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People use money to buy food, furniture, books, bicycles and hundreds of other things they need or want. When they work, they usually get paid in money.71
Most of the money today is made of metal or paper. 72 One of the first kinds of money was shells.
Shells were not the only things used as money. In China, cloth and knives were used. In the Philippine Islands, rice was used as money for a long time. Elephant tusks, monkey tails and salt were used as money in parts of Africa.
The first metal coins were made in China. They were round and had a square hole in the centre. 73
Different countries have used different metals and designs for their money. 74 Sweden and Russia used copper (铜) to make their money. Later some countries began to make coins of gold and silver.
But even gold and silver were inconvenient if you had to buy something expensive. Again the Chinese thought of a way to improve money. 75 The first paper money looked more like a note from one person to another than the paper money used today.
Money has had an interesting history from the days of shell money until today.
| A．The first coins in England were made of tin (锡). |
| B．But people used to use all kinds of things as money. |
| C．No one knows for certain when people began to use money. |
| D．People strung (串连) them together and carried them from place to place. |
E. Money, as we know, is all made of paper.
F. They began to use paper money.
G. Today anyone will accept money in exchange for goods and services.
Scientists often see the first ten years of a child’s life as the “window of opportunity.” And studies show that the following activities can benefit their brain greatly.
Free playtime has always been an important part of “being a kid”, but it is also important to a child’s development. “Free play” not only helps kids develop different skills, it also helps them develop into happy healthy adults in the future.
Read with kids
Reading has long been known to improve children’s intelligence. For parents who don’t have much time, just surrounding your kids with books goes a long way too.
Put kids to bed early
Preschool children should get at least eleven hours of sleep and kids up to age 12 should try to get at least ten hours of sleep.
Learn a second language
Early studies in this field have shown that bilingual (双语的) kids can perform better under pressure. Young children can learn new languages with nearly perfect fluency (流利) and pronunciation.
Praise good effort not intelligence.
Your kids may be smart but you should mainly praise the effort they put into tasks. Kids, who are praised on intelligence, often feel it is a fixed quality, and mistakes or failures badly hurt their self-confidence. Kids who are praised on effort often focus more on learning.
| A．Play some helpful games. |
| B．Give them enough playtime. |
| C．And they are not afraid to fail and try again. |
| D．Kids still need time away from the TV to do homework. |
E. Kids who read often develop earlier writing and number skills as well.
F. Everything at this time is very important to the development of a person’s brain.
G. Studies show that kids with regular bedtimes are better at languages, math and reading.
The speed and convenience of modern travel means that destinations that used to take a long time to travel to can now be reached quickly and easily. Even though” faraway” countries may now seem closer thanks to air travel, they may still be different from your home country. Following are some fundamental rules that will make communication easier, and your trip more enjoyable.
If you don not know the word for something in local language, or can not make yourself understood verbally, try drawing a picture, or pointing to an object.
Avoid topics of conversation that you think may be sensitive. .Feel free to show interest in the history and customs of the place you are visiting, but don’t ask too many questions about why things are done a certain way; you may offend the local people.
Kissing on the street or in public places is unacceptable behavior and should be avoided. If you are unsure of how to behave, watch the local people and copy them---if they don’t behave in a certain way, you probably shouldn’t either.
Finally, if you are traveling on business, or plan to stay with a host to family, and you wish to take a gift, do some research. . One of the easiest ways to offend somebody is to give the wrong gift.
Wherever you go in the world, always be tolerant of the local customs. Avoid being critical; try instead to show respect for the values of the country you are in, even if you do not necessarily agree with them
| A．Keep in mind that in many cultures, display affection in public is considered taboo. |
| B．Consider the main lifestyle of the country you plan to visit. |
| C．Never raise your voice in order to make yourself understood. |
| D．If a topic is sensitive in your own culture, it will more than likely be the same in other cultures. |
E.The idea of the perfect gift varies greatly from country to country.
F.The opening of gifts is also treated very differently around the world.
G.Therefore, it is important to adapt your behavior not to offend the local people.
Oral English , also known as spoken English , is the form of English that is used when people are speaking to one another . Students who are learning English as a second language often feel uncomfortable using oral English because they fear that they will not be understood . It is important that a person who is learning to speak English practice using the language .
Listening is important to learning spoken English . Pay attention to conversations that happen around you while you are shopping . Watch the news every evening while you have supper .
Part of learning spoken English is in understanding how English words are formed . Watch the mouths and tongues of native English speakers carefully . Notice how the lips form certain sounds . Imitate （ 模仿）what you see .
Rent movies over the weekend . Try to follow the story line of comedy shows . Not having to respond in English lets you concentrate on simply understanding what is being said . Understanding how English is used in conversation will help you to better communicate in the language .
When you are reading , pay more attention to the correct pronunciation of the words you are reading rather than comprehension of each word . Read easy books that were written for children . Reading simple books takes away the frustration of sounding out hard words .
| A．Read out loud for twenty to thirty minutes every day . |
| B．Listen to English radio while getting ready in the morning . |
| C．Observe how much the mouth is opened to say certain words . |
| D．Find a friend or teacher who is willing to help you learn English . |
E. Repeat the conversations several times to increase your speaking speed .
F. Watching TV shows and movies allows you to hear English used in conversation .
G. The more a person practices his or her skills , the more easily speaking English will become .
Everyone knows that the Frenchmen are romantic, the Italians are fashionable and the Germans are serious. Are these just stereotypes or is there really such a thing as national character? And if there is, can it affect how a nation succeed or fail?
At least one group of people is certain that it can. A recent survey of the top 500 entrepreneurs (企业家) in the UK found that 70% felt that their efforts were not appreciated by the British public. Britain is hostile (敌意的) to success, they said. It has a culture of jealousy(嫉妒). Jealousy is sometimes known as the “green – eyed monster” and the UK is its home.
Scientists at Warwich University in the UK recently tested this idea. They gathered a group of people together and gave each an imaginary amount of money. Those given a little were given the chance to destroy the large amount of money given to others – but at the cost of losing their own. Two thirds of the people tested agreed to do this.
. But there is also opposite evidence. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development recently reported that the UK is now the world’s fourth largest economy. That is not bad for people who are supposed to hate success. People in the UK also work longer hours than anyone else in Europe. So the British people are not lazy, either.
“It is not really success that the British dislike,” says Carey Cooper, a professor of management at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology. “It’s people using their success in a way that seems proud or unfair or which separates them from their roots.”
They set out to do things in their way. They work long hours. By their own efforts they become millionaires.
. It hardly seems worth following their example. If they were more friendly, people would like them more. And more people want to be like them.
| A．This seems to prove that the entrepreneurs were right to complain. |
| B．The one who owns most money in the end is the winner. |
| C．As a result, the survey said, entrepreneurs were “unloved, unwanted and misunderstood.” |
| D．It is not true that British people are born jealous of others` success. |
E. Some were given a little, others a great deal.
F. But instead of being happy they complain that nobody loves them.
G. Perhaps it is the entrepreneurs who are the problem.
（共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Four Habits to Help You Succeed
We all want to succeed, whether it’s in losing weight or learning the guitar. For those who have tried and failed, success seems difficult to understand. Why does one person succeed where another person fails? 1
Identify your core values
Finding your core values is in line with creating inner motivation. 2 Pick a handful of things and actually write them down. Remind yourself of your values every day, and reflect on whether you are honoring those values through your work.
Pick a goal and focus on it
Choose one goal to start something large enough that will give you a sense of accomplishment, while adjusting well to your core values. Focus is key here. 3 If you perform many tasks at a time, you might never complete your projects because they will take far too long.
Set a deadline for success
Set a date for success. Identify when you hope to achieve your goal. 4 By setting a time limit, you are making the process more real.
5
Failure can’t be avoided when you take risks, by its very definition, the desire to succeed means you are risking failure. Many people tend to give up far too early. Don’t fall into this trap! Remember your mindset earlier. Know it will happen. A failure is merely you working out the details, and learning what works and what doesn’t. Use failure. Treat it as a good thing, and march on!
| A．The more focused you are on one goal, the higher chance you have of success. |
| B．Make the right decision. |
| C．I’ve made a list of four habits to help set goals and achieve them. |
| D．Stick to your goal. |
E. Keep it realistic, while not giving you too much time.
F. Sit and reflect on what you value most.
G. Push yourself to be courageous, and take the next step.
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