For years, there has been a bias (偏见) against science among clinical psychologists (临床心理学家). In a two-year analysis to be published in November in Perspectives on Psychological Science, psychologists led by Timothy B. Baker of the University of Wisconsin charge that many clinical psychologists fail to “provide the treatments for which there is the strongest evidence of effectiveness” and “give more weight to their personal experiences than to science.” As a result, patients have no guarantee that their “treatment will be informed by … science.” Walter Mischel of Columbia University is even crueler in his judgment. “The disconnect between what clinical psychologists do and what science has discovered is an extreme embarrassment,” he told me, and “there is a widening gap between clinical practice and science.”
The “widening” reflects the great progress that psychological research has made in identifying (确认) the most effective treatments. Thanks to strict clinical trials, we now know that teaching patients to think about their thoughts in new, healthier ways and to act on those new ways of thinking are effective against depression, panic disorder and other problems, with multiple trials showing that these treatments — the tools of psychology — bring more lasting benefits than drugs.
You wouldn’t know this if you sought help from a typical clinical psychologist. Although many treatments are effective, relatively few psychologists learn or practice them.
Why in the world not? For one thing, says Baker, clinical psychologists are “very doubtful about the role of science” and “lack solid science training”. Also, one third of patients get better no matter what treatment (if any) they have, “and psychologists remember these successes, believing, wrongly, that they are the result of the treatment.”
When faced with evidence that treatments they offer are not supported by science, clinical psychologists argue that they know better than some study what works. A 2008 study of 591 psychologists in private practice found that they rely more on their own and colleagues’ experience than on science when deciding how to treat a patient. If they keep on this path as insurance companies demand evidence-based medicine, warns Mischel, psychology will “discredit itself.”Many clinical psychologists fail to provide the most effective treatments because ________.
| A．they are unfamiliar with their patients | B．they believe in science and evidence |
| C．they depend on their colleagues’ help | D．they rely on their personal experiences |
The widening gap between clinical practice and science is due to _______.
| A．the cruel judgment by Walter Mischel |
| B．the fact that most patients get better after being treated |
| C．the great progress that has been made in psychological research |
| D．the fact that patients prefer to take drugs rather than have other treatments |
How do clinical psychologists respond when charged that their treatments are not supported by science?
| A．They feel embarrassed. | B．They try to defend themselves. |
| C．They are disappointed. | D．They doubt their treatments. |
In Mischel’s opinion, psychology will ____.
| A．destroy its own reputation if no improvement is made |
| B．develop faster with the support of insurance companies |
| C．work together with insurance companies to provide better treatment |
| D．become more reliable if insurance companies won’t demand evidence-based medicine |
| Bugs Bunny's Hoping Carrot Hunt In this game you are Bugs Bunny．and your goal is to reach the finish line．A carrot truck has spilled its cargo! Gather as many carrots as you can, and when you get the big carrot, you'll be able to jump even higher! Instructions: Use the mouse to move Bugs left and right, and click to jump a gap while gathering carrots． Category: Action |
| Mushroom Madness You are in charge of protecting several farms．It's up to you to make sure the mushrooms there reach maturity before the animals in the forest get their hands on them．Use your swatter（苍蝇拍）to fight off anything that comes near them; use heavier weapons if necessary． Instructions：Slap any creature that conies near your mushrooms．Use the mouse to control the swatter．If you see a "power up", click to use it．Collect coins to buy upgrades after each level． Category: Action |
| Rudolph's Kick and Fly Santa's little helpers have worked all year preparing for Christmas．When Santa finally leaves to deliver his presents, the elves(精灵）head down to the snowfields with Rudolph, the reindeer, to play their favorite game: Kick and Fly! Instructions: 1.Use the mouse to aim, and click to launch an elf． 2.While in the air, click again to catch, and to gain extra height． 3.The goal is to collect as many Christmas ornaments（装饰物）possible, and get 10 points for each one． Tips: If you're heading towards an obstacle(障碍), be sure to avoid it! Category: Action |
| Click Flick Your mission is to save chicks falling from the sky．Use your trampoline （蹦床） to bounce them up and direct them into a nest．But hurry—if you don't, many chicks will fall and lose their lives．There will be falling bombs, worms, nuts and eggs and you can get extra points by collecting the worms and nuts．Save the amount of chicks shown to unlock the next level! Instructions: Move the chicks left and right using keys or the mouse． Category: Adventure |
| A．tell us different categories of games |
| B．ask us to decide which game is the best |
| C．introduce several interesting computer games |
| D．let us evaluate whether we are interested in the games |
| A．is playing Mushroom Madness | B．will lose the game quite soon |
| C．will get 10 points for each one | D．will get extra points and get ahead |
passage?
| A．Bugs Bunny needs to be fast to win． |
| B．All four games are in the same category． |
| C．Players can only use the mouse to control the targets． |
| D．The number of elves decides whether a player wins in Rudolph's' Kick and Fly． |
| A．find a "power up" or use heavier weapons |
| B．collect falling bombs as quickly as possible |
| C．click the elf while it's in the air |
| D．get the big carrot while running |
| A．Bugs Bunny's Hopping Carrot Hunt． | B．Mushroom Madness． |
| C．Rudolph's Kick and Fly． | D．Click Flick． |
Effective(有效的)listening is important for improving communication between people. The sad part is that we want others to listen to us, but we ourselves are bad listeners, therefore creating barriers(障碍) to effective listening. Here are some common barriers to effective listening and some ways of overcoming them.
Before the speaker finishes speaking, you think you know the answer already and interrupt him or her. This is one of the most common barriers to effective listening. Respect is important for good listening. If you think you know the answer, you still should listen carefully to what’s being said, and then make ready a few questions and answers, wait for several seconds and then start speaking.
Whenever a speaker speaks, many a time listeners try to help the speaker. Though it may seem as if you’re trying to help, actually it isn’t so. In fact you should set up a separate(单独的) meeting for advising the speaker. If you feel you have anything to say, which the speaker may not know, you should politely ask if you may suggest anything.
In a heated discussion, the speakers sometimes don’t agree to each other’s opinions and treat it as a competition, and then it becomes a barrier to good listening. To overcome this, you should express your opinions after the speaker has finished speaking. Speak out wherever you disagree, but also if you agree on anything, you should point it out.Why is effective listening important? (No more than 8 words.)2分
______________________________________________According to Paragraph 2, what prevents effective listening? (No more than 8 words.)2分
_________________________________________________What will you do if you really want to say anything the speakers may not know? (No more than 10 words.)3分
__________________________________________________How can you avoid treating a heated discussion as a competition? (No more than 10 words.)3分
__________________________________________________
Internet use appears to cause a drop in psychological health, according to a research at Carnegie Mellon University.
Even people who spent just a few hours a week on the Internet experienced more depression(沮丧) and loneliness than those who used Internet less frequently, the two-year study showed. And it wasn’t that people who were already feeling bad spent more time on the Internet, but that using the Net actually appeared to cause the bad feeling.
Researchers are puzzled by the results, which were completely the opposite to their experiences. They expected that the Net would prove socially healthier than television, since the Net allows users to choose the information and to communicate with others.
The fact that Internet use reduces time available for family and friends may explain the drop in well-being, researchers supposed. Faceless, bodiless “virtual” communication may be less psychologically satisfying than actual conversation, and the relationships formed through it may be shallower. Another possibility is that knowing the wider world via the Net makes users less satisfied with their lives.
“But it’s important to remember this is not about the technology; it’s about how it is used,” says psychologist Christine Riley of Intel, one of the study founders. “It really points to the need for considering social factors in terms of how you design applications(应用) and services for technology.”The best title of the passage probably is .
| A．Internet May Cause Depression |
B．The Danger of Internet  |
| C．Communication with Others by Internet |
| D．Puzzled by the Results |
Why did the results of research puzzle the researchers?
| A．People could choose their information through Internet. |
| B．They had expected the opposite results. |
| C．People can communicate with others. |
| D．They had thought Internet was much healthier. |
Which of the following may be the cause of depression?
| A．Net users found their living conditions bad. |
| B．Net users already had mental problems. |
| C．Deep relationships were formed through Internet. |
| D．Net users had less time to communicate with other people. |
The writer’s attitude towards technology is .
| A．social factors must be considered while using technology |
| B．technology was to blame for depression |
| C．the problem doesn’t lie in technology |
| D．applications and services for technology must be designed |
I am a long distance runner. When I was thirty-one, I was in a serious car accident. The doctor told me that they would try to get me to walk “normally” but I would never run again—terrible news for someone who views running as the oxygen(氧气) she breathes. The doctors were right. For the next nine and a half years, I was unable to run more than twenty-five feet.
In 2006, I began self-training to take part in a 60-mile walk. Three months into preparing, I realized that walking 4-5 hours a day was too long. If only I could jog(慢跑) part of it—that would cost me less time. I started jogging without my knees aching. Slowly, I increased the distance. The doctor were proved wrong—it only took nine and a half years to do so.
While practicing, I suffered a loss—a dear friend suddenly died. His work had been to help women to accept themselves and reach their fullest potential(潜力). He believed that people should let nothing hold them back from achieving their goals. Soon after his death, a crazy thought entered my mind: what if I could run the LA Marathon? I knew that if I didn’t train to my fullest, the doctor would win. So I trained seven days a week. And I succeeded in crossing the finish line of the LA Marathons all over the United States to the astonishment of my doctors. They never believed that I would achieve that.
The aches and pains I experience while training and racing are nothing compared to the suffering people whom I respect must accept.What can we learn about the author from Paragraph 1?
| A．She didn’t believe what the doctor said. |
| B．She often felt it was hard to tolerate. |
| C．She loved running very much. |
| D．She lost heart after the accident. |
The author tried jogging because she wanted to ______.
| A．save some time | B．protect her feet |
| C．get more exercise | D．catch up with others |
Why did the author decide to join in the marathon?
| A．Because she was so sorry for the loss of a friend. |
| B．Because she was encouraged by her dead friend’s words. |
| C．Because she wanted to prove the doctors were wrong. |
| D．Because she wanted to make more friends. |
What does the underlined word “astonishment” in Paragraph 3 mean?
| A．Surprise. | B．Sadness. |
| C．Disappointment. | D．Anger. |
People who like travelling have their reasons. They believe that travelling can help them expand their field of view, especially in the geographical and historical sense. They also think that touring will give them more chances to enjoy different kinds of food and experience new things that would never be brought by other activities. But those who dislike travelling also have some reasons.
Travelling, in my opinion, does more good than harm. Most importantly, it broadens(扩大) our mind. We can get in touch with other civilizations(文明), culture, customs and ideas.
Through history, most people travelled because of necessity(必要性)—not for pleasure. People travelled just in order to remain alive. They searched for food to eat or places to live in. They sometimes ran away from enemies. This is not to say that no one ever travelled just for the fun of it. In ancient times, for example, rich Romans travelled all the way to Greece to take part in the Olympic Games, and festivals. Of course, some people decided to travel just out of curiosity(好奇心). They wanted to find out what it looked like beyond the horizon(地平线). Also, business travel has been going on for centuries.Traders could not only make money but also learn to speak several languages and be introduced to different cultures.
So travelling does enrich our mind and draw new ideas to us. There is no doubt that we can get much from it.The underlined word“expand”in Paragraph 1 can be replaced by “ __________”.
| A．decide | B．protect | C．widen | D．lose |
According to the passage, in the past most people travelled _____________.
| A．for knowledge | B．to make a living | C．to get experiences | D．for fun |
In the writer’s opinion, travelling can be ______________.
| A．tiring | B．funny | C．expensive | D．helpful |
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