In many societies, there is often greater acceptance of light skin than dark skin. Light skin may be seen as a mark of beauty, intelligence and success. These beliefs can lead to social pressure even within the same racial or ethnic group, if some members are darker skinned than others.
The result is that skin lightening has become a common activity across Africa, Asia and other areas of the world. More and more people with dark skin are using skin-lightening products, even if they may face health risks.
They believe that having whiter skin will improve their lives. Many people think they will have a better chance of getting a job or marrying into a better family. Or they want to look like what their society generally considers beautiful.
Some beauty care products and soaps contain chemicals that make skin lighter. This process is also called bleaching. But some of the chemicals are extremely dangerous. One of the chemicals has been linked to kidney (肾) damage and some kinds of cancer. It also causes low birth weight in babies when mothers use it during pregnancy.
At first, bleaching products make the skin color lighter. But after long-term use they can cause problems. They can even make some skin darker. The chemicals in the products block and break down the natural process that gives color to skin. The skin loses its natural barrier to protec
t against sunlight. Then the skin can become thick and discolored. Usually the person will use more of the product in an effort to correct the problem, but this only makes it worse.
Fatimata Ly treats skin cond
itions in the Senegalese capital，Dakar. Doctor Ly says skin bleaching has become a problem throughout Senegal. She says the chemicals are now more dangerous because they are stronger. Some cases have resulted in blackened fingernails, infections and permanent skin damage.
And these are not the only risks. Experts say some people who change their skin color suffer emotional da
mage. They feel regret and sadness. They feel that instead of risking their health, they should have learned to love and accept their skin color as it was. Which of the following words can replac
e the underlined word “bleaching”?
| A．whitening | B．changing | C．lighting | D．pleasing |
Why has the skin lightening become a common activity all over the world?
| A．There are many products that can make the dark skin light. |
| B．Many people with dark skin have no confidence. |
| C．Relatively speaking, light skin has more advantages over dark skin. |
| D．People with dark skin are forced by the pressure of their families. |
According to the text the following are the risks using the bleaching products EXCEPT________.
| A．blackened fingernails | B．permanent skin damage |
| C．emotional damage | D．a waste of time and money |
From the text we can conclude the writer’s attitude toward using the bleaching products is probably ________.
| A．supportive | B．positive | C．doubtful | D．negative |
Michael J. “Crocodile Dundee” (also called Mick), played by Paul Hogan, is the main character in the fictional Crocodile Dundee film series consisting of Crocodile Dundee, Crocodile Dundee II, and Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles. The character is a crocodile hunter, hence the nickname.
In the first film, Crocodile Dundee, Mick is visited by a New York reporter, Sue Charlton, who travels to Australia to investigate a report she heard of a crocodile hunter, who had his leg bitten off by a crocodile in the outback. The hunter supposedly walked more than a hundred miles back to civilization and miraculously survived his injuries. However, by the time she meets him, the story turns out to be a somewhat exaggerated legend where the “bitten-off leg” turns out to be just being some bad scarring on his leg; a “love bite” as Mick calls it. Still interested by the idea of “Crocodile Dundee”, Sue continues with the story. They travel together out to where the incident occurred, and follow his route through the bush to the nearest hospital. Despite his old-fashioned views, the pair eventually become close, especially after Mick saves Sue from a crocodile attack.
Feeling there is still more to the story, Sue invites Mick back to New York with her, as his first trip to a city (or “first trip anywhere,” as Dundee says). The rest of the film depicts Dundee as a “fish out of water,” showing how, despite his expert knowledge of living outdoors, he knows little of city life. Mick meets Sue’s boyfriend, Richard, but they do not get along. By the end of the film, Mick is on his way home, lovesick, when Sue realizes she loves Mick, too, and not Richard. She runs to the subway station to stop Mick from leaving and, by passing on messages through the packed-to-the-gills crowd, she tells him she won’t marry Richard, and she loves him instead. With the help of the other people in the subway, Mick and Sue have a loving reunion as the film ends.Which of the following statements is true about Mick?
| A．He is a crocodile hunter living in Los Angeles. |
| B．He is based on a real person in Australia. |
| C．He wrote a film series about himself. |
| D．He got his nickname because of his job. |
In the film Crocodile Dundee, Mick ______.
| A．pretends he was bitten by a crocodile |
| B．urges Sue Charlton to write his life story |
| C．shows Sue Charlton around the town he lives in |
| D．hasn’t been abroad before his trip to America |
When in New York, Mick ______.
| A．makes friends with Richard |
| B．makes full use of his bush skills |
| C．doesn’t know how to fit into city life |
| D．feels excited about living in a big city |
No one knows for sure when advertising first started. It is possible that it grew out of the discovery that some people did certain kinds of work better than others did them. That led to the concept of specialization, which means that people would specialize, or focus, on doing one specific job.
Let’s take a man we’ll call Mr. Fielder, for example. He did everything connected with farming. He planted seeds, tended the fields, and harvested and sold his crops. At the same time, he did many other jobs on the farm. However, he didn’t make the bricks for his house, cut his trees into boards, make the plows (犁), or any of other hundreds of things a farm needs. Instead, he got them from people who specialized in doing each of those things. Suppose there was another man we shall call Mr. Plowright. Using what he knew about farming and working with iron, Mr. Plowright invented a plow that made farming easier. Mr. Plowright did not really like farming himself and wanted to specialize in making really good plows. Perhaps, he thought, other farmers will trade what they grow for one of my plows.
How did Mr. Plowright let people know what he was doing? Why, he advertised, of course. First he opened a shop and then he put up a sign outside the shop to attract customers. That sign may have been no more than a plow carved into a piece of wood and a simple arrow pointing to the shop door. It was probably all the information people needed to find Mr. Plowright and his really good plows.
Many historians believe that the first outdoor signs were used about five thousand years ago. Even before most people could read, they understood such signs. Shopkeepers would carve into stone, clay, or wood symbols for the products they had for sale.
A medium, in advertising talk, is the way you communicate your message. You might say that the first medium used in advertising was signs with symbols. The second medium was audio, or sound, although that term is not used exactly in the way we use it today. Originally, just the human voice and maybe some kind of simple instrument, such as a bell, were used to get people’s attention.
A crier, in the historical sense, is not someone who weeps easily. It is someone, probably a man, with a voice loud enough to be heard over the other noises of a city. In ancient Egypt, shopkeepers might hire such a person to spread the news about their products. Often this earliest form of advertising involved a newly arrived ship loaded with goods. Perhaps the crier described the goods, explained where they came from, and praised their quality. His job was, in other words, not too different from a TV or radio commercial in today’s world.What probably led to the start of advertisement?
| A．The discovery of iron. |
| B．The development of farming techniques. |
| C．The specialization of labor. |
| D．The appearance of new jobs. |
The writer makes up the two stories of Mr. Fielder and Mr. Plowright in order to __________.
| A．explain the origin of advertising |
| B．predict the future of advertising |
| C．provide suggestions for advertising |
| D．expose problems in advertising |
In ancient Egypt, a crier was probably someone who __________.
| A．functioned like today’s TV or radio commercial |
| B．owned a ship |
| C．had the loudest voice |
| D．ran a shop selling goods to farmers |
The last two paragraphs are mainly about __________.
| A．the basic design of advertising |
| B．the early forms of advertising |
| C．the benefits of advertising |
| D．the history of advertising |
For years scientists have been worried about the effects of air pollution on the earth’s natural conditions. Some believe the air inside many houses may be more dangerous than the air outside. It may be one hundred times worse.
Indoor air pollution can cause a person to feel tired, to suffer eye pain, headache and other problems. Some pollutants(污染物) can cause breathing disorders, diseases of blood and even cancer. Most scientists agree that every modern house has some kind of indoor pollution.
People have paid more attention to the problem now. It is true that when builders began making houses and offices they did not waste energy. To do this they build buildings that limited the flow of air between inside and outside. They also began using man-made building materials. These materials are now known to let out harmful gases.
As the problem became more serious, scientists began searching for a way to deal with it. They discovered a natural pollution control system for building--green plants. Scientists do not really know how plants control air pollution. They believe that a plant’s leaves absorb or take in the pollutants. In exchange the plant lets out oxygen through its leaves and tiny organizations on its roots. Scientists suggest that all buildings should have one large plant or several small plants inside for every nine square meters of space. Studies of different plants show that each absorbs different chemicals. So the most effective way to clean the air is to use different kinds of plants. Having green plants inside your house can make it a prettier and more healthy place.Generally speaking, indoor air pollution may be more harmful than the air outside because________.
| A．indoor air pollution can often make people seriously ill |
| B．there may be more harmful gases outside the buildings |
| C．the air indoors is polluted, which is very harmful |
| D．man-made building materials give off dangerous gases |
Some kind of indoor pollution can be found in _______.
| A．every modern house | B．every old house |
| C．all kinds of houses | D．all kinds of offices |
The indoor air pollution is caused by ______.
| A．the building way that the builders want to save energy |
| B．the man-made building materials and the limit of air-flow |
| C．the building things that are made of man-made materials |
| D．the limit of the flow of air between inside and outside |
The reason why we should use different kinds of plants to clean the air is that ______.
| A．plants can let out all kinds of pollutants indoors |
| B．plants may take in more oxygen which people need |
| C．plants can absorb all kinds of harmful indoor chemicals |
| D．plants can make our houses prettier and more healthy |
Still seeking a destination for your weekend break? There are some places which are probably a mere walk away from your college.
King's Art Centre
A day at the Centre could mean a visit to an exhibition of the work of one of the most interesting contemporary artists on show anywhere. This weekend sees the opening of an exhibition of four local artists.
You could attend a class teaching you how to 'learn from the masters' or get more creative with paint--free of charge. The Centre also runs two life drawing classes for which there is a small fee.
The Botanic Garden
The Garden has over 8, 000 plant species; it holds the research and teaching collection of living plants for Cambridge University.
The multi-branched Torch Aloe here is impressive. The African plant produces red flowers above blue-green leaves, and is not one to miss.
Get to the display house to see Dionaea muscipula, a plant more commonly known as the Venus Flytrap that feeds on insects and other small animals.
The Garden is also a place for wildlife-enthusiasts. Look for grass snakes in the lake. A snake called 'Hissing Sid' is regularly seen lying in the heat of the warm sun.
Byron's Pool
Many stories surround Lord Byron's time as a student of Cambridge University, Arriving in 1805, he wrote a letter complaining that it was a place of "mess and drunkenness". However, it seems as though Byron did manage to pass the time pleasantly enough. I'm not just talking about the pet bear he kept in his roans. He spent a great deal of time walking in the village.
It is also said that on occasion Byron swam naked by moonlight in the lake, which is now known as Byron's Pool. A couple of miles past Grantchester in the south Cambridgeshire countryside, the pool is surrounded by beautiful circular paths around the fields. The cries of invisible birds make the trip a lovely experience and on the way home you can drop into the village for afternoon tea. If you don't trust me, then perhaps you’ll take it from Virginia Woolf--over a century after Byron, she reportedly took a trip to swim in the same pool.As mentioned in the passage, there is a small charge for_____.
| A．attending the masters' class |
| B．working with local artists |
| C．learning life drawing |
| D．seeing an exhibition |
"Torch Aloe" and "Venus Flytrap" are_____.
| A．wildlife-enthusiasts |
| B．rarely-seen snakes |
| C．common insects |
| D．impressive plants |
We can infer from the passage that Byron seemed_____.
| A．to fear pet bears |
| B．to like walking |
| C．to finish university in 1805 |
| D．to be a heavy drinker |
What is the passage mainly about?
| A．Some places for weekend break |
| B．Unknown stories of Cambridge University. |
| C．A way to become creative in art. |
| D．The colorful life in the countryside. |
| A.Foreword |
|
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The Antidepressant Survival Guide： Beat the Side Effects of Your Medication by Robert J.Hedaya， M.D， Robert J.Hedaya， M.D.， is a clinical professor of psychiatry at Georgetown University Hospital's Department of Psychiatry. Motto： Live well. |
| B.How Fear Limits Us |
|
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On Becoming Fearless in Love， Work， and Life by Arianna Huffington Arianna Huffington was raised in Greece by her fearless mother.She has written this book for her two daughters in the hope that they will lead fearless lives. Motto： Overcome the obstacle， get over the next hill. |
| C.Determination： How to Set Goals and Go After Them |
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Fight Your Fear and Win by Don Greene， Ph.D. Don Greene， Ph.D.， was a nationally ranked high school diver.He was the sports psychologist for the U.S.Olympic Diving Team. Motto： Determination is drive. |
| D.The Anger Business |
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Anger ： The Misunderstood Emotion by Carol Tavris， Ph.D. Carol Tavris， Ph.D.， was senior editor，she now teaches from time to time in the department of psychology at UCLA Motto： Reduce Stress！ |
| E.In the Presence of Danger |
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The Gift of Fear by Gavin de Becker Davin de Becker， America's leading expert on violence， is the best－selling author of the Gift of Fear： Survival Signals. Motto： Trust and act on our straight instincts. |
| F.Moving from Fear to Freedom |
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Transforming Anxiety， Transcending Shame by Rex Briggs， M.S.W. REX BRIGGS， M.S.W.， has been a selected speaker at the National Anxiety Disorders Association of America's conferences since 1986. Motto： Weaken anxiety |
下面是这些书的简要内容，请匹配相关的书名。This useful， popular book shows that if you are gone broke and lose love， please hold yourself back. If you look fat， just face it calmly. If you are in survival thinking， the most important is that you get rid of all the difficulties in front of us， life will be safe， perfect. If your daughters are to take their rightful place in society， they must become fearless.
In this book， the author calls the nation's leading experts on violent behavior， and shows you how to spot even tiny signs of danger before it's too late. Most violent acts are unpredictable. It points out that true fear is often a signal that can save your life. Believe the threat of violence surrounds us every day. But we can protect ourselves by straight judgment.
This book based on his years of clinical experience. It says about twentyfive million Americans take medicine to avoid depression. Despite the advances in the treatment of depression in recent years， many patients， even with the best medical care， feel that they are not living rich and fulfilling lives. This book will direct you how to survive well.
This interesting book tells us that annoyance is as much a political matter as a biological one. And anger is a definite message： Pay attention to me. I don't like what you are doing. Restore my pride. You're in my way. Give me justice. This book suggests that when you're angry， just let it right out.
This valuable book states that nervousness has become a constant factor in today's society like a sign of the times， but it is sometimes difficult to recognize the effects of anxiety on our mental health. The only way to feel better about ourselves is to go out and do it.
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