32. All work and no play makes Jack a _____ boy. (prov.)
| A．clever | B．bright | C．intelligent | D．Dull |
Now we go to the northern Indian state Himachal Pradesh to look at the effects of rising temperatures right now. The town of Manali is in the Kullu Valley. It is economically dependent on the thousands of people who travel up the Himalaya Mountains every year to escape the heat of the Indian plains.
D.S. Aditya is manager of Sterling Resorts in Manali. He says many people like to visit a snow-covered pass that lies about 50 kilometers up one mountain.
"Wherever you go like there's one destination, this is famous. If you visited Manali, Rohtang is main attraction. Because of the snow."The Rohtang Pass has many more visitors now than it did 10 years ago, thanks partly to the growing financial success of India's middle class. In summer months, more than two thousand vehicles crowd the narrow mountain road.
Ravi Thakur of Himalayan Caravan Adventure has lived in Manali since he was a child.
"Twenty years ago, we could count how many cars are here in Manali. Now, if you come in season time, we do have traffic jam for four, five, six kilometers on the Rohtang Road."
Visitors enjoy the beauty of the pass. But environmentalists are warning about the increasing traffic on mountains and glaciers.
J.C. Kuniyal is a scientist at the GB Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development. He is studying temperature changes in the Rohtang area. He says temperatures in the Kullu Valley have risen about six-tenths of a degree Celsius. That is about the same as the average increase worldwide.
But, what worries him is the effects of uncontrolled tourism on the mountain ecosystem.
"I have seen that the regions which are facing a high influx due to floating population or human activity, there aerosols（气态悬浮物） are increasing. These are supposed to be the main causes to melt the Himalayan glaciers."
The aerosol gases come both from diesel-powered vehicles and burning of wood for cooking by local people. The smoke leaves thick black ash on the glaciers. This causes them to absorb, or take in, more heat.
Local people are witnessing the effects of climate change and human activity on glaciers. Ravi Thakur has been walking the mountains since childhood. He says he has seen a loss of mountain snow and glacial ice.
"We keep going every year, almost to the same routes, and I have seen that glaciers, they are receding. In 15 years I have seen that big change."
That has raised concerns. The area's local glaciers are the headwaters for rivers like the Indus and the Ganges. The two rivers are the source of fresh water for millions of people in South Asia.
Pradipto Ghosh is a director at the Energy and Resources Institute in New Delhi.
"If the present trend of gradual loss of net glacial mass continues, then over time the flow from the glaciers would reduce."
Scientists say there is serious concern about water for agriculture on the Indian plains. Arun Shrestha is a climate change specialist at the International Center for Integrated Mountain Development in Nepal.
"Those communities, their agricultural system relies quite heavily on melt water."
Some people, like mountain guide Ravi Thakur, worry about possible changes in the future.
"Till I leave my life, we won't be facing those scarcity of water, but later on, the coming generation, they will have problems."
Environmentalists will continue trying to establish how deep those problems might become.Why does the Rohtang Pass have many more visitors than before?
| A．because the Indian people have more vehicles. |
| B．because it is becoming hotter and hotter in the Indian plains. |
| C．because India's middle class is becoming rich. |
| D．because the Rohtang Pass is more famous than before. |
Which of the following statements is not the reason why aerosols（气态悬浮物） are increasing?
| A．The flowing population is becoming larger. |
| B．The human activities here are more frequent. |
| C．More vehicles come here and local people burn wood for cooking. |
| D．The melt water is becoming less and less. |
What does the underlined word “receding”mean in the twelfth paragraph？
| A．become weaker and smaller. |
| B．move back. |
| C．become larger. |
| D．change greatly. |
Why do the Scientists care about water for agriculture on the Indian plains?
| A．because the area's local glaciers are the headwaters for rivers like the Indus and the Ganges. |
| B．because gradual loss of net glacial mass continues, the water for agriculture from the glaciers would reduce. |
| C．because people there face the scarcity of water now. |
| D．because we should be responsible for our coming generation. |
What is the main idea of the passage?
| A．The Rohtang Pass has many more visitors now than it did 10 years ago. |
| B．Scientists care about water for agriculture on the Indian plains. |
| C．The temperature is rising and the human activity is the main cause. |
| D．The mountain snow and glacial ice are reducing. |
What type of writing is the article likely to be?
| A．Science report | B．A medical report |
| C．A news report | D．Advertisement |
California Prisoners Fight Fires
The western state of California is known for wildfires. This year the fire season has been extremely active. California has some of the most experienced firefighters in the country because of its high risk of fire. Prisoners in California also take part in firefighting efforts. Mario Ritter tells us how and why.
Every morning prisoners in orange clothing go to their jobs as fire fighters. If there is no fire at the time, they carefully clean all the tools needed to make firebreaks. Firebreaks are barriers made of grass or land that slow or stop the spread of fire.
In California, prisoners who have no history of violent crime and are in good physical condition may train and work as firefighters. They may get their prison sentences reduced in exchange for their help fighting fires. But that is not the only appeal of the work program, says Louie Orozco, who was sentenced to prison for robbery.
"It's pretty exciting. It's an adrenaline rush, it's fun at the same time. You're expected to go out there and fight fires. Climb thousands of feet up hills, rocky terrain, and sometimes sandy terrain, with tools you got anywhere between30 and 50 pounds of gear on your back."
Prisoners in California have been working as firefighters for more than 60 years. They also serve the community in other ways, says Captain Mike Mahler of the state's Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.
"Our crews are used during floods, search and rescue operations. They put in about 2.5 million hours a year just in emergency response alone."
More than 4, 000 California prisoners work as firefighters. California is not the only state that uses prisoners this way. But, the state's program is seen as a national model.
The prisoners often work side-by-side with professional firefighters. Captain Kevin Krauss has been supervising prisoner firefighters for seven years.
"I treat them like firefighters. I demand they act like firefighters and I tell them if they want to be heroes, they can be out here, if they want to be zeroes they can go back and they can be incarcerated inside. It's their choice."
Captain Krauss says most of them choose to stay with the difficult and often dangerous job, instead of spending their days behind prison walls.
"They get baptized by the devil out on the line. It's hot, it's dry, it’s physically demanding. (There is) Sleep deprivation."
The prisoners receive a small wage. The program began as a way to reduce the cost of fighting fires. Now, however, the program helps rehabilitate prisoners, providing them with skills helpful in ways beyond firefighting.
Louie Orozco says this experience has helped him believe in himself.
"Mentally I see that I can do things I never thought possible. Climbing thousands and thousands of feet up a mountain with gear on your back."
The prisoner firefighter will turn 40 this year. He will be released from prison in six months. He says he is too old to keep fighting fires. But Mr. Orozco also has some graphic design skills he learned from another prison program. He plans to use that skill to start a new life.
And he will know that after fighting wildfires, he can face any problems that might come with life after prison.What does the underlined word mean in the second paragraph？
| A．灭火器 | B．防火障 | C．消防员 | D．消火栓 |
In California, what kind of prisoners can be trained as firefighters？
| A．prisoners who have history of violent crime and are in good physical condition. |
| B．prisoners who have no history of violent crime and are strong. |
| C．prisoners who was sentenced to prison for robbery and are not in good physical condition.. |
| D．prisoners whose prison sentences reduced and who are in good physical condition. |
According to the passage , we know about Louie Orozco EXCEPT__________.
| A．Louie Orozco was sentenced to prison for robbery. |
| B．He has been released from prison for six months. |
| C．He will turn 40 this year. |
| D．He is too old to keep fighting fires. |
From the passage，we can infer from the passage that__________.
| A．The prisoners often work side-by-side with professional firefighters without being supervising. |
| B．The prisoners are forced to trained as firefighters. |
| C．More than one state in America uses prisoners as firefighters. |
| D．All the prisoners in California like to work as firefighters. |
The World Health Organization says reducing salt or sodium use can reduce your risk of heart disease, kidneyfailureor stroke. But researchers say the risk would be reduced even more if the amount of dietary potassium was increased at the same time.
The World Health Organization says high blood pressure affects one billion people worldwide. It leads to many deaths or permanent disabilities. High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is called the silent killer because there are few apparent signs. Many studies have shown that reducing salt or sodium in the diet canlowerthe risk of strokeand other health problems.
Graham MacGregor is with the Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry. He and other researchers have examined earlier studies and organized their own.
“When you’re on the high salt intake you always have some extra salt in you and a slightly greatervolumeof blood. And that’s what puts up the blood pressure. I mean, if you wanted, an analogous thing would be really a centralheatingsystem. If you put more water into a closed system, the pressure will go up.”
He says the body does need salt, about less than half a gram each day. However, people in developing countries are eating about eight to 10 grams a day. Professor MacGregor says lowering salt can do a lot to reduce hypertension, but increasing potassium in the diet also helps. People in industrial nations eat about three grams of potassium a day through diet. Professor MacGregor says experts believe eating about four grams a day is the best choice.
Health officials have expressed concern about developing countries with growing economies. Those nations are increasingly turning to a western diet with its salty, sugary and fatty foods. Officials are predicting a sharp rise in heart disease and related problems.Which of following has nothing to do with having extra salt in you？
| A．heart disease | B．kidneyfailure | C．stroke | D．toothache |
The writer uses “a centralheatingsystem”to_________.
| A．give examples | B．introduce a new thing |
| C．compare the two things | D．contrast the two things |
According to the passage，which of the following statements is true？
| A．The body needs salt, about three grams each day. |
| B．Eating about four grams potassium a day is the best choice. |
| C．Lowering potassium can do a lot to reduce hypertension. |
| D．Reducing sodium in the diet canhigherthe risk of stroke. |
For as long as we can remember, we've heard that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. But not only can it boost your energy and memory levels, it also can impact how long you live. Studies show that by eating certain foods, you can help slow the aging process. Here are just six amazing anti-aging treats you might want to go for first thing in the morning.
1. Blueberries
Although tiny, blueberries pack a huge anti-aging health punch. Rich in polyphenols, research suggests that a blueberry-rich diet not only improves your motor skills, but also can help fight diseases such as cancer, heart disease and diabetes. Indeed one recent study published in Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association showed that women who ate the most blueberries -- as well as their superfood cousin, strawberries -- enjoyed a 32 percent lower heart attack risk than women who only ate these berries once a month (or not at all).
2. Oatmeal
For years, research has shown a strong correlation between oatmeal and cholesterol reduction. Oatmeal is rich in soluble fiber that gets rid of "bad" cholesterol. Oats also are packed with the antioxidants that do battle against cell damage. And that can help plump skin and reduce wrinkles.
3. Eggs
Eggs usually come under fire because of their high cholesterol content. But studies show that healthy men and women who consume an egg a day actually do not experience negative health repercussions. In addition, eggs contain all the essential B vitamins: B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, choline, biotin, and folic acid. Choline has been shown to protect your memory, while two proteins in eggs -- lutein and zeaxanthin -- protect against vision loss.
4. Tea
Many teas are high in anti-aging antioxidants. But green tea is rich in an antioxidant known as EGCG, which helps fight wrinkles and rejuvenate skin cells. Green tea also may protect against cancer, control blood sugar levels, and help reduce inflammation associated with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
5. Pomegranate Juice
If tea's not your thing, try pomegranate juice instead. Studies show that a glass of pomegranate juice a day could help keep wrinkles at bay. Not only has pomegranate been shown to slow down the natural oxidation ("wear and tear") of DNA, it also has been linked to the prevention of heart disease and stress relief.
6. Grapefruit
In addition to helping you feel full, which in turn may assist with weight loss, grapefruit also can help lower "bad" cholesterol and triglyceride levels while also boosting “good” HDL cholesterol. Deep red varieties are best as studies show they can also help keep heart disease at bay.What is the purpose of this text?.
| A．To tell an interesting story. |
| B．To bring up a problem. |
| C．To present a research result. |
| D．To give practical advice. |
Which food may best help protect against vision loss?
| A．Grapefruit | B．Eggs | C．Blueberries | D．Pomegranate Juice |
Were you one of those shy _______ clinging to your mom’s leg? Did you dodge attention, feel inferior and _______being called out? Still doing that as an adult?
Shyness and overwhelming self-doubt are more _______ than you think, and they’re holding back millions of people just like you _______ living more exciting and fulfilling lives. But it doesn’t mean that you can’t _______ that terrifying fear that has been holding you back. You aren’t _______to be shy. And there is no _______ you can’t shine in your own way.
From social _______, to business meetings, to your one-on-one relationships, if you want to break _______from shyness, create better relationships and be more comfortable in your skin when you are around people. There are time-tested techniques that have _______ me well in my personal life, _______ helping my clients. In a world _______relationships are everything, you must set yourself apart and still stay true to who you are.
By far, the most _______ technique in overcoming shyness is to _______your consciousness from you to them.
Remember the last time you were in a situation and you were nervous or shy? I’d be willing to _______you were focusing on yourself: _______you looked, what you were going to say, or how different you were from _______else.
People that shine are focusing on delivering, serving and benefiting others in some way. They focus_______, not inward. Sure, it’s important to be _______of how you are being perceived, but people always remember how you make them feel. In order to make them feel good you must focus on sharing with them.
Next time you are in an uncomfortable situation, shift your focus to someone else and ask yourself how you can help them or _______value to their lives.
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