Just five one-hundredths of an inch thick and light golden in color, the Lay's potato chip seems an unlikely weapon for global control. But its maker, Frito-Lay doesn't think so. "Potato chips are a snack food for the world , "said Salman Amin, the company's head of global marketing. Amin believes there is no corner of the world that can resist the attractions of a Frito-Lay potato chip.
Frito-Lay is the biggest snack maker in America owned by Pepsico and accounts for over half of the parent company's $ 3 billion profits every year. But the U.S. snack food market is largely saturated(饱和),and to grow, the company has to look overseas.
Its strategy rests on two beliefs: first, a global product offers economies of scale(规模) with which local brands cannot compete. And second, consumers in the 21st century are drawn to "global" as a concept. "Global" does not mean products that are consciously regarded as American, but ones that consumers--especially young people--see as part of a modern, innovative(创新的) world in which people are linked across cultures by shared beliefs and tastes. Potato chips are an American invention, but most Chinese, for example, do not know that Frito-Lay is an American company. Instead, Riskey, the company's research and development head, would hope they associate the brand with the new world of global communications and business.
With brand concept a key factor, Riskey ordered a redesign of the Frito-Lay logo(标识). The logo, along with the company's long-held marketing image of its chips, would help make the company's global development very easy.
The managers admit that they try to change national eating habits to a food created in America, but they don't think that means economic imperialism (霸主). "We're making products in those countries, we're adapting them to the tastes of those countries, building businesses and employing people and changing lives , "said Steve Reinemund, Pepsico's chief manager.Amin's belief is that _________.
| A．people all over the world enjoy eating their potato chips |
| B．the light golden color increases the attraction of their potato chips |
| C．they must find new ways to promote sales in their country |
| D．potato chips can hardly control the world market |
What do we learn about Frito-Lay from Paragraph 2?
| A．It gives half of its profits to its parent company every year. |
| B．It needs to turn to the world market for development. |
| C．Its products used to be popular among overseas consumers. |
| D．Its development has caused fierce competition in the snack market. |
One of the concepts on which Frito-Lay bases its development strategy is that __________.
| A．consumers worldwide today are attracted by global brands |
| B．products suiting Chinese consumers' needs bring more profits |
| C．local brands cannot compete successfully with American brands |
| D．products identified as American will have promising market value |
Why did Riskey have the Frito-Lay logo redesigned?
| A．To suit changing tastes of young consumers. |
| B．To compete with other American chip producers. |
| C．To change the company's long-held marketing image. |
| D．To promote the company's strategy of globalization. |
Artistic Skates
Artistic roller skates are made up of a leather boot, very strong sole plate, and a jump bar that adds extra force. The boot sits a few inches above the ankle, providing more support for the foot.
Jam Skates
Jam skates are the most different roller skates because of their special low-cut design and lack of toe stop. That’s right: there is no brake. But the original jam skate design was different, resembling an artistic skate. Jam skating is more about personal expression rather than speed skating. The free-flowing movements of jam skating have been given many names. But regardless of its name, jam skating has always been about expression and passion.
Speed Skates
A speed skate resembles a shoe. The cut of the boot is lower. Speed skates typically offer lightweight plates to reduce exhaustion for skating long distances. Jam skates have preferred speed skates because they offer a similar design and freedom of movement. The most obvious difference is that a speed skate features a toe stop, unlike a jam skate that uses a toe plug.
Rhythm Skates
Rhythm skates are similar to jam skates. The difference between them lies in the boot design. In fact, the boot design looks very similar to an artistic skate, essentially providing you with the ankle support benefits of an artistic skate, but the freedom of movement of a jam skate. If you want a skate that allows you to move to the beat, which added ankle support, the rhythm skate is the ideal choice.Which of the following is NOT a feature of jam skates?
| A．They have no brake |
| B．They lack a toe stop |
| C．They have no toe plug. |
| D．They have a unique, low-cut design. |
If you want to skate to music, which of the following is the best choice?
| A．Rhythm skates | B．Jam skates | C．Speed skates | D．Artistic skates |
Speed skates are popular with jam skates because _____.
| A．they have a high boot cut |
| B．they allow free-flowing movement. |
| C．they are able to stabilize the foot |
| D．they can help jam skates reduce tiredness. |
What is a common feature of rhythm and jam skates?
| A．They both offer some support for the ankles. |
| B．They both have a similar boot design. |
| C．They are both suitable for free-flowing movement. |
| D．They are both about personal expression and passion. |
What can you learn from the passage about jam skates?
| A．The original jam skate design has hardly changed. |
| B．The original jam skate design was similar to an artistic skate. |
| C．Jam skates have gradually become a type of speed skate. |
| D．Jam skating has many names because it’s about expression and passion. |
We were talking about engagement when my boyfriend, Jack, had to go to war. I was so afraid of losing him; the only way I could stay sane(保持清醒) was to dance. I became very good and critics praised me, but I could feel was the ache in my heart, no knowing whether the love of my life would ever return. And then one day a letter from him came:“I have lost my leg. I am no longer a whole man and now give you back your freedom. It is best you forget me.”
I made my decision there and then I left the city. When I returned I had bought myself a cane(拐杖) and learned to limp convincingly. I told everyone I had been in a car crash and that my leg would never completely heal again. My dancing days were over. No one suspected the story. And I made sure the first person to hear of my accident was a reporter. Then I travelled to the hospital. They had pushed him outside in his wheelchair. I leaned on my cane and limped to him.
I told him he was not the only one who had lost a leg, even if mine were still attached to me. I showed him newspaper clippings of my accident. “ There is a whole life waiting for us out there! And I am not going to carry you—you are going to walk yourself.”
I limped a few steps towards him and showed him what I’d taken out of my pocket.” Now show me you are still a man,” I said. He bent to take his cane and struggled out of that wheelchair. I could see he had not done it before, because he almost fell on his face. But I was not going to help. Finally he managed it on his own and walked to me and never sat in a wheelchair again in his life.
What I showed to him was engagement rings. And I would limp with him for the rest of life.The author felt ache in her heart though critics praised her dancing because_______.
| A．She wasn’t sure if Jack still loved her. |
| B．Jack became handicapped and couldn’t walk |
| C．Jack asked her to forget about him |
| D．She was afraid that Jack might die in the war |
What decision did the author make after she received Jack’s letter?
| A．To see Jack in the battlefield. | B．To leave the city for travel. |
| C．To give up dancing. | D．To see a reporter. |
What can we learn about the author from Paragraph 2?
| A．She visited a hospital. | B．She broke her leg. |
| C．She helped push Jack’s wheelchair. | D．She had a car crash. |
After they met in the hospital, Jack ______.
| A．gave her the engagement rings | B．got rid of the cane |
| C．picked up the hope of life | D．lived without a wheelchair |
Which of the following words can best describe the author?
| A．Strong and optimistic | B．Clever and faithful |
| C．Timid but faithful | D．Brave and helpful. |
Spring is coming, and it is time for those about to graduate to look for jobs. Competition is tough, so job seekers must carefully consider their personal choices. Whatever we are wearing, our family and friends may accept us, but the workplace may not.
A high school newspaper editor said it is unfair for companies to discourage visible tattoos (纹身）nose rings, or certain dress styles. It is true you can’t judge a book by its cover, yet people do “cover” themselves in order to convey (传递)certain messages．What we wear, including tattoos and nose rings, is an expression of who we are．Just as people convey messages about themselves with their appearances, so do companies．Dress standards exist in the business world for a number of reasons, but the main concern is often about what customers accept.
Others may say how to dress is a matter of personal freedom, but for businesses it is more about whether to make or lose money. Most employers do care about the personal appearances of their employees (雇员), because those people represent the companies to their customers.
As a hiring manager I am paid to choose the people who would make the best impression on our customers. There are plenty of well-qualified candidates, so it is not wrong to reject someone who might disappoint my customers．Even though I am open-minded, I can’t expect all our customers are.
There is nobody to blame but yourself if your set of choices does not match that of your preferred employer. No company should have to change to satisfy a candidate simply because he or she is unwilling to respect its standards, as long as its standards are legal.Which of the following is the newspaper editor’ opinion according to Paragraph 2?
| A．People’s appearances carry messages about themselves. |
| B．Candidates with tattoos or nose rings should be fairly treated. |
| C．Customers’ choices influence dress standards in companies. |
| D．Strange dress styles should not be encouraged in the workplace. |
What can be inferred from the text?
| A．Candidates have to wear what companies prefer for an interview. |
| B．Hiring managers make the best impression on their candidates. |
| C．Companies sometimes have to change to respect their candidates. |
| D．What to wear is not a matter of personal choice for companies. |
Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
| A．Appearances Matter | B．Personal Choices Matter |
| C．Employees Matter | D．Hiring Managers Matter |
The author’s attitude towards strange dress styles in the workplace may best be described as_____.
| A．enthusiastic | B．positive | C．negative | D．sympathetic |
Paula Radcliffe, chasing (角逐) a third London marathon title (马拉松冠军), says she has become a stronger person after her terrible experience at the 2004 Athens Games.
Radcliffe, who failed to complete the Olympic marathon and the 10,000m last August, said: “Athens made me a stronger person and it made me care less about criticism.”
“In the past I wanted to please everyone, but now I am going to listen even more to the people around me.”
She didn’t care about criticism made at the weekend by Liz McColgan, who felt Radcliffe should have rested and let her body recover after her failure in Athens.
“Liz is someone I look up to but she hasn’t spoken to me since last year and if she really cared for me, I'm sure she would have contacted me.”
Instead Radcliffe won the New York City marathon just 11 weeks after Athens.
“In New York I wasn’t in my best state but I did know I was good enough to win the race.” Radcliffe insisted her only goal in Sunday’s race would be winning a third title and not chasing world records.
However, Radcliffe has not ruled out (排除) in the future chasing her "final" world record time and questioned sayings that marathon runners have the ability in their career to produce only four or five world-class times.
“I don't think that—although I can't put a number on it,” said Radcliffe. “That changes from person to person.”
Radcliffe is sure she can better her winning London 2003 performance at some point in the future. Following a successful three-month training period in the United States, the 31-year-old will chase a third title on Sunday after her first victory in 2002 and again 12 months later.
Radcliffe clocked a time of 2:18:56 in her first 42.2-kilometer race three years ago.
Afterwards she set a "mixed course" mark of 2:17:18 five months later in Chicago before lowering that to a time of 2:15:25 in the 2003 London event.Radcliffe’s failure in Athens made her .
| A．develop respect for Liz. | B．love people around her more. |
| C．rest for five months. | D．face criticism calmly. |
Which of the following is true according to the passage?
| A．Radcliffe broke the world record in the New York City marathon. |
| B．Radcliffe didn't fully recover before the New York City marathon. |
| C．Radcliffe won her first marathon title in the New York City marathon. |
| D．Radcliffe had a 3-month training before the New York City marathon. |
By saying “I can't put a number on it,” Radcliffe means she’s not sure .
| A．if she has the ability to set a new world record. |
| B．if she can win another race though she has won many times. |
| C．how many times a marathon runner can set the world record. |
| D．if she has the ability to produce four or five world-class times. |
What can we learn from Radcliffe's story?
| A．Practice makes perfect. | B．Well begun is half done. |
| C．A friend in need is a friend indeed. | D．Where there is a will there is a way. |
Princeton University
Location
The University is in Princeton, New Jersey. It is an hour's train ride south of New York City and an hour's train ride north of Philadelphia.
Students
There are 4,600 undergraduates (本科生). There are also 1,900 graduate students, but Princeton is unusual among universities in having a student body made up largely of undergraduates.
Faculty
Princeton has about 700 full-time faculty members (教员). There are another 300 or so part-time and visiting faculty. All faculty members at Princeton are expected to teach and research.
Degrees
Princeton offers two undergraduate degrees：the bachelor (学士) of arts (A. B. ) degree and the bachelor of science in engineering (B. S. E.) degree.
Academic Year
An academic year runs from September to late May and lasts two terms (fall and spring). A normal course load is four or five courses per term, although many students take extra courses.
Residences
Princeton provides housing for all undergraduate students. Freshmen and second-year students are required to spend their first two years in one of five colleges. Each college has its own dining hall, common rooms and computer centers.
Fees and Expenses (Academic Year 2011-2012)
Tuition (学费): $29,910
Room and board: $ 8,387
Other expenses (books, telephone, etc．): $ 3,083
Total: $ 41,380 How many kinds of faculty members are there in Princeton University?
| A．One | B．Two | C．Three | D．Four |
In Princeton University, an undergraduate will have to pay ______for the Academic Year 2011-2012.
| A．$11,470 | B．$ 52,850 | C．$ 41,380 | D．$ 8, 387 |
In what way is Princeton University different from other American universities according to the text?
| A．It has five colleges. |
| B．Its students are mainly undergraduates. |
| C．It provides housing for all undergraduate students. |
| D．All the faculty members at Princeton are expected to teach and research. |
Which of the following is NOT true?
| A．Princeton offers two undergraduate degrees. |
| B．An academic year lasts about nine months in Princeton University. |
| C．Undergraduates should spend their first two years in one of five colleges. |
| D．It's about an hour's train ride from Princeton University to the north of New York City. |
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