A Concussion（脑震荡） happens when the brain is shaken, often in a car crash or a fall or a strike on; the head in sports．Concussions can be mild, but doctors may order a CT scan to look for a more serious injury．But a recent study warned that more children than necessary are being exposed（使遭受） to radiation this way．
A national team led by two doctors at the University of California, Davis, studied hospital records from thousands of children with head injuries. They found that in many cases, the risk of developing cancer from the radiation outweighed the risk of a serious brain injury.
The study found that one in five children over age two had a low risk of serious injury but received CT scans anyway. The same was true of almost one in four children under two years of age.
The researchers have developed rules to predict if a head injury is serious enough for a scan. For children under two, doctors are advised against it if there is:
·Normal mental activity.
·No swelling in the back of the head.
·No feeling of a broken bone in the skull. (头骨)
·And no loss of consciousness for more than five seconds.
Doctors should also consider how the child was injured and whether the parents say the child is acting normally.
For patients from two to eighteen, the guidelines are similar —— except there should be no l vomiting（呕吐）and no severe headache.
Earlier this year, the British Journal of Sports Medicine published new guidelines for concussions in children and teens. International experts said they should not return to sports or school until fully recovered. The brain also needs a "cognitive rest," they say, by restricting activities like video games, texting and watching TV.
It often take longer than adults to recover from a concussion than adults. The experts say individual progress and not a set time period should always guide a decision to return to play. The researchers at the -University of California found that children who received CT scans
| A．were likely to suffer brain injuries |
| B．wouldn’t have normal mental activity |
| C．would lose consciousness now and then |
| D．were likely to develop canter |
How many aspects should doctors consider when deciding whether a child under two needs a CT scan?
| A．Four． | B．Six． | C．Seven． | D．Nine． |
What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?
| A．Texting is harmful to patients’ recovery from concussions． |
| B．Patients with brain injuries can play many sports． |
| C．Adults need a longer time than teens to recover from concussions． |
| D．It takes at least a year for individuals with brain injuries to fully recover． |
The author of the passage mainly___．
| A．describes the risks of brain injuries |
| B．suggests CT scans are of practical use |
| C．tells us about the risks of brain injury tests |
| D．argues against new guidelines for concussions |
Everybody may have seen the film “Death on the Nile ( 尼罗河)”, but nobody can imagine that the writer of the story, Agatha Christie, saved a baby in a most unusual way.
In June 1977, a baby girl became seriously ill in Deleville. Doctors there were unable to find out the cause of her illness, so she was sent to a famous hospital in London, where there were many excellent doctors. The baby was so seriously ill that a team of doctors hurried to examine her without delay. The doctors, too, were puzzled by the baby’s illness and they also became discouraged. Just then a nurse asked to speak to them.
“I think the baby is suffering from thallium (铊) poisoning. ” said the nurse. “A few days ago, I read a story ‘A Pale Horse’ written by Agatha Christie. Someone uses thallium poison, and all the symptoms (症状) are written in the book. They are exactly the same as the baby’s.”
“You’re very good at observing things,” said a doctor, “and you may be right. We’ll carry out some tests and find out whether the cause is thallium poisoning or not.”
The tests proved that the baby had indeed been poisoned by thallium. Once they knew the cause, the doctors were able to give her correct treatment. The baby soon got well and was sent back to Deleville. A week later it was reported that the poison might have come from an insecticide (杀虫剂) used in Deleville. The baby was sent to a hospital in London because ______.
| A．her parents were living in London then |
| B．the hospitals in Deleville were full at that time |
| C．doctors in Deleville were not sure about the cause of her illness |
| D．she was the daughter of a famous doctor in London |
When the baby was first sent to the hospital in London, her illness was considered to be ______
A quite easy to treat
B. the result of thallium poisoning
C. a common one
D. extraordinarily serious From this passage it seems that the baby’s illness had something to do with ______.
A a dead writer B. a harmful substance ( 物质) used to kill pests
C. the water in Deleville D. a dangerous murderer As far as we can tell from the story, Agatha Christie ______.
| A．had never met this baby |
| B．had spent a long time studying the baby’s illness |
| C．visited the baby both in Deleville and London |
| D．gave the nurse some advice on the telephone |
Joseph Goldberger was a doctor for the Unite States Public Health Service. In 1912, he began to study a disease that was killing thousands of people in the South. The disease was pellagra(烟酸缺乏病).
Doctor Goldberger traveled to the state of Mississippi where many people had pellagra. He studied the patients and their families. Most of the people were poor. The doctor came to believe that the disease was not passed from one person to another, but instead had something to do with food.
He received agreement from state officials to test this idea at a prison(监狱). Prisoners were offered pardons if they took part. One group of prisoners received their usual food, mostly corn. A second group ate meat, fresh vegetables and milk. Members of the first group developed pellagra. The second group did not.
But some experts refused to accept that poor food caused pellagra. They thought there were other causes.
So Doctor Goldberger put blood(血液) from a person with pellagra into his own body. He even took pills that had blood from pellagra patients. An assistant also took part in the experiments. So did Doctor Goldberger’s wife. None of them got sick. Later, the doctor discovered that a bit of dried brewer’s yeast(酿酒的酵母) each day could prevent pellagra.
Joseph Goldberger died of cancer in 1929. He was 55 years old. Several years later, researchers discovered the true cause of pellagra: having little of the vitamin B. How old was Doctor Goldberger when he began to study pellagra?
| A．22. | B．30. | C．38. | D．55. |
The underlined part “this idea” (in Paragraph 3) refers to .
| A．the guessing that pellagra had something to do with food |
| B．a kind of yeast that prevented pellagra |
C．pellagra that was easily pas sed from one person to another |
| D．a poor food that caused pellagra |
Which is the right order about what Doctor Goldberger did?
a. He did a test on prisoners at a prison.
b. He did the experiments on himself.
c. He came to Mississippi to study the patients and their families.
d. He found poor food was easy to cause pellagra.
e. He discovered a little dried brewer’s yeast every day could prevent pellagra.
| A．a, d, c, e, b | B．c, a, d, b, e | C．b, e, c, a, d | D．c, b, e, a, d |
This passage mainly tells us .
A．Doctor Goldberger’s lif e |
| B．something about pellagra |
| C．Doctor Goldberger’s work experience |
| D．Doctor Goldberger’s study on pellagra |
Copywriting is the art of sending a message in writing, especially in advertisements, for the purpose(目的) of persuading someone to do something. This is especially true when writing descriptive(描述性的) copy. Why? Because customers’（顾客） senses don’t work on paper. They only work in person. That’s why copywriters have to create a sensory experience for their customers through their words.
When copywriters create descriptions, they often leave a lot to be desired. There is no interaction(互动) or experience. Descriptions should be descriptive. Successful descriptions should fill the gap of what customers would see, hear, smell, taste or feel as if they were standing before the product. Successful descriptions should also draw customers’ attention and create an actual event as if they could be right there.
Do you make cinnamon rolls(肉桂卷)？You wouldn’t want to describe them simply as “delicious” or “smell great”. Instead, you’d want to bring your customers to the experience of enjoying them. Some
thing like this will work better: Completely NOT your grandma’s cinnamon rolls! Freshly bake them right in your own oven. As the strong pleasant smell of these excellent rolls begins to float in the air, your nose will start to feel excited and you’ll immediately know they are worth the wait.
When writing descriptive copy, choose the senses that are most proper and focus on them. If describing food, certainly you’ll think about not only what you’re tasting, but also what you smell and see. If you’re writing travel copy, you’ll focus on sights, s
ounds as well as feelings. Your goal i
s to have your readers close their eyes and imagine they are in the same experience as you are.The purpose of copywriting is to .
| A．create a pleasant experience |
| B．develop customers’ five senses |
| C．persuade people to do things |
| D．give people rich imagination |
The writer develops the third paragraph mainly .
| A．by cause and effect(因果) | B．by order in space |
| C．by order in time | D．by examples |
Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
| A．People’s five senses |
| B．Copywriting and advertisements |
| C．Descriptive copywriting |
| D．Copywriting and the five senses |
I had been rather proud of myself when my friends and family got the ticket, whether it was for speeding, parking or stop sign violations(违反). It was something that happened to others. But last Friday I joined the club.
I was asked to do a new project last week. On Friday morning on my way to work, I suddenly remembered that I had spent the past six weeks without considering that I had a week’s vacation pla
nned during that time. I was very disappointed with myself for not remembering it.
The truth is that I was not paying enough attention to my driving and I did not come to a complete stop at the stop sign in front of a school. I was so distracted(思想不集中的) that I didn’t even notice I had a policeman on my tail with his lights flashing. Finally I looked in my mirror and caught on.
The policeman was rude and took my papers. Luckily, I had everything up to date and since I had never had a ticket before, there was nothing for him to do but write me a ticket. While I was sitting there in the seat of “shame”, I felt bad. If I had been that distracted and a child had run onto the road, perhaps I would have not reacted as well as I could have. It was a wake-up call.
People at work asked me if I tried to talk my way out of it. Frankly, it never occurred to me. I felt guilty（有罪的）. Now I no longer have a clean driving record. Please be careful out there, as a moment’s distraction can lead to tragedy（悲剧）.What is this passage mainly about?
| A．The writer’s most unforgettable experience. |
| B．How the writer got her first ticket. |
| C．An accident caused by the writer. |
| D．Why the writer is always so careful. |
We can infer that the underlined part “the club” in Paragraph 1 here refers to .
| A．people who are crazy about driving cars |
| B．a club for drivers without much experience |
| C．people who get tickets for breaking traffic rules |
| D．a club for people to talk about their driving stories |
What made the writer unable to focus on(集中思想) her driving?
| A．Planning how to spend the vacation. |
| B．Thinking of the forgotten vacation. |
| C．Thinking about her work. |
| D．Missing her children. |
When the writer received the ticket, she .
| A．felt lucky that she was an experienced driver |
| B．was so nervous that she shook all over |
| C．was ashamed of herself for being distracted |
| D．was worried about being laughed at |
Sophia Richardson: Both my parents are really important to me. My parents are really more than friends. They’re the people I can open up and talk to. Ta
lking to them is like talking to one of my friends. They’ve been there for me and given me good advice on a lot
of my problems.
Stacey Avnes: My Jewish big sister is important to me. Her name is Lauren. We’ve been together for two years. My mom is a single mom and she is very busy. Lauren is someone who helps me deal with all this stuff because she’s someone I can talk to. She’s like a second mom to me and also a best friend. If I have any problem, I can call her and she’ll co
me and pick me up and we’ll go to a park and talk.
Jean Park: It’s my uncle who is important to me. When I’m with him, I’m grateful（感激的） for the small things—being alive and healthy; having a good family and friends. He’s also very grateful for the small things and gives back to his community（社区）.
Melaku Shierfaw: My father is important to me. He came here from a rich family in Africa. But when he came, he didn’t
take any money and started fresh. He showed that he could do everything by himself without the help of others and he’s successful. It shows me that I can do anything as long as I try.
Kalin Scott-Wright: My great grandmother is in charge of our whole family. She was born in 1920. I know she went through a lot in her life. She was a very strong woman and she raised my mom and took her in. She had a kind spirit and loved me and my brother. She’ll always be there for me although she’s not alive any longer.We can infer that Sophia .
| A．is always in trouble |
| B．has few friends |
| C．gets along well with her parents |
| D．depends too much on her parents |
What do we know about Stacey’s big sister?
| A．She is very lonely. |
| B．She is a single mother. |
| C．She is Stacey’s only friend. |
| D．She often helps Stacey. |
What does Jean’s uncle teach her?
| A．To be grateful for the small things in life. |
| B．To be ready to help her community. |
| C．To treat others like friends. |
| D．To have a good family. |
From his father, Melaku has learnt that .
| A．not everyone can be successful |
| B．money is not important in one’s life |
| C．one should never ask others for help |
| D．he can do anything as long as he tries |
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