In the eighteenth—century one of the first modern economists, Adam Smith, thought that the “whole annual produce of the land and labour of every country” provided revenue to “three different orders of people: those who live by rent, those who live by wages, and those who live by profit”. Each successive stage of the industrial revolution, however, made the social structure more complicated.
Many intermediate groups grew up during the nineteenth century between the upper middle class and the working class. There were small—scale industrialists as well as large ones, small shopkeepers and tradesmen, officials and salaried employees, skilled and unskilled workers, and professional men such as doctors and teachers. Farmers and peasants continued in all countries as independent groups.
During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the possession of wealth inevitably affected a person’s social position. Intelligent industrialists with initiative made fortunes by their wits which lifted them into an economic group far higher than that of their working—class parents. But they lacked social training of the upper class, who despised them as the “new rich.”
They often sent their sons and daughters to special school to acquire social training. Here their children, mixed with the children of the upper classes, were accepted by them, and very often found marriage partners from among them. In the same way, a thrifty, hardworking labourer, though not clever himself, might save for his son enough to pay for an extended secondary school education in the hope that he would move in a “white collar” occupation, carrying with it a higher salary and a move up in the social scale.
In the twentieth century the increased taxation of higher incomes, the growth of the social services, and the wider development of educational opportunity have considerably altered the social outlook. The upper classes no longer are the sole, or even the main possessors of wealth, power and education, though inherited social position still carries considerable prestige.
60．If you compare the first and second paragraph, what groups of people did Adam Smith leave out in his classification?
A．Officials and employees. B．Peasants and farmers.
C．Doctors and teachers. D．Tradesmen and landlords.
61．Who were the ‘new rich’ during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
A．They were still the upper class people.
B．They were owners of large factories.
C．They were intelligent industrialists.
D．They were skilled workers who made their fortune.
62．According to the passage, what did those people do who intended to make their children move up in the social ladder?
A．They saved a lot of money for their children to receive higher education.
B．They tried to find marriage partners from the children of the upper class.
C．They made greater fortunes by their wits.
D．They worked even harder to acquire social training.
63．In the twentieth century class differences have been partly smoothed out by ____.
A．increased income and decreased taxation
B．taxation, social services and educational opportunities
C．education, the increase of income and industrial development
D．the decrease of the upper class population
C 61—65 DBC
"Children should not be left unsupervised (无人监督的) to play with a dog." say experts in this week's British Medical Journal. Their advice is part of a review aimed at doctors who deal with dog bites.
"Dog bites and maulings are a worldwide problem, particularly in children." write Marina Morgan and John Palmer. Every year 250,000 people who have been bitten by dogs attend minor injuries and emergency units in the United Kingdom, and half of all children are reportedly bitten by dogs at some time, boys more than girls.
Accurate death figures are difficult to obtain, but in the past five years, two to three cases a year have made news headlines.
Based on the latest medical evidence, they advise doctors how to examine and treat a patient presenting with a dog bite. They discuss the risk of infection and when to refer to specialist care. For travelers bitten abroad, they suggest assessing the risk of rabies(狂犬病).
In terms of prevention, they suggest that children should be taught to treat dogs with respect, avoid direct eye contact, and not tease them. They should be taught not to approach an unfamiliar dog; play with any dog unless under close supervision; run or scream in the presence of a dog; pet a dog without first letting it sniff you; or disturb a dog that is eating, sleeping, or caring for its babies.
"Dog owners also need to change their behavior", says Rachel Besser, a children's doctor and lifetime dog owner, in an article.
"It is clear that not all dog owners appreciate that children should not be left unsupervised with a dog", she says. Just as some parents are obliged to take parenting classes, she would like to see compulsive classes for expectant dog owners to teach them about the responsibilities of dog ownership. Educational programs are also needed to teach children about some precautionary （预防的) behaviors around dogs.
Finally, she would like to see animal doctors advising dog owners about bite prevention, and doctors promoting bite prevention when treating patients who have been bitten by dogs. Dog biting is a problem which _____.
| A．only happens to a few children | B．should be paid attention to |
| C．only boys may meet with | D．has made news headlines |
The underlined word "they" in Paragraph 4 refers to "________" .
A. doctors B. parents C. experts D dog owners To avoid dog bites, a child should be taught to_____.
| A．have direct eye contact | B．approach an unfamiliar dog |
| C．run or scream in the presence of a dog | D．leave a dog feeding itself |
What are Rachel Besser's words mainly about?
| A．It's necessary to teach children how to raise dogs. |
| B．Children should be taught not to play with dogs. |
| C．All the dog owners would like to attend classes on caring for dogs. |
| D．Some dog owners would like children to be left unsupervised with a dog. |
Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
| A．Dogs, Dangerous To Children |
| B．Children Should Know Behaviors Around Dogs |
| C．Doctors, Treat Dog Bites Correctly |
| D．Never Leave Children Unsupervised With Dogs |
When you see homework covering the kitchen table and toys are piling up around the sofa，you probably wish there was a bit more space．You are not alone．Nearly a third of parents say they feel squeezed into their homes but cannot afford to move to a bigger property，a report reveals today．
Twenty—nine percent say ‘their property is too small to fit the size of their family’—rising to 40 percent for those 34 and under．One in four children is ‘forced to share’ a bedroom，according to the Finda Property，com website．Property analyst Samantha Baden said：“Afford ability remains a key issue for families，with the average cost of a three-bedroom home around ￡193,000．”Very few can afford to buy—or to rent—a property of the size they want and in the area they desire to live in，according to Miss Baden．
A recent report，from investment firm LV，also found that many‘ space—starved parents’ are pushed into a two—bedroom home which was perfect when they were a young couple，but has no space for three or so children．Grown—up children who cannot afford to leave home are also adding to the problem facing families in Britain's ‘big squeeze’．
For a home to be the correct size, which means it is not overcrowded，parents must have their own bedroom．Children under ten can share, as well as same—sex children between ten and 20．Anyone over 21 also needs their own room．
The report comes as official figures，published yesterday by the Land Registry，revealing house prices are falling sharply in every region except London．The worst—hit area is the North East，where, average house prices have fallen to below￡100,000 for the first time in seven years. However，they remain unaffordable for millions．According to Paragraph 1，the report reveals .
| A．some families can't afford a bigger property |
| B．children like to do homework in the kitchen |
| C．only a few families have housing problem |
| D．people are satisfied with their living condition |
What Miss Baden said in Paragraph 2 means .
| A．most families don't have enough money yet |
| B．no family could afford a three—bedroom home |
| C．it is common to live in a three—bedroom home |
| D．the price of a bigger property is still acceptable |
The report from the investment firm LV shows .
| A．young couples should live in a two—bedroom home |
| B．families with three or so children couldn't afford a home |
| C．parents should buy houses for their grown—up children |
| D．some grown—up children couldn't afford a separate home |
According to the passage，the right size for a home means .
| A．parents should have a bedroom of their own |
| B．anyone over 21 needs to live in their own home |
| C．children under ten should share parents’ bedroom |
| D．children under 20 should have their own bedroom |
What can we learn from the last paragraph?
| A．House prices are falling down everywhere． |
| B．People are able to buy a home of correct size． |
| C．The North East is now all area．suitable to live in． |
| D．The house prices in London has not fallen down． |
Apple Inc co-founder and former CEO Steve Jobs, counted among the greatest American CEOs of his generation, died on Wednesday at the age of 56, after a years-long and highly public battle with cancer. Mourners gathered outside his house in Palo Alto, California, and Apple stores around the world.
Steve Jobs made technology fun. As tech leaders, they're really happy if they have one hit in their life. Steve Jobs has the Apple II, the Mac, the iPod, the iPhone, the iPad and Pixar.
Steve Jobs was a college dropout. He was adopted by a machinist and his wife, an accountant. They supported his early interest in electronics. He and his friend Steve Wozniak started Apple Computer—now just called Apple—in 1976. They stayed at the company until 1985. That year, Steve Wozniak returned to college and Steve Jobs left in a dispute with the chief executive.
Mr. Jobs then formed his own company, called NeXT Computer. He rejoined Apple in 1997 after it bought NeXT, He helped remake Apple from a business that was in bad shape then to one of the most valuable companies in the world today. However, Steve Jobs stepped down as Apple's chief executive in August, 2011 because of his health. He died a day after the company released a new iPhone version that met with limited excitement. Steve left behind a company that only he could have built, and his spirit will forever be the foundation of Apple.
President Obama said in a statement: by building one of the planet's most successful companies from his garage, Steve Jobs showed the spirit of American ingenuity (独创性). By making computers personal and putting the Internet in our pockets, he made the information revolution not only accessible but intuitive (直觉的) and fun.
The fact that he was able to redesign American commerce top to bottom and across is really astonishing. He probably will be considered an industrial giant on the scale of Thomas Edison and Henry Ford, so one of the greatest of all time. Steve Jobs not only revolutionized technology, he also revolutionized American business. Steve Jobs was remembered as a " great visionary and leader" and a marketing genius.What does the underlined word "dispute" in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
| A．Discussion. | B．Permission. | C．Experiment. | D．Argument. |
According to Paragraph 2, the author wants to show that _____.
| A．Steve Jobs made fun of modem inventions |
| B．Steve Jobs makes great contributions to the world |
| C．tech leaders will be happy when they have one hit in their life |
| D．Steve Jobs owns many companies in America |
Which of the following statements about Steve Jobs is NOT TRUE?
| A．Steve Jobs stepped down as Apple's chief executive because of poor health. |
| B．Steve Jobs and his friend built a company called Apple Computer in 1976. |
| C．Steve Jobs was remembered as the founder of Apple and the Internet |
| D．President Obama spoke highly of Steve Jobs for his achievements. |
How long did Steve Jobs work for Apple?
| A．9 years. | B．14 years. | C．23 years. | D．35 years |
This passage is mainly about _____.
| A．a brief introduction of Steve Jobs | B．the inventions of Steve Jobs |
| C．the childhood of Steve Jobs | D．the death of Steve Jobs |
[1]Online advertising is simply advertising that is done on the Internet. While it has a much shorter history than traditional advertising, the effects of online advertising can not be undervalued As more people turn to the Internet as a source for daily news, socialization and communication, more advertising dollars are likely to be spent. In fact, in a period of five years, from 2006 to 2010, online advertising 6 percent of all money spent for advertising, to 12 percent or more.
[2]Online advertising is also quickly becoming a serious force for other types of advertising media to deal with. Newspapers and magazines all over the world are facing a number of different challenges, including loss of ad revenue (广告收益). Many attribute (把……归于) some of those struggles to online advertising, which is not only taking a share of the advertising, but a share of the audience as well.
[3]However, newspapers and magazines are not the only media dealing with lower revenue. The remarkable thing about online advertising is it gives the ads a much wider coverage and its globally wider coverage helps in making the advertisements reach more audiences. Furthermore, because of hypertext (超文本) linking, advertisers have the power to transport potential buyers directly to their site.
[4]Online advertising can be presented in many flexible styles. In some cases, it may not look like advertising at all. There was one case. A video that showed popcorn (爆玉米花) being popped by radiation which was put out from mobile phones was put on the website. While this was later revealed as a trick, the company that put the video online received a large amount of attention. The company sold earphones meant to help limit an individual’s exposure to radiation.What is the main idea of the text? (no more than 7 words)
Fill in the blank in Paragraph 1 with proper words. (no more than 3 words)
Complete the following statement with proper words according to Paragraph 2. (within 5 words)
Traditional types of advertising media such as newspaper and magazines are suffering
because of the serious force of online advertising.List two benefits of online advertising. (no more than 20 words)
① ② What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 4 refer to? (withan 3 words)
Half a century after the March of Dimes (a US charity organization that collects money for children) put the 20th century’s most feared childhood disease on the road to eradication (根除), Bill Gates declared polio (小儿麻痹症) his important job and challenged world leaders to finish the job.
India, Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan now have active transmission (传播) of the disease. Gates says the biggest problem with the success of the Global Polio Eradication program in those countries and elsewhere is lack of money.
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation plans to increase its $200 million annual contribution (每年的捐款) by $102 million this year, Gates says. Gates recently met privately with Pakistan’s President in Washington, D.C., to try to persuade him to provide full support for Pakistan’s eradication plan.
Children in the USA also are at risk, experts say. Parents who don’t vaccinate (给某人接种疫苗) their children because they are fearful of vaccine side-effects create a large number of children who are likely to be harmed by the virus.
“If you increase the number of unvaccinated children, you increase the chance that this virus will find new subjects,” says David Oshinsky, Pulitzer Prized-winning author of Polio: An American Story.
“We’ve got to get this vaccine into the mouths of children,” says Bruce Aylward, head of the World Health Organization’s eradication program.
In 1988, when the World Health Organization launched the Global Polio Eradication program, the disease killed 350,000 children a year worldwide. By last year, the total dropped to fewer than 1,500 worldwide, Aylward says.
If Gates provides the final push for polio eradication, he may be remembered as much for helping prevent polio as for founding Microsoft, Oshinsky says.
“As long as there’s polio anywhere, people everywhere are at risk,” Aylawrd says. “We’re still not out of the woods.”According to the text, the success of the Global Polio Eradication program mainly depends on .
| A．the World Health Organization’s policy |
| B．the development of a new vaccine |
| C．the local governments’ support |
| D．the collection of funds. |
What do we know about polio according to the text?
| A．People in Nigeria don’t take it seriously. |
| B．It’s now the most serious childhood disease. |
| C．Great progress has been made in preventing it. |
| D．There are few organizations helping to prevent it. |
According to Oshinsky, .
| A．Gates should devote more time to Microsoft |
| B．polio eradication is a very important cause |
| C．vaccine side-effects should not be ignored |
| D．polio has been brought under control |
According to the passage, which of the following about Bill Gates is TRUE?
| A．He is the founder of the Global polio Eradication program. |
| B．He persuades some of the world leaders to support the eradication plan. |
| C．His foundation contributes $302, 000 to eradicate polio every year. |
| D．He works harder on preventing polio than founding Microsoft. |
The underlined part “We’re still not out of the woods” means “ ”.
| A．We get lost in the woods | B．We’re not free from trouble |
| C．we have no idea where to go | D．We’re unable to eradicate polio |
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