）of such services, some psychologists say the activity reflects the desire of some white-collar workers to vent their angst.
Some workers even appear eager to return to their childhoods. This May, hundreds of people took part in a festival in which adults pretended to be children. It was an adults-only event, and participants could read comics and eat sweets all day.
Scenic places such as parks and rivers can also help people relax and put things in perspective. But a cemetery? Cemetery companies in Shanghai organized visits to local graveyards for stressed-out workers in March. The participants were taken to quiet spots in the cemetery where they could contemplate （考虑 ）life and their futures.
Roof-camper Chen Bin, an IT marketing professional, said she had camped out on a rooftop about 30 times. When she’s not sleeping out under the stars, she also has several other adrenalin-fueled interests, such as downhill racing and paragliding.
"Pressure may bring us distress, but it doesn’t mean we can’t find ways out," Chen says. "Life should be imaginative."
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